1. Primitive agriculture adopts slash-and-burn mode.
2. Seven or eight thousand years ago, the appearance and widespread use of Lei Geng marked that agriculture in China entered the stage of "ploughing fields" or "hoeing stones".
3. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, a small number of bronze farm tools and intertillage farm tools appeared, and technologies such as furrow irrigation, weeding and soil cultivation, green manure retting and pest control were mastered, and agricultural production was developed.
4. Iron farm tools and Niu Geng appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, which became popular in the Warring States Period. Since then, the iron plow Niu Geng has become the main farming method of Chinese traditional agriculture.
Second, the evolution of the land system.
1. Primitive society: the land belongs to the clan commune, and the members of the commune collectively cultivate and consume on average.
2. Slave society (Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties): The land belongs to the state and the agricultural land system is implemented.
(1) development process: implementation (business)-prevalence (Western Zhou Dynasty)-disintegration (Spring and Autumn Period)-abolition (Warring States Period).
(2) Disintegration and its reasons: the use of iron farm tools and Niu Geng in the Spring and Autumn Period (the fundamental reason), the development of productive forces, and the well-field system as a mode of production can no longer meet the needs of the development of productive forces; Many private fields appear; Frequent wars and reduced labor force; The reform of land tax system promoted the gradual transformation of land from state-owned to private, gradually formed the exploitation mode of feudal land ownership, and the well-field system gradually collapsed.
3. Land ownership in feudal society:
(1) The formation of feudal land ownership. During the Warring States period, various vassal States successively carried out political reform movements. Feudalism was finally established in various countries. Among them, Shang Yang of Qin carried out the most thorough political reform, abolished the well field system and established feudal land ownership in legal form.
(2) The characteristics of feudal land ownership.
Feudal land ownership has existed in China for more than two thousand years; Feudal landlords annexed a large number of farmers' land by relying on political and economic privileges; Farmers have almost no land, are exploited and oppressed by feudal landlords and the state, and live in poverty.
(3) Land reclamation system (Three Kingdoms)
Reason: At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao cultivated land to raise military food.
Practice: recruit floating farmland; Soldiers are allowed to reclaim land in areas with frequent military activities.
Function: Farming system is a feudal state-owned land system. The implementation of the system of reclaiming farmland has resettled a large number of exiled farmers, enabled refugees to farm, and helped stabilize social order and ease social contradictions; Guaranteed the supply of military food; It promoted the recovery and development of agricultural production in the north.
(4) Land equalization system (from Northern Wei Dynasty to Middle Tang Dynasty)
Objective: To ensure the national tax and corvee collection.
Main contents: During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the state allocated the land under its control and gave farmers a certain amount of land; People pay a certain amount of taxes to perform corvee and military service. In the Sui Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty, the service age was postponed, and even the silk clothes were lost.
Significance: The relatively complete and important feudal land system in ancient China; Ensure the collection of state taxes and corvees; The production and life of farmers in the north are relatively stable, and the number of reclaimed wasteland is increasing, which is conducive to the recovery and development of social economy; Ensure farmers' production time and promote agricultural development.
Reasons for disintegration: serious land annexation and frequent land sales.
(5) The high concentration of land in the late Ming Dynasty aggravated social contradictions. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the peasant uprising put forward the slogan of "equal land and no grain", which expressed the peasants' desire to acquire land and showed that the feudal land system became the shackles of agricultural production development.
Third, the difficult growth of small-scale peasant economy.
1. Formation conditions of small-scale peasant economy: the emergence and gradual popularization of Niu Geng with iron plough, and the establishment of feudal land ownership.
2. Characteristics of small-scale peasant economy: The basic mode of agricultural production in feudal society in China was a self-sufficient natural economy with family as the unit and combining agriculture with cottage industry.
3. The reasons for the development of small-scale peasant economy are: ① the progress and development of social productive forces, the use and gradual popularization of iron farm tools and Niu Geng; ② Farmers have certain means of production, such as land, farm tools and farm animals. To varying degrees, they are enthusiastic about production; (3) In order to survive, farmers strive to improve farming techniques and increase the yield per unit area as much as possible; Rulers of past dynasties adopted the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business, paying attention to reducing farmers' burden and fostering small-scale peasant economy.
4. The reasons that hinder the development of small-scale peasant economy are as follows: ① Small scale of farmers' operation, poor production conditions and lack of necessary accumulation and reserve capacity; (2) The feudal dynasty ruling group was decadent and feudal exploitation was serious; The ability to resist natural and man-made disasters is weak.
5. The position (influence) of small-scale peasant economy: the self-sufficient natural economy has always dominated the feudal economy in China; It has promoted social development and economic progress for a long time; The firm existence of natural economy is an important reason for the slow development and long-term continuation of feudal society in China.