Xia Dynasty was the first slave country in China, and its laws were always called "danger punishment". "Zhou Li Tai Company Punishment" notes: "Summer punishment is 200, flogging is 300, castration is 500, and flogging is 1000." The meaning of punishment in ancient China was the same as that of law, and the appearance of punishment marked the appearance of the legal system in Xia Dynasty.
The relationship between the earliest origin of ancient Chinese law and "ceremony" and "punishment" is that "punishment starts from soldiers and law comes from ceremony"
1, punishment begins with soldiers: On the one hand, "learning from law", the original punishment in ancient China originated from military war, and the earliest law was born out of military law. On the other hand, "the same soldiers and prison system." Military war needs to deal with enemies, prisoners or other illegal and criminal acts in time. Some military laws are also criminal laws for conviction and sentencing.
2. Law originates from ritual: ritual originates from sacrifice. In the process of sacrifice, the ceremony was strengthened and systematized. With the division of classes, the level of sacrificial ceremonies is also different. At this time, "Li" became a symbol of rank. With the division of classes, the upper class evolved into the ruling class, and they raised "ceremony" to the norm of adjusting people's social relations with the help of political power. At this point, "Li" has legal connotation in both form and essence. It was not until the ceremony of the Duke of Zhou that "ceremony" was standardized and systematized, thus becoming the general name of the code of conduct for adjusting social relations in ancient China. Rite is an important source of ancient laws in China, and the original form of expression of ancient Chinese laws is mainly ritual.
What is the earliest dictionary in ancient China?
The earliest dictionary in China can be regarded as Erya, which was written before the Han Dynasty. Because Erya classifies and explains the characters, Confucian scholars classify Erya as an exegesis.
The words in Erya are classified according to their meanings, the whole book 19.
China's first dictionary compiled according to glyphs and radicals is Shuo Wen Jie Zi.
The earliest dictionary named after a dictionary in China was Kangxi Dictionary.
elegant
The earliest woodcut in ancient China originated in ancient China, and is the oldest and most representative grandmother in the printmaking family.
The history of folk woodcut in China basically goes hand in hand with the invention and utilization of printing in China, even if it is a little later, it will not be far apart. In ancient times, the invention of paper, ink and pen brought great convenience to people's writing and drawing, which became a great progress of human civilization. Especially the manufacture and popularization of paper, after about five centuries, with the need of cultural exchange, I felt the slow copying of one book and one painting, which further solved the process of woodcut printing and could be copied in large quantities. Woodblock printing in China is generally believed to have been invented in or before the Tang Dynasty, and it was very mature in the middle of the Tang Dynasty. The oldest printed book in existence. Paper is the Diamond Sutra, which was printed in the 9th year of Xian Tong (AD 868). The whole volume is more than five meters long, with exquisite paintings engraved at the beginning, which is siddhattha gotama. At the end of the volume, there is a note that "Wang Jie respects and creates charity for the second parent". This is an example of religious belief in the form of folk art, and it is also obvious evidence of the synchronization of engraving and description. Agricultural production attaches importance to solar terms, and the theory of yin-yang and five elements is directly related to the activities of ancient people, which requires a large number of almanac, so printing almanac has become a major function after the invention of printing. The discovery of the almanac in the fourth year of Ganfu in the Tang Dynasty (AD 877) also proved this point. Calendar pages in the second year of the late Tang Dynasty (AD 822) were privately printed in Chengdu. Although there is no engraving in the almanac, it is directly related to the appearance of "Spring Cattle Map" and "1999 Cold Relief Map" in the future.
What is the earliest dictionary in ancient China? Erya is the earliest book to explain the meaning of words in China, and it is also a dictionary in ancient China. Erya is also one of the Confucian classics, which is included in the Thirteen Classics. Among them, "er" means almost right; "Ya" means "Ya Yan", which is the official standard language of a certain era. "Erya" is to make the language close to the official language. Erya is a work for later generations to study ancient words.
What is the earliest form of gardens in ancient China? The earliest period of classical gardens in China was the Yin, Zhou and Qin and Han Dynasties (BC 1 1 century-AD 22 1 year). At that time, it mainly appeared in the form of gardens for emperors and nobles to hunt and entertain.
The earliest records in history are the sand dune steps built by Shang Emperor Yin and the Lingkou, Lingtai and Lingtang. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, he built gardens and palaces in Weinan, and also built a long pond in Xianyang to draw water from the Weihe River, which set a record for artificial piling. In the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, further expanded the gardens in the Qin Dynasty. Zhang Jian Palace is the largest one. It is the first royal garden with three fairy mountains in history, which created a precedent for later natural landscape palaces. Its layout of "one pool and three mountains" became the main mode for later emperors to build palaces. At the same time, private gardens have also developed, and some dignitaries and wealthy aristocrats have successively built home gardens in Chang 'an and Luoyang. At this point, the garden system has taken shape.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 220-589), due to the great changes in thought, culture and art, the liberation of thought promoted the development of the art field, and the form and content of gardens also changed greatly at the same time, forming a parallel development of three types of royal private gardens and temple gardens and a slightly embryonic garden system.
The Sui and Tang Dynasties (589-960 AD) was the heyday of classical gardens in China. The royal style of royal gardens has been completely established, forming three categories: royal gardens inside the palace, royal gardens outside the palace and royal gardens outside the palace. The artistry of private gardens was sublimated and began to pursue poetry and painting. Poetry enters the park because of painting. At the same time, literati make gardens, while temple gardens are further popularized and secularized, giving play to the masses.
Later, in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties (960- 19 1 1), with the social progress and economic development, the classical gardens in China became more and more mature. After more than 3,000 years, the traditional gardening art in China has always been a highly continuous and self-enclosed development process, which has achieved meticulous self-improvement. Before the middle Tang Dynasty, it was in the framework stage of the theoretical system, and then it continued to learn from the strengths of various schools, and continued to develop until the Yongzheng period in the early Qing Dynasty, and finally reached full maturity. But because of self-enclosed development, once established, there will be no extensive expansion. In the next two hundred years, it will only constantly improve and strengthen itself in depth, and will eventually fall behind the development of the times and tend to collapse.
The earliest garden form in ancient China was "Xi";
The development history of ancient gardens in China;
Harmony-the initial period of China gardens;
Gardens-the further development period of gardens in China;
Gardens: The Transformation, Maturity and Profound Period of China Gardens;
Yong: An ancient garden form in China for emperors and nobles to hunt and play. Usually, after selecting an area, draw a range or create a boundary wall. Plants, birds and animals in the cave naturally thrive. Zhou Wenwang's earliest soul is recorded in The Book of Songs, Elegance. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, all cities were built in palaces.
Classical gardens are a wonderful flower in the treasure house of Chinese traditional culture, and their characteristics clearly reflect China people's outlook on nature and life. Compared with western garden art, classical gardens highlight China people's yearning and love for nature and beautiful living environment.
What is the earliest recorded law in history? During the third Babylonian dynasty, the Ullner Code was the first known code in history.
So far, the earliest well-preserved written code in the world is code of hammurabi, also in the Babylonian period.