Where is my home?
The elements of a community: a relatively fixed area, a certain number of people and residents have common regional identity, some common views, related interests and close ties. P6
② Three elements of map: P7-8
A. Direction: There are three commonly used orientation methods on maps.
"General orientation method" is a commonly used method on maps, that is, going up north and down south, left west and right east.
The method of "pointing to the calibration direction" is adopted under certain conditions. There are many kinds of paintings, but you must mark the true north direction.
The "longitude and latitude network orientation method" is the most accurate orientation method. The arc connecting the north and south poles on the earth is called meridian, and the line parallel to the equator is called latitude. On the globe, the longitude lines indicate the north-south direction and the latitude lines indicate the east-west direction.
B scale: the ratio of the distance on the map to the actual distance, also called "scale reduction". There are usually three scales on the map.
Linetype For example, 0 10 20km.
Text style. For example, "1 cm on the map represents a field distance of 50 kilometers".
Digital. For example, 1: 10000.
The larger the scale, the smaller the field coverage of the map, and the more detailed the geographical things it represents; The smaller the scale, the larger the area covered by the map, and the rougher the geographical things represented. Pay attention to the conversion of units, 1 km = 100000 cm.
C Legend and Notes: The symbols used to represent geographical things on the map are called legends; The words and numbers used to explain geographical things on the map are called annotations.
③ Main functions of the community: political, economic, cultural and management functions.
(2) various communities P 10- 13
① The main types of communities: functional communities, natural communities and administrative communities.
② Community differences: The differences between communities are mainly reflected in two aspects:
First, the scale is different; Second, the characteristics are different, including differences between urban and rural areas and within cities.
(3) the connection between communities: the connection between different regions is not only manifested in products, but also in economy, culture, information and other aspects.
(3) Get information from the map P 14- 17.
① Common maps:
Administrative map: according to the size of the surveying and mapping area, it can be divided into world administrative map, mainland administrative map, national administrative map and regional administrative map.
Topographic map: Common topographic maps include contour map and layered color map.
Tourist map: provides people with information such as tourist projects, the number and characteristics of tourist attractions, traffic routes, tourist service facilities, etc.
(2) Reading steps:
First of all, look at the scale and legend, understand the detail of the map content, and be familiar with various symbols representing geographical things;
Then roughly understand the overall characteristics of the whole region;
Finally, read in detail by element and region.
2. Specific examples of inspiration:
(1) Please observe carefully and then complete the following form.
Digital line segment text type
1:250000
010 20km
On the map, 1cm represents the site distance of 500km.
(2) Connect the following communities with their corresponding types by lines.
village
Living community functional community
street
Urban natural community
University area
farm
Hi-Tech Park
County administrative community
industrial area
Please choose the most suitable map according to the actual situation.
Xiaoguang from Hangzhou plans to spend his summer vacation in Xi.
Xiaohong wants to find the location of Monaco and the map of the world administrative region.
Xiao Jing introduced the traffic and tourism map of China, the main scenic spot of Huangshan Mountain, to the students.
Unit 2 Review
1. On the earth, the ocean accounts for 7 1%, and the land only accounts for 29%. P20
The vast land on the earth is the mainland, and the largest land in the world is Eurasia. The smaller land is an island. The largest island in the world is Greenland. Surrounded by water on three sides and connected with the mainland on one side, the peninsula is the largest peninsula in the world. The largest archipelago in the world is the Malay archipelago.
Please know the size order and position of the seven continents on the map. The largest continent in the world is Asia, and the smallest continent is Oceania. Asia, Europe, Africa and Oceania are all in the Eastern Hemisphere, North America and South America are in the Western Hemisphere, and Antarctica is half in each hemisphere. Asia, Europe and North America are in the northern hemisphere, while Oceania, South America and Antarctica are in the southern hemisphere. Africa lies right in the middle of the northern and southern hemispheres. P2 1
Please know the size and position of the four oceans in the world on the map. It is required to draw the positions of seven continents and four oceans on paper. Find out the position between Chu Ocean and the mainland. For example, the ocean surrounded by Europe, North America and Asia is the Arctic Ocean. The largest ocean in the world is the Pacific Ocean, and the smallest ocean is the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean and Antarctica have the widest latitudes.
Please know the names and locations of some straits in the world. Gibraltar Strait, Malacca Strait, Bering Strait, English Channel, strait of magellan, Drake Strait, Taiwan Province Strait, Qiongzhou Strait and Black Sea Strait.
6. Please know the dividing line between the continent and the ocean in the world. The dividing line between Asia and Europe, Asia and Africa, North America and South America. The dividing line between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. (Read after-school atlas)
7. The highest mountain in the world is the Himalayas, and the highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest, which lies between China and Nepal. The largest plateau in the world is the Brazilian Plateau (South America) and the highest plateau in the world is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Asia). The largest plain in the world is the Amazon Plain (South America), the longest mountain system in the world is the Cordillera mountain system, and the longest mountain range in the world is the Andes. The longest river in the world is the Nile (Africa).
8. World Climate P25
Climatic characteristics of latitude climate types
The latitude from north to south is about 30ο, with a tropical rain forest climate, which is hot and rainy all year round.
The tropical grassland climate is hot all year round, and there are obvious dry and wet seasons in a year.
Tropical monsoon climate is hot all year round, with obvious dry season and rainy season in a year.
Tropical desert climate, high temperature all year round, drought and little rain, even no rain for several years.
Generally between 30-40 degrees north and south latitude, subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate, high temperature and rainy summer, low temperature in winter.
The Mediterranean climate is dry and hot in summer and mild and rainy in winter.
The temperate monsoon climate between 40-60 degrees north and south latitude is cold and dry in winter and warm and rainy in summer.
The temperate continental climate is dry with little rain, hot in summer and cold in winter, and the temperature changes greatly throughout the year.
The temperate maritime climate is humid all year round, with more rain in winter, neither cold nor hot in winter, and the annual change of temperature is small.
The continental climate in the sub-cold zone near the South Arctic Circle is characterized by long and cold winters, short warm seasons and concentrated precipitation in warm seasons.
The polar climate near the polar regions is very cold all year round, and it is winter.
Alpine climate, mainly distributed in plateau and mountain areas, changes obviously vertically with the increase of height.
9. Understand the distribution of climate types in Asia, especially in Arabia, China, Africa and Europe. Page 25-26
10, the natural environment is mainly composed of topography and climate, which constitutes the regional differences of the world's natural landscape.
1 1. The two main factors of climate are temperature and precipitation. Plants and animals, especially plants, have a certain indication of the local climate. (Master the animals in the main climate types in the world)
12, please know the main topographic areas in Asia. P29
13. China is located in the northern hemisphere and the eastern hemisphere. Most of them are located in the middle latitude zone, and a few are located in the low latitude zone; Most of them are located in the north temperate zone, and a few are located in the tropics. Located in the east of Asia, the east-west longitude reaches 62 degrees and the north-south latitude reaches 50 degrees. Close to the Pacific Ocean and backed by Eurasia. Geographical location is characterized by both land and sea. The advantage of this geographical location is: see page P4 1 in this book.
14. The three major races in the world are white, yellow and black. The most populous race in the world is white. The aborigines of North and South America (America south of the United States is called Latin America) are Indians, and they belong to the yellow race. The characteristics of the distribution of nationalities in the world: both large-scale concentration and small-scale dispersion. (Please master the characteristics of the three major races) P30
There are nearly 200 countries in the world. The national flag and the national anthem are symbols of a country. The largest country in the world is Russia, and the smallest country is the Vatican (both in Europe). The most populous country in the world is China, and the least populous country in the world is the Vatican.
16. The adjacent land, water, sea and air within the national boundary are collectively referred to as territory. Please grasp the order of the six countries with the largest area in the world. P32
17. The world can be divided into developed countries and developing countries, among which all countries in Africa and most countries in Latin America and Asia belong to developing countries. Developed countries are mainly distributed in Europe, North America, Oceania and Japan in Asia. P33
18, all countries in the world should communicate with each other and jointly solve world problems. The measures taken can be answered from the five principles of international law, economy (establishing a new international political and economic order) and peaceful coexistence. (Please list several world organizations and their main situations) P33-34
19, the eastern and western hemispheres are divided by 160 degrees east longitude and 20 degrees west longitude. The equator separates the northern and southern hemispheres. Longitude means north-south direction and latitude means east-west direction. The east longitude code is E, the west longitude code is W, the north latitude code is N, and the south latitude code is S. The longitude and latitude are perpendicular to each other, and the longitude is semicircular in shape, and the latitude is round or dotted in shape. The method of judging east-west longitude in longitude and latitude network is from left to right, and the degree decreases in west longitude and increases in east longitude. The judgment of north and south latitudes is from bottom to top, with the degree of south latitude decreasing and the degree of north latitude increasing.
20. It takes 4 minutes for the earth to turn 10, which means it takes 150/hour to turn. In China, the longitude from east to west reaches 62 degrees, so the time difference between east and west is more than 4 hours. Among them, the 0-degree meridian, also known as the prime meridian, passes through the Greenwich Observatory in Britain. Internationally, the area between 7.5 degrees west longitude and 7.5 degrees east longitude is called the zero time zone (middle time zone), which can be divided into 1 1 half time zone in the east and 1 half time zone in the west, which add up to exactly 24 time zones, and the time difference between two adjacent time zones is1hour. London is the zero-time zone, and Beijing is the East Eighth Zone (China's time zone is separated by four time zones). Tokyo is the East Ninth District.
2 1, please master the division of high, middle and low latitudes and the division of five zones on the earth. From this, you can practice mastering the position of a certain point on the earth. (Give the latitude and longitude of a certain point and judge what hemisphere, latitude zone and temperature zone it is located in) P36
Unit 3 Review
1, China has a land area of 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third in the world (closest to Europe). The six largest countries are Russian, Canadian, China, USA, Brazil and Australia.
2. The four endpoints of China are: the easternmost point is the intersection of the center line of Heilongjiang main channel and Wusuli River. The westernmost point is the Pamir Plateau in Xinjiang. The northernmost point is the center line of Heilongjiang main channel north of Mohe River. The southernmost point is Zengmu shoal P40.
3. It is required to know the positions of the neighboring countries of China 14 and six countries across the sea on the map. P40-4 1
4. The largest island in China is Taiwan Province Island, the second largest island is Hainan Island, and the third largest island is Chongming Island. The largest archipelago is Zhoushan Islands. The two inland seas of China are Bohai Sea and Qiongzhou Strait.
China's administrative divisions are divided into three levels: the first level is provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and special administrative regions. The second level is county, city, district and autonomous county. The third level is township, town and street. China has 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities and 2 special administrative regions, with a total of 34 administrative divisions. P42-43
6. Memorize the full names, abbreviations, provincial administrative centers, locations and shapes of 34 administrative divisions in China. P42-43
7. The province with the longest longitude span in China is Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Hainan is the southernmost province, Heilongjiang is the northernmost province, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is the westernmost province and Heilongjiang is the easternmost province. The province with the largest number of neighboring countries is Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (8). The provinces with the largest number of neighboring provinces are Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Shaanxi Province. The neighboring provinces of Zhejiang Province are Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui, Jiangxi and Fujian. The largest province in China is Xinjiang.
8. In 2000, the population of China reached 65.438+0.29 billion, accounting for about 22% of the world. The population density of China is 0/34 people per square kilometer/kloc, which is three times that of the world. P44
9. The geographical dividing line of China population is Heihe-Tengchong. This line is densely populated in the east and sparsely populated in the west. P45 tax payment certificate
10. There are 56 ethnic groups in China, of which 55 are ethnic minorities. Zhuang nationality in Guangxi has the largest population among ethnic minorities. There are 1 8 ethnic minorities with a population over 1 10,000, and 19 ethnic minorities with a population over110,000.
1 1. The distribution of ethnic groups in China is characterized by large mixed communities and small settlements. Most of the Han population is concentrated in the eastern and central regions. Ethnic minorities are mainly concentrated in the southwest, northwest and northeast border areas. P45-46
12, Yunnan Province is the province with the largest distribution of ethnic minorities in China. "Hui" in ethnic minorities use Mandarin as their common language. The most widely distributed minority is the Hui nationality.
13. The ethnic minorities in five autonomous regions demand to master and understand their customs, festivals, costumes and religions.
14. There are five landforms in China: mountains, plains, plateaus, hills and basins. The characteristics of China's topography are: the topography is complex and diverse; The mountainous area is vast, accounting for about 2/3 of the national area; The terrain is high in the west and low in the east, decreasing step by step, showing a three-stage distribution.
There are five climate types in China: temperate monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate, tropical monsoon climate, temperate continental climate and plateau alpine climate. China's climate is characterized by its complexity and diversity, with significant differences among regions. P50
16, please know the main topographic areas and their characteristics in China. And figure out which step they are in. P48-49
17. It is precisely because the terrain of China is high in the west and low in the east that it affects the climate of China. The precipitation in the east is richer than that in the west, and the temperature in the east is warmer than that in the west. It also affects that rivers in China generally flow from west to east.
18. It is precisely because of the complicated and diverse climate in China that most crops in the world can be planted in China.
19, please know the climate distribution in China. In particular, the climate type of Zhoushan belongs to subtropical monsoon climate, and the topography of Zhoushan is mainly hilly.
20. The summer monsoon climate is characterized by both rain and heat. Wind energy brings abundant precipitation in summer, and it is a high temperature period. Therefore, compared with the same latitude areas in the world, the monsoon climate is humid; Conducive to the growth of crops. However, due to the instability of monsoon climate, it will bring us natural disasters such as floods or droughts. P5 1
2 1, master the nature, direction and birthplace of summer monsoon and winter monsoon. P50
22. The dividing line between monsoon region and non-monsoon region is Daxing 'anling, Yinshan, Helan, Bayan Kara and Gangdise Mountains. The east of this line is monsoon area, and the west is non-monsoon area.
23. Hydrological characteristics of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.
Hydrological characteristics of each section
Upstream
The northern foot of Bayan Kara-
Shangyuan section of Hekou Town, Inner Mongolia 1: the water flow is small and the clear water flow is slow; 2. Canyon section: the water is fast, there are many canyons, the water energy is rich, and the water increase is large; 3. Hetao section: reduce water flow and develop water conservancy projects.
Hekou Town, Inner Mongolia-Jinmeng Town, Henan Province has a large amount of water, swift rivers and a large amount of sediment loss.
lower reaches
In Jin Meng, Henan Province, the estuary of the Yellow River slows down, and a large amount of sediment is deposited, forming a rare surface river in the world.
24. How to harness the Yellow River? The key lies in sand control P54.
(1), in the middle reaches of the Loess Plateau, vigorously carry out afforestation and terraced fields and other soil and water conservation work. (2) Reclaim the levee downstream, which will "lead to siltation in Huang Ji".
(3) A series of water control projects, such as Longyangxia, Liujiaxia, Qingtongxia and Sanmenxia, have been built in the upper and middle reaches of the main stream, which have initially brought flood control, irrigation and power generation benefits into play.
25, the Yellow River, the Yangtze River Yellow River comparative project
The source is the main peak of Tanggula-the northern foot of Bayan Kara, the winter snow mountain in Gladin.
Enter the East China Sea and Bohai Sea
The length of the main stream is 6300 kilometers, the first-class river is 5400 kilometers, and the second-class river is 5400 kilometers.
It flows through Qinghai, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei,
Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai (1 1), Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia,
Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan and Shandong (9)
The word "Ji" has a huge zigzag shape in the water system.
The upper, middle and lower parts are divided into the source-Yichang, Hubei-Hukou, Jiangxi-the source of the estuary-Hekou Town, Inner Mongolia-Jin Meng, Henan-Hekou.
Upstream of main tributaries: Yalong River, Minjiang River, Jialing River and Wujiang River.
Middle reaches: Hanjiang River, Xiangjiang River and Ganjiang River; Upstream: Taohe River and Huangshui River.
Middle reaches: Fenhe River and Weihe River