Suzhou Garden is a unique and important classical garden building in Han Dynasty. Suzhou gardens, also known as "Suzhou classical gardens", are mainly private gardens. It began in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the capital of Wu was Gusu, which was formed in the Five Dynasties, matured in the Song Dynasty and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. By the end of Qing Dynasty, there were more than 170 gardens of various colors in Suzhou. Now there are more than 60 well-preserved gardens and 19 open gardens. From 65438 to 0997, Suzhou classical gardens, as the representative of China gardens, were listed in the World Heritage List, and were the first demonstration sites of national civilized scenic spots. They are known as "rebuilding Gankun in a short distance" and are the leaders and pride of China garden culture.
As the typical classical gardens in Suzhou, Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Teachers' Garden and Huanxiu Villa were born in the heyday of private gardens in Suzhou. With their profound artistic conception, exquisite construction, elegant art and rich cultural connotation, they have become the models and representatives of many classical gardens in Suzhou.
Scope of Suzhou Gardens
The main gardens in Suzhou are:
Private gardens: Canglang Pavilion, Lion Forest, Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Master's Garden, Art Garden, Huanxiu Mountain Villa and Lovers' Garden.
Buddhist Gardens: Xuanji (North Temple Pagoda), Xiyuan, Hanshan Temple, Twin Towers and Ruiguang Pagoda.
Wangjia Garden: Tiger Hill (Tomb of King Wu and Lu) and Lingyan Mountain (King Wu's Palace) [2]?
Canglang Pavilion, Lion Forest, Humble Administrator's Garden and Lingering Garden represent Song (960- 1276), Yuan (1271-kloc-0/368) and Ming (1368-/kloc) respectively.
Garden culture
The history of Suzhou classical gardens can be traced back to the gardens of King Wu in the Spring and Autumn Period in the 6th century BC. Private gardens were first recorded in Dongjiang Garden in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (4th century A.D.), where gardens are flourishing and there are many famous gardens. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Suzhou became the most prosperous area in China, with private gardens all over the ancient city. In the heyday of16-18th century, there were more than 200 gardens in Suzhou, and dozens of them were well preserved, making Suzhou known as a paradise on earth.
Suzhou classical gardens have always been called "literati gardens". Bai Juyi said in the Collection of Caotang: "Building the land is a platform, gathering boxing stones is a mountain, and fighting around the water is a pool", which is the paradigm of literati gardens. Suzhou gardens fully embody the theme of "natural beauty". In the design and construction, various methods are used to organize the space according to local conditions, such as borrowing scenery, comparing scenery, dividing scenery, isolating scenery, etc., resulting in the artistic effect of twists and turns, seeing the big from the small, and alternating reality with reality. Through overlapping mountains to control water, planting flowers and trees, and configuring garden buildings, a poetic landscape garden is formed, and an "urban mountain forest" where man and nature live in harmony is created in the city.
Suzhou Gardens (72 sheets)
Suzhou Gardens, which absorbed the essence of garden buildings in the south of the Yangtze River, are outstanding cultural heritages of China, and are naturally listed as human and natural cultural heritages by the United Nations. Suzhou gardens are good at skillfully combining limited space into changeable scenery and winning with small and exquisite structure. Canglang Pavilion, Lion Forest, Humble Administrator's Garden and Lingering Garden are collectively called "Four Famous Gardens in Suzhou", and are known as "Jiangnan Gardens are the best in the world and Suzhou Gardens are the best in Jiangnan". Suzhou Garden represents the style and artistic level of private gardens in China, and it is a rare tourist attraction.
Suzhou gardens are the art of time and history. A large number of plaques, couplets, paintings, sculptures, stone tablets, furniture, ornaments and so on. The garden is full of exquisite works of art that decorate the garden, and all of them contain China's ancient philosophy, cultural awareness and aesthetic taste. [ 1]?
Suzhou has beautiful garden scenery, which attracts many scholars and poets to stay in Mo Bao. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Ji's "Night Sleeping by the Maple Bridge" said: "On a frosty night, the river winds worry about fishing and sleeping. Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City, passenger ships are ringing at midnight. " Du Xunhe's "See you in Gusu, everyone sleeps in the river. There are few leisure places in the ancient palace and many small bridges in the water port. Wen Zhiming mentioned Ruoshutang in Humble Administrator's Garden and said, "There are no chariots and horses in the world, but there are mountains in the city." Wait a minute. It adds culture and artistry to Suzhou gardens.
Development history
The development history of Suzhou gardens can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. At that time, all the princes in the world liked to build gardens and compare with each other. At that time, when Wu arrived in Helu, he was already very strong, and he was not far behind in garden construction. Fu Cha, Lu's father and son, used the natural landscape in the suburbs of Suzhou to build the grand and magnificent Gusutai and Guanwa Palace, which can be said to be the earliest royal gardens in Suzhou. In the Han Dynasty, Liu Bi, the king of Wu, built the famous "Changzhou Mausoleum" in Suzhou. During the Three Kingdoms period, Soochow built famous gardens, such as Fang Shu Garden, Luoxing Garden and Guilin Garden. He also built Taying Temple and attached a temple garden.
Private gardens of officials and gentry began to appear in the Jin Dynasty, the most famous of which was Gu Bijiang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. "Bijiang Garden" was the first in Wuzhong at that time, and it was the victory of billiards hall and nymph. This famous garden still existed until the Tang Dynasty, and Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, once described it with the poem "Bamboo builds a garden in the dark". After the Six Dynasties, private gardens in Suzhou gradually flourished, and the gardening art also developed. With the spread of Buddhist culture, a large number of temple buildings have also appeared. During the forty-five years of Liang Wudi's rule, there were as many as 32 temples built in Suzhou, and Hanshan Temple, Lingyan Temple and Guangfu Temple were all built at this time.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Suzhou's economy developed rapidly, and garden construction also flourished. During the Five Dynasties, Suzhou was already one of the richest areas in China, and gardening activities were very prosperous. Qian Liu's son loved gardens best, so Nanyuan was the largest garden at that time. It is said that Wang Yucheng, a poet of the Song Dynasty, came to Suzhou and was full of praise when he saw this garden. He wrote, "If the coming year is successful, begging South Garden will be a drunken hometown." This poem. The rulers not only extensively built gardens, but also vigorously advocated Buddhism, and built famous temples such as Yunyan Temple, Beisi and Kaiyuan Temple in Tiger Hill.
By the Song Dynasty, Suzhou's economy was more prosperous, and it was known as "there is a paradise on earth and Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth", and gardening activities were more prosperous. At that time, Canglang Pavilion, Wanjuan Hall of Stone (the predecessor of Wang's Garden), Hidden Garden of Jiangxi Road and Yaochun's gardening were all excellent works. At the end of Yuan Dynasty, King Zhang Shicheng of Suzhou built Jinchun Garden, which contained rockery ponds, pavilions and pavilions. Unique style, the Jinfanjing River is turned into a royal garden river, where concubines sail and row boats. From the Yuan Dynasty to the second year of Zheng Zheng (1432), Master Tian Ru invited the famous painter * * * to design and build the Lion Forest Temple ("Lion Forest"), which is famous for its rockery. There are many rocky peaks in the courtyard, exquisite and handsome, and the mountains are undulating and magnificent, so it is known as the "rockery kingdom". Emperor Qianlong was fascinated by this, imitating the Changchun Garden in Yuanmingyuan and the Lion Forest in Beijing Rehe Summer Resort, and recreating sixteen scenes.
The gardening activities in Suzhou in Ming and Qing Dynasties reached a new peak. According to Suzhou government records, there were 27/kloc-0 gardens in Suzhou in the Ming Dynasty, including Lingering Garden and Humble Administrator's Garden. Wufeng Garden and Art Garden, especially Humble Administrator's Garden and Liuyuan Garden, are very famous. In the Qing Dynasty, there were 13 1 gardens in Suzhou, and the rockery of Huanxiu Villa was unique among classical gardens. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, private gardens became a common practice. As far as the impact is concerned, ordinary urban homesteads and rural houses often have small yards in front of them, chiseling stones and piling mountains, planting flowers and trees. [6]?
Famous comments
It is said that there are more than one hundred gardens in Suzhou, and I have been to more than ten. I have also been to some gardens in other places. If I have to say a general impression, I think Suzhou Gardens are specimens of gardens in China, and gardens in China are more or less influenced by Suzhou Gardens. Therefore, if anyone wants to appreciate the gardens in China, Suzhou Gardens can't be missed. Designers and craftsmen adapt to local conditions, and successful gardens are certainly different. However, the gardens in Suzhou have similarities. It seems that designers and craftsmen are pursuing the same thing: to ensure that visitors always have a perfect picture in front of them no matter where they stand. In order to achieve this goal, they pay attention to the layout of pavilions, the coordination of rockery ponds, the foil of flowers and trees, and the level of close-up vision. In short, everything must exist in order to form a perfect picture, and it can't hurt the failure of beauty. They just want visitors to get the aesthetic feeling of "picturesque", and their achievements have realized their wishes. When tourists come to the garden, no one does not think of saying "as in painting" orally.
The buildings in our country, from ancient palaces to modern ordinary houses, are mostly symmetrical, no matter what the left side is, so is the right side. Suzhou gardens can never pay attention to symmetry, as if deliberately avoiding it. There are pavilions or cloisters in the East, and there will never be the same pavilions or cloisters in the West. Why is this? For example, a symmetrical building is a pattern painting, not an art painting, and a garden is an art painting. Artistic painting requires natural interest, not symmetry. There are rockeries and ponds in Suzhou gardens. The piling of rockeries can be said to be an art, not just a technology. Whether it is a mountain or a hill with flowers and trees, it is the life experience of designers and craftsmen and the hills and valleys in their hearts, which makes tourists forget Suzhou City when climbing and only feel that they are in the mountains. As for ponds, most of them refer to running water. Some gardens have spacious ponds, so the pond is the center of the whole garden, and other scenery is arranged in harmony. If the water looks like a river, bridges are usually arranged. If more than two bridges are arranged, they will be the same, not the same. There are few neat stone dikes beside ponds or rivers, and they are always left to their own devices. There are also a few exquisite stones arranged there, or some flowers and plants planted: this is also to achieve the effect of looking at a painting from all angles. Goldfish or carp of various colors are kept in the pond, and lotus flowers or water lilies are in full bloom in summer and autumn. Visitors can see "fish playing between lotus leaves", which is another painting.
Painting is also the main way to plant trees and prune trees in Suzhou gardens. Tall trees and short trees are pitching. Deciduous trees and evergreen trees alternate with each other, and different kinds of flower trees alternate with each other when they bloom, so that you don't feel lonely all year round. There are no pines and cypresses trimmed like pagodas, and there are no roadside trees like parade: because from the aesthetic point of view of Chinese painting, it is not worth taking. Several gardens are full of Gu Teng, and the winding and rugged branches are a good painting. When the flowers bloom, they are full of jewels, which makes tourists feel infinite prosperity and joy, but they can't say it. Visiting Suzhou gardens will inevitably pay attention to flower walls and promenades. Separated by walls and bounded by corridors, there are many levels and the scenery can be seen deeply. However, there are various hollow patterns made of bricks on the walls, and most of the sides of the veranda are borderless. In fact, it is separated but not separated, and the boundary does not exist, thus increasing the depth of the scene. Several gardens have also installed a large mirror in a proper position, which is more hierarchical and almost doubles the whole garden.
Of course, tourists will not ignore another point, that is, Suzhou gardens pay attention to the beauty of every corner of the picture. There are some books with grass beside the steps. The wall is covered with ivy or rosewood. If the window is facing the white wall, it will be too monotonous. Add some bamboo or bananas. And so on, it is nothing more than that visitors can appreciate beauty even if they look at a small part. The doors and windows, pattern design and carving skills in Suzhou gardens are all top arts and crafts. Generally speaking, those doors and windows are as refined as possible, never vulgar, even if they are simple and ingenious. Four, eight, twelve. Taken together, everyone must admire this is a high degree of pattern beauty. Photographers like these doors and windows very much. They took light and shadow into consideration and took satisfactory photos.
Unlike Beijing, Suzhou gardens rarely use paintings. Most of the beams and columns, as well as the railings of doors and windows, are painted widely, which is a non-dazzling color. The walls are white. Some indoor walls are paved with square bricks in the lower half, with light gray and white as contrast. Roof tiles and eaves are light gray. These colors match the green of the vegetation, which makes people feel quiet and leisurely. When flowers bloom, all kinds of flowers are more vivid.