During the Ming Dynasty, the territory was vast, the handicraft industry and commodity economy flourished, and a large amount of commercial capital was transformed into industrial capital, and commercial market towns and capitalist buds appeared.

In such a prosperous Ming dynasty, the household registration system was quite different from the public impression.

The household registration system in Ming Dynasty is very special!

This household registration system includes three main types, namely, soldiers, craftsmen and citizens.

Artisans in Ming Dynasty were divided into living artisans and shift artisans.

(1) Live and seated craftsmen should serve in fixed places, but they still have to take turns to undertake heavy transportation tasks; Shift craftsmen need to serve at designated places regularly and belong to the director of the Ministry of Industry.

According to whether it belongs to the army or not, it can also be divided into residential craftsmen and residential craftsmen.

The competent authority of private craftsmen is mainly the official supervisor in the inner government, but the management and recruitment of craftsmen are still under the control of the Ministry of Industry.

According to the location of service, residential craftsmen can be divided into residential craftsmen in Beijing and residential craftsmen in the province. Living in Beijing as a folk craftsman, attached to Daxing and Wanping in or near the capital; Living and working in each province may be the responsibility of the chief secretary of each province, but not necessarily.

The living and sitting military craftsmen belong to the army and are under the jurisdiction of the DuSiWei.

(2) Shift craftsmen should regularly go to the designated place to serve and return to the director of the Ministry of Industry.

The household registration system of craftsmen in the Ming Dynasty was a special household registration that was incorporated by the Ming Dynasty government in China, and its social status was low. The craftsman registration system stipulates that craftsmen will never leave the bureau and their services will always be filled. A craftsman who is registered as a craftsman may not leave his membership for generations.

The name of the craftsman system is very similar to India's humble system (caste system). They are all fixed occupations that can never be changed, and these occupations are often the humble bottom of society.

Rulers use this system to solidify classes, thus enslaving the people and stabilizing their own rule.

However, there are some essential differences between the craftsman system and the base system, that is, craftsmen belonging to ordinary people can seek fame and become nobles by taking part in the imperial examination, but the base system is not allowed. This is just a personal opinion, please let us know if there is anything untrue. )

If a person is a base, then he can't get rid of it, and his descendants can't get rid of it;

But the craftsman's record is more about giving a person a job as a craftsman. Similar to the government's establishment of craftsmen, in order to prevent craftsmen from being on duty, a certain company will be forcibly selected at first, but artisans, as responsible positions, can be undertaken by several companies at the same time, similar to corvee.

It was a common scene at that time that several families got together and took turns to be craftsmen. The personnel were not fixed and they were organized spontaneously by the people.

Since the craftsman registration system was in the household registration of the Ming Dynasty, it must have its own management system.

In management, the craftsman registration system shows diversity.

First of all, the management system of Ming Dynasty implemented Li Jia system in rural areas and Fang Xiang system in cities. Fang Xiang system, the compartments are divided into ten armour, armour has a length, and those who choose Li Ding are unified. There are ten households in armour, and each compartment chooses a length.

At that time, artisans who lived and sat in Beijing should be managed according to the system of Fang Xiang, not necessarily in the province.

According to Liu Yonghua, a scholar, the life and sitting craftsmen in the province at that time were probably managed by the general armor system. General armour system means that one general armour governs two small armour, and one small armour governs 25 service personnel.

During the Ming Dynasty, there was a very special military system. From the beginning of the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was abused for 300 years, and the people were miserable!

This system is the clearing system. The hook-clearing system is divided into hook army and Qing army.

Hooking up with the army refers to hooking up with their immediate or collateral relatives to join the army after the death of active servicemen.

The origin of this system is that too many people escaped from the home of the Ming Guards, so such a unique hereditary system of military membership was formed, close to the caste system!

According to Gou Jianjun's regulations, after an old illness or escape, the troops in active service will be recruited from their original residence to make up for their service. If all the active military families are extinct, they will be recruited from their original places to ensure that the military service in the health center will not be vacant.

As can be seen from the above provisions, in addition to the disadvantages of caste, there are also extremely unreasonable disadvantages such as North-South exchange against personal will.

Another item of the hook-clearing system is the Qing army.

The Qing army, that is, the army mentioned in the Yellow Book, cleared the nuclear army to prevent Fan Wu from being empty and chaotic. Officials in charge of the Qing army and the execution of the hook army affairs are called "clean officials", so the Qing army and the hook army are often mentioned together, referred to as "clean hook".

Under the general trend of historical development in Ming Dynasty, the system of clearing hooks gradually evolved.

① During the Hongwu period of Zhu Yuanzhang, the border situation was relatively stable. During this period, the official management was clear, and the Ming court used troops to guard and support the army, but the phenomenon of sergeant fleeing occurred from time to time.

"Ming History" records that "the governor said that from October of the first year of Wu to November of the third year of Hongwu, more than 47,900 soldiers fled."

From the beginning, Zhu Yuanzhang put the responsibility of the sergeant's escape on officers at all levels. By punishing the officers, the officers restrained the sergeant and prevented him from escaping.

But this method didn't work.

So after that, in the face of a large number of deserters, he replaced the way of punishing only officers with the way of "catching soldiers quickly"

Thus, the beginning of the hook-clearing operation in the Ming Dynasty was opened.

Later, in the twenty-first year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered people to draw up the Atlas of the Art of War and the Survey of the Art of War. Military Atlas and Military Compilation not only mark the establishment of the military yellow book system, but also symbolize the maturity of the hook clearing system.

Although the hook clearing system was mature in this period, it was not formally established, and was basically established in Xuande period.

(2) During Xuande period, a series of regulations on hook clearing were formulated. At the same time, the Ming court also set up a full-time official hook, and defined their respective responsibilities.

③ During the period from orthodoxy to Hongzhi, the hook clearing system was further improved.

At this time, the Ming Dynasty had developed to the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and corruption was rampant in the imperial court. Many officials who cleared the hook openly exploited and extorted money in the name of clearing the hook.

The sergeant was exploited, lacked food and salary, and fled everywhere.

During the orthodox period, many new contents were added to the hook-clearing system, the first of which was the dissolution of the army and armed forces. When a sergeant is called up, he must take his wife with him in case he dies, so there are no soldiers available.

This system is a crude system based on the hereditary system of military membership, which reflects the essence that feudal rulers do not treat people as human beings at all.

Secondly, due to the influence of social development, it is becoming more and more difficult to recruit honest officials. In order to make the hook-clearing system in health centers more efficient, the Ming court exempted the previous complicated affairs of honest officials and took charge of the hook-clearing work.

④ During the period from Tianshun to Hongzhi, the focus of the hook-clearing system was to strengthen the inspection of the hook-clearing official team and the investigation and creation of documents.

At this time, due to the corruption of the Ming court, strengthening the implementation of the system of clearing hooks became the only way for the Ming court to improve the efficiency of conscription.

⑤ During the period of Zheng De, the Ming Dynasty had already transitioned to the late Ming Dynasty. At this time, the national movement of the Ming Dynasty began to decline, and the role of Visuojun was gradually replaced by recruiting troops.

With the destruction of the military system in the health center, the hook cleaning system gradually disappeared.

The gradual collapse of the system of clearing the hook lies in a vicious circle, that is, the law is strict and the people are disturbed; If the people are disturbed, the sergeant will run away.

In this period, in addition to further supplementing the pre-clearing regulations of health centers, the focus is on the strictness and institutionalization of the management of non-commissioned officers' books.

After 300 years' development, the hook-clearing system can almost be said to be the most unpopular system in Ming Dynasty.

A citizen's nationality is a citizen's registered permanent residence and belongs to the civilian class. There are dozens of other ordinary people, such as military households, craftsmen, station households and ling households. , but the most important thing is the military households, craftsmen and civilians.

Civilian households are the largest and most extensive families in Ming society, including subaltern landlords, yeomen or semi-yeomen, and some tenant farmers also belong to civilian households, who are the main undertakers of social tax corvee in Ming Dynasty.

The yellow book of tax service divides these households into different households, such as upper households, middle households and lower households, so that they can undertake different responsibilities respectively. According to the division of upper, middle and lower households, different regions are different.

In Ming society, the upper middle households in Yili were a minority, mostly long households, and the lower middle households were the majority, mostly belonging to the first household.

The establishment of Li Jia in the Yellow Book, every 10 households plus 100 households, is called "Zhengguan" and belongs to the households to be served.

In addition, there will be some lonely people in every room, who are separated from each other and belong to non-working families.

In a word, the household registration system in Ming Dynasty is different from that in modern times.

With the progress of the times, social welfare is definitely going up a little bit. This may not be easy for the authorities to perceive, but compared with history, the sense of superiority of the present society immediately appears.

Liu Yonghua. Household registration under the craftsman registration system in Ming dynasty and the actual situation of craftsmen-also on the relationship between dynasty system and people's life [J]. Journal of Xiamen University: Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition, 20 14(02):55-62.

[2] Feng Zhihua. The ditch cleaning system under the military system of the Ming Dynasty Health Institute [D]. Xiamen University, 2007.

[3] Li Yanzhi. Research on the household registration system in Ming Dynasty [D]. Shandong University.