The costumes of Jinuo nationality are sewn with the special materials of this nationality. The patterns on the dress are cleverly arranged when knitting, and the patterns that can be knitted are woven on the cloth when knitting. Therefore, fabrics can be divided into tops and skirts, and generally cannot be mixed. Traditional clothing, with white and black as the basic colors, is backward in textile processing, so cotton fabric lacks tightness and smoothness, similar to linen. Jinuo people like embroidery patterns, and women's clothes are decorated with horizontal and vertical color bars and geometric patterns. Men's jackets are collarless and buttonless double-breasted shirts, which are made of white cloth woven with criss-crossing colored stripes. There are strong color stripes above the chest of the coat, and the horizontal color stripes are brightly colored and extremely conspicuous. There is a 6-inch square pattern in the center of the back of the clothes, surrounded by radioactive lines, which bloom like sunflowers. But the sun shines again. This pattern is called "Polo Apo" in Jino language, which means sun flower and moon flower. The skirt, sleeve roots, elbows and cuffs are all inlaid with several horizontal stripes, which are very conspicuous. A coat with a white background is decorated with specially woven patterns and red, yellow, blue and black stripes to make a colorful floral dress.

Men's trousers are white trousers with wide and fat crotch, and the edges of trousers are inlaid with horizontal red, black and white colored stripes. There is a 3-inch seam on each side of the wide belt, and a square black cloth is sewn on it. White trousers are discounted in front of the abdomen and tied around the waist with a belt decorated with colorful tassels. This man has three locks of long hair on his head, and he wears a black headscarf, which is more than 1 m in length. The foot wrap is wrapped around the calf. Men's clothes are thick and loose, and they are worn on the body, which enhances men's firmness and toughness. A woman uses a piece of cloth with colorful stripes and embroidery patterns to tie her chest. The colors of coats are mostly cyan, black, collarless and double-breasted, and red, yellow, black and white stripes are deliberately used to decorate the edges of skirts and clothes. All women, old and young, are knee-length, with white on the top and black on the bottom. The skirt is decorated with red stripes and tied at the waist in front of the abdomen. Adult women wear a pointed triangular white cloth hat with longitudinal color stripes. The corner of the hat hangs over the shoulder, and the brim of the hat on the forehead is turned out, so that a pointed white dustpan is buckled on the back of the head. Unmarried women like to hang their hair behind their heads, while married women like to hang their hair above their plastic foreheads. Women's clothes, simple and elegant, make Jino girls look cute.

The distinctive feature of Jinuo clothing is to decorate sleeves, skirts and backs with colored stripes. People decorate their clothes with colored stripes, which is said to be related to the rainbow in the sky. According to folklore, in ancient times, there was a pair of Jino men and women who were inseparable. A vicious rich boy saw this girl so beautiful that he suddenly had a bad intention, stole her with a trick and forced her to get married. The girl was disobedient and was beaten black and blue, dying. Her lover went through all kinds of hardships to save the girl. The two men escaped from the jaws of death, and the rich boy followed them closely. The young man fell to the ground and got several arrows in his leg. When disasters befell many times, several rainbows appeared in the sky to entangle the couple, giving off colorful light to repel the rich boy, and a couple rose into the air surrounded by rainbows. Therefore, in order to avoid disaster, later generations used colored stripes to cover the rainbow when sewing clothes.

2. Folk customs in Kunming

Kunming is a multi-ethnic city with 26 nationalities living in the world. There are villages or mixed villages composed of Han, Yi, Hui, Bai, Miao, Hani, Zhuang, Dai and Yi nationalities. In the long-term production and life, all ethnic groups have not only influenced each other, but also maintained their own national traditions, continuing many unique lifestyles, folk customs and culture and arts. The compatriots of all ethnic groups living in Kunming are warm and hospitable, good at singing and dancing, and simple in folk customs. No matter how they treat people, unique food, colorful costumes, different styles of residential buildings and interesting weddings, people can feel distinctive national characteristics.

Among many ethnic festivals, the Torch Festival of the Yi nationality, March Street of the Bai nationality, Around the Three Souls, Water-splashing Festival of the Dai nationality, Huashan Tour of the Miao nationality and the Knife and Pole Festival of the Wa nationality have long enjoyed great fame, and the festival activities are rich and colorful. On festivals, people of all ethnic groups will wear their own embroidered national costumes and gather from all directions to hold wrestling, bullfighting, duets and other activities. According to the season of the New Year, many customs are very popular among the people, such as the adjustment of the Western Hills on the third day of the third lunar month, the spring outing in the Golden Temple on the ninth day of the first lunar month, climbing the snail peak on the ninth Chongyang Festival, and the grand view of the moon on the night of the Mid-Autumn Festival.

There are many kinds of local literature and art in Kunming, such as Yunnan Opera, Lantern Festival, Kunqu Opera, folk songs, ethnic minority operas, folk narrative poems, folk legends and so on. After hundreds of years of development and praise, it is deeply loved by the broad masses of the people.

3. Buyi family education is a way for the older generation to preach their national ethics to the younger generation, which can also be called family training. Buyi people think: "Family education is not strict; Harm future generations. "

Buyi people are polite and hospitable, simple and courteous, respect the old and love the young, and help others, all of which are cultivated by the older generation with strict self-discipline and cruel words and deeds. Buyi elderly people often encourage themselves: "The prosperity of the family depends on people, and the trees are big and leafy."

Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, few Buyi people went to school. From birth to death, they all live in the family. Therefore, Buyi family is the education base for children's life, and family education is a lifelong education method.

Cloth family education began at an early age. "Small bends, big bends" and "If you don't teach, you will see the world degenerate", which is what the old man warned young parents. Young parents always follow the code of conduct handed down from the older generation and try their best to teach their children by example with a loving attitude, so as not to let their children get into the bad habits of arrogance, laziness and greed. They teach children that "the burden should be tied tightly and things should be polite", "fools don't study, scholars are not stupid", "wise men argue for time, fools take time" and "the younger generation should learn from their predecessors."

The education of the old to the young focuses on how to be a man. Such as: "Don't eat more delicious food, don't say it all", "Parents should stay shallow and eat shallow, and don't rob others to eat; Parents should stay deep and eat deep, and don't cheat people by eating; When meeting, be outspoken and be polite first; Neighbors are in trouble and need more help; When the sky falls, everyone will support it; Don't have too much wealth in the right way, and don't touch ill-gotten gains; Stupid people should take care of them more, while smart people can help them less.

The traditional Buyi people practice paternalism, and the oldest is the longest. There are many families with three generations living under one roof and four generations living under one roof, which provides soil and conditions for family education. For Buyi people who work outside the home or are officials, the old people's warning words are: "To be an official, you should know the culture, and to be an official, you should learn the king's law", "The bottom of the river is visible to the official, and the heart is visible to the official", "If the official is dissatisfied, the people can cry". ……

Buyi people have a tradition of tutoring for generations. When the bride gets married, her mother will sing "Training Women in Marriage" to educate the bride "... Heaven is everyone's day, parents are their own days, delicious food should be left to in-laws, and others can't say that they don't know manners. ……"

When the Buyi old people are dying, the prestigious old people in the village should sing "Legacy Song" for their children, not the dying old people. Admonish future generations with the old man's legacy: "Brothers divide ... sisters divide each other, so don't quarrel if you are narrow-minded, and don't fight if you hate each other, so as not to lose face in front of the old man and friends."

Large family life often allows the younger generation to witness the actions of the elderly, and parents often set an example for the next generation. Old people's mistakes often need the next person to make up. This continuous improvement of family education has benefited the country and the people, and has created a large number of outstanding Buyi children in the world-Ricky of Xiaodejiang Village, Zhongshan Township, Luoping County. Influenced by Buyi family education since childhood, he is hardworking, simple and fearless. At the beginning of 1940, he led the youth to carry out the liquidation struggle against local tyrants and evil gentry. After joining guerrillas and party organizations, he undertook logistics work and went from village to village to raise food and funds. When the troops go out to open up new areas, he often makes preparations for arranging accommodation before the troops arrive at their destination, which is done for many years. Unfortunately, Li Jiaqi was at the mercy of the enemy, so he was strong and brave. Finally, he was skinned, cramped and sacrificed heroically by the enemy. It shows the noble integrity of a Buyi people who produced party member.

Xiong Xiufen, the daughter of Buyi nationality who served as the eighth, ninth and tenth deputy magistrate of Luoping County, is honest and self-disciplined, lives simply, works hard and is approachable. When he was a deputy county magistrate, he was in charge of cadre and personnel work, but his lover was a farmer. Although little bear has deep feelings for her husband, he has no job for him because he has power in his hand. Before her death, several county leaders asked her for personal requirements. She only asked that after her death, the funeral should be simple. When asked if her husband and children needed to be taken care of, Xiong, the deputy magistrate, was silent for a while before answering, "My wife is a good person, used to it in the countryside and diligent in the car. The county government guest house has many chores and often looks for temporary workers. When the guest house is busy, please give priority to him as a temporary worker. "

Buyi family education is one of China's precious moral heritages. If officials can be familiar with and accept some Buyi family instructions, they can avoid falling into the mud pit of corruption and sin; If people are familiar with and accept some Buyi family instructions, they can turn themselves into civilized and kind people.

4. Miao folk customs

Miao ancestors lived in the "Five Rivers" area in the Qin and Han Dynasties, that is, the areas of western Hunan and eastern Guizhou. In China's ancient books, there are records of Miao ancestors as early as 5,000 years ago, that is, clans and tribes from the Yellow River valley to the south of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, which are called "Nan Man". Miao nationality has a long history, and its ancestors may be part of the ancient three south areas. One theory originated from the "mane" people in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, they mainly lived in western Hunan and eastern Guizhou, including in the name of "Changsha-Wuling Revolution" or "Wuxi Man", and then gradually migrated and scattered in the southwest mountainous areas. Others believe that it is related to the ancient "Jiuli". Miao people in Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan and other places have regarded Chiyou as their ancestors so far. Legend has it that Chiyou is the king of Jiuli. Five thousand years ago, the Jiuli tribe clashed with the Huangdi tribe, withdrew from the lower reaches of the Yellow River and occupied the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Gradually form a "three seedlings." After the 2nd century BC, most Miao ancestors migrated to Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places. The Miao people in Hainan were soldiers who went from Guangxi in the16th century.

Miao people are mainly distributed in the southeast of Guizhou Province, Damiao Mountain in Guangxi, Hainan Island and the border areas of Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan and Guangxi provinces, with a population of 970,000. Miao nationality has a long history. In China's ancient books, there are records of Miao ancestors more than 5,000 years ago. This is the clan and tribe called "Nan Man" from the Yellow River valley to the south of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Miao people have no written language, and Miao language belongs to the Miao branch of Miao Yao language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Miao people live on high mountains, mainly in agriculture, and the crops are upland rice. Bags, buckwheat seeds, potatoes, beans, and cash crops are hemp, which are generally grown and spun by themselves. Miao people are rich in folk oral literature, such as ancient songs, poems and love songs. Miao people are also good at dancing, and Lusheng dance is the most popular.

The Miao population in Yunnan is 907,000, accounting for 12.2% of the national Miao population. Mainly living in Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Zhaotong area and Wuding and Luquan counties. Miao people have their own language and writing.

Miao nationality has its own language, which is divided into three dialects: Xiangxi, Qiandong and Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan. After 1956, the Latin alphabet writing scheme was designed. Due to the long-term contact between Miao and Han, a large number of Miao people are fluent in and use Chinese.

Agriculture is dominant in Miao areas, supplemented by hunting. Miao people's arts and crafts such as flower picking, embroidery, brocade, batik, paper cutting and jewelry making are magnificent and colorful, and they are well-known at home and abroad. Among them, the batik process of Miao nationality has a history of thousands of years. There are more than 130 kinds of Miao costumes, which can be compared with the costumes of any nation in the world. Miao nationality is a nation that can sing and dance well, especially love songs and wine songs. Lusheng is the most representative musical instrument of Miao nationality.

Miao people are famous for their ability to sing and dance, especially for their rich folk songs. Every year, on the second day of the first lunar month or Huashan Festival (that is, stepping on Huashan Mountain), young men and women get together to step on drums and dance Lusheng, express their feelings for songs and seek spouses. At the same time, flower pole climbing and fighting competitions were held. Miao people are good at weaving hemp, embroidery and batik, and their craftsmanship is exquisite, which has won praise at home and abroad. Young men and women like to wear "five-point clothes", which combine batik and embroidery with rich colors. Miao people are mainly engaged in family business. In the past, hunting was the main sideline. Bows and arrows and muskets are often used to hunt prey, and the distribution method of "shooting birds over mountains, seeing people have a share" is implemented. Some Miao compatriots believe in folk polytheism and Christianity.

1 Shaanxi: Mutton bread in soup is a delicious restaurant in Shaanxi, especially in xi 'an. It is rich in flavor, thick in broth, smooth in tendon and full of fragrance, and has the function of warming the stomach. Mutton bread in soup was called "mutton soup" in ancient times. In the Song Dynasty, Su Shi wrote a poem "There is bear wax in the soup, and Qin only cooks mutton soup". Legend has it that beef mutton soup evolved from the ancient beef mutton soup in 1 1 century BC. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, "beef and sheep soup" was listed as a "gift" for kings and princes. According to the Book of Song Dynasty, in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Mao Xiu presented delicious soup of cattle and sheep to Song Wudi, and Emperor Wu was made an official history, and later he was promoted to Doctor Guanglu, a famous scholar.

2 Beijing: Spring cakes. Every year in beginning of spring, Beijingers eat spring cakes, which is called "biting spring". The custom of eating spring cakes has a long history. "The History of Good Diet in Ming Palace" records: "The day before beginning of spring, on Shuntianfu Street outside Dongzhimen, all the dignitaries, ministers, dignitaries and warriors ... When they arrived in beginning of spring the next day, all the nobles chewed radishes, called' biting spring', gave banquets to each other and ate spring cakes and vegetables." This custom can be traced back to the Jin Dynasty and prevailed in the Tang Dynasty. Eating and vegetables are also exquisite, that is, using the hearts of seasonal vegetables, such as leek yellow, pineapple yellow and so on, is called fried and vegetables. Some places also pay attention to the use of cooked meat such as shredded belly and shredded chicken in spring cakes. Eating spring cakes pays attention to eating them wrapped in vegetables. From beginning to end, it is called "having a head and a tail", which means good luck. When eating spring cakes, the family sits around and puts the baked spring cakes in a steamer, taking them with them while eating, in order to have a hot meal.

Central Plains culture is profound and has a long history. On the surface, she is a regional culture. At a deeper level, she is not an ordinary regional culture, but the root and backbone of China traditional culture, which occupies a prominent position in the history of China cultural development. Specifically, it includes at least the following ten main contents.

(A) Dragon culture

The dragon is a symbol of wisdom, courage, auspiciousness and dignity. Henan is the hometown of dragons. Taihao Fuxi, known as the ancestor of mankind, created a dragon totem in Huaiyang, Zhoukou today, realizing the first great integration of many ancient tribes. The Yellow Emperor, known as another ancestor of mankind, used dragons as the totem of new tribes in Xinzheng today in order to unite the thoughts and spirits of the tribes in the Yellow River Basin. Today, China people are called "descendants of the Chinese people" and "descendants of dragons", which is why they came. Judging from the unearthed cultural relics, the dragon cultural relics discovered in Henan have a long history and are the most authentic. Long Bang in Puyang, 6400 years ago, is the earliest dragon image in China, and it is praised as "a dragon in China" by the archaeological community. The large turquoise dragon found in Erlitou site of Yanshi, the first capital of China, was named "Dragon" by scholars at least 3700 years ago, and so on. These dragon objects come down in one continuous line from Xia, Shang, Zhou, Han, Tang, Ming and Qing dynasties, and they are the source of the dragon totem of the Chinese nation, which can be said to be the ancestors of various dragon statues in the Forbidden City in Beijing. The dragon image, which originated in the Central Plains, has become the symbol of the Chinese nation, the spiritual core of Chinese civilization, the bond and spiritual pillar of unity of the Chinese nation.

(B) Chinese character culture

Chinese characters are an important carrier to inherit and carry forward Chinese culture, a basic symbol of the Chinese nation and a remarkable symbol of Chinese civilization, which have exerted a great and far-reaching influence on the written culture of Korea, South Korea, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and other countries. The cultural history of Chinese characters for more than 4,000 years can be said to be a history of Chinese characters in the Central Plains. The emergence of Chinese characters and almost every important development stage occurred in the Central Plains. Legend has it that the characters of Cang Xie in the era of the Yellow Emperor were created in Henan. The first complete China writing system, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, was unearthed in Henan. Li Si, who also helped Qin Shihuang write Biography, was from Shangcai, Henan. Xu Shen, a philologist who compiled the world's first dictionary, summarized the rules of Chinese character generation and unified word meaning analysis, was from Luohe, Henan. He completed Shuo Wen Jie Zi, a masterpiece of China philology, in his hometown. The standard font "Song Ti" that we still use today was produced in Kaifeng, Henan Province, and the famous movable type printing was also invented here.

(C) surname culture

Henan is the cradle of China's surnames. No matter its origin, it is closely related to the Central Plains, and a large number of surnames have been derived. Among the 4820 Han surnames in the Chinese Surnames Ceremony, 1834 originated in Henan, accounting for 38% of the total surnames, and its population accounts for more than 84.9% of the total Han population today. Among the top 300 surnames, 17 1 is rooted in Henan, accounting for 57%; Among the 65,438+000 surnames arranged by population, 78 surnames originated in Henan, no matter the four surnames of China, represented by Li, Wang, Zhang and Huang, or the four surnames of South China, represented by Lin, Chen, Zheng and Huang. In recent years, Henan has held a surname culture festival with the theme of "the same surname and the same root, and all surnames have the same origin", which has been widely recognized and responded at home and abroad, and has set off a wave of root-seeking, pilgrimage and ancestor worship among Chinese people all over the world. Surname culture is a unique cultural phenomenon in Henan.

Agricultural culture

Agriculture first appeared in the Central Plains. Farming culture in Central Plains contains many characteristic farming techniques and scientific inventions. Many agricultural production tools were unearthed in Peiligang cultural site, which provided physical evidence for the development of early farming culture, especially the polished stone grinding rod, which became the earliest grain processing tool found in China. As we all know, Fuxi, the leader of Huang San, taught people to "weave nets" and opened the era of fishing and hunting economy; Emperor Yan, known as "Shennong", taught people to sow and harvest, which initiated the agricultural era. Dayu used dredging to control water, which promoted the development of water conservancy in China and promoted the progress of mathematics, surveying and mapping, transportation and other related technologies. During the Warring States Period, the "Zheng Guoqu" built by Zheng Guo, a native of Henan, greatly improved the agricultural production conditions in Guanzhong area. With the national integration, especially the southward migration of Central Plains people, advanced agricultural technologies and concepts spread to the south, which promoted the improvement of ancient agricultural level in China. It can be said that the origin and development of agriculture in China, the invention and creation of agricultural technology, and the system and concept of agriculture are closely related to Henan.

(5) Business culture

China Merchants, commerce and commercial culture originated in the Central Plains, which is the knowledge of archaeology and history. Since ancient times, the Central Plains has had a relatively conscious sense of business, which has produced many firsts in China's business culture. Wang Hai of Shang Dynasty is regarded as the originator of commerce, that is, he was the first person who used ox carts to pull goods far away to do business. Old Master Q, the first Confucian businessman, was born in Xun County, Henan Province. He is not only an official, but also good at getting rich in business. The first person who was enthusiastic about public welfare undertakings, Fan Li, who was called "Shang Sheng" by later generations, was a Nanyang person. After he helped Gou Jian, the King of Yue, destroy the State of Wu, he quietly retired and put his talents into business. The first patriotic businessman was Gao Xian from Xinzheng. On his way to do business, he was invaded by Qin Shihuang and retired from Qin Jun at the expense of his fifteen cows. In addition, the Central Plains has created many firsts in China's commerce. For example, the first batch of professional businessmen in the history of China was born in Luoyang in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the first law promulgated by the government to protect the interests of businessmen was born in Xinzheng in the Spring and Autumn Period. The earliest tariff collection represented by "Chengmenqian" took place in Shangqiu in the Spring and Autumn Period. The first industrial businessman with strategic thoughts was Bai Gui in Luoyang in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and the first commercial theorist was Ji Ran in Shangqiu today. The earliest merchant litigation regulations occurred in Zheng State in the Spring and Autumn Period, which is now Zhengzhou. The world's first truly international metropolis with a population of more than one million was Bianjing (now Kaifeng) in the Northern Song Dynasty, when the population reached 6.5438+0.5 million. The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan, a famous painter in Song Dynasty, is a true portrayal of this grand occasion, and London, one of the oldest and most developed cities in Europe, had only 50,000 people at that time. In the Qing Dynasty, the Kang Million family in Gongyi wrote a business myth that "the rich are no more than twelve generations and remain unbeaten for four hundred years". It can be seen that the commercial culture of the Central Plains occupies an important position in the cultural system of China.

(VI) Ideology and culture

Central Plains ideology and culture is the core of China's ideology and culture. Fuxi performed gossip in Huaiyang, Henan Province, and later Zhou Wenwang wrote The Book of Changes in Youlicheng Prison, Anyang, Henan Province, which had a far-reaching impact on later generations. A hundred schools of thought contend mostly from Henan, and his activity area is mainly in Henan. Laozi and Zhuangzi are both Taoists and Henan people. They wrote the Tao Te Ching and Zhuangzi, which have far-reaching influence in Henan. Confucius is a pioneer of Confucianism. Although he was born in Shandong, his ancestral home is Shangqiu, Henan, and the main activity area of Confucius' lecture lobbying is in the Central Plains. Han Fei, Shang Yang and Shen Buhai, the representatives of Legalism, are all from Henan. In addition, Mohist Mozi, Su Qin Yi Cheung, strategist Wu Qi and sage Lv Buwei are all from Henan. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Buddhism was introduced into the Central Plains, spread to the whole country with Henan as the center, and quickly became an influential school of thought, and finally formed the core of China's ideological culture together with Confucianism and Taoism. Wang Chong, a native of Luoyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, wrote Lun Heng, a masterpiece of materialist philosophy. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Fan Zhen, a native of Henan Province, systematically expounded atheism in The Theory of Deity Extinction, which is of great progressive significance. Shaolin monks combined Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism into one, and created a far-reaching Zen Buddhism. Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty initiated by Luoyang people Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi pushed Confucianism to a new ideological peak and became the dominant thought since Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. On the whole, the Central Plains ideology and culture conveys a life philosophy of vigorous and enterprising, self-improvement and the golden mean, which not only contains the innovative and enterprising spirit of "upgrading", but also embodies the spiritual realm of friendliness and longing for peace. These thoughts and cultures have shaped the basic cultural form and character of the Chinese nation, enriched the spiritual treasure house of the Chinese nation and exerted a great influence on world culture.

(7) Science, technology and culture

The science and technology culture in the Central Plains is relatively developed, with the characteristics of extensive content, practical invention and creation, and historical development and inheritance. For example, the "Simuwu" Dafang Ding unearthed from Yin Ruins in Anyang is the largest and heaviest bronze ware ever discovered. Its smelting and casting technology not only reached the most advanced level of that era, but even modern people were amazed. The iron sword with bronze handle of the Western Zhou Dynasty unearthed in Sanmenxia is the earliest artificial iron smelting object in China, and is known as "the first sword in China". The iron smelting blast furnace of Han Dynasty discovered in Zhengzhou is the earliest oval blast furnace in the world. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Du Shifa, a native of Henan Province, invented the "water drainage" blasting technology, which was 1000 years earlier than that in Europe. Pottery and porcelain also first appeared in Henan. "Yangshao Painted Pottery" is exquisitely shaped, "Three Colors of Tang Dynasty" is well-known at home and abroad, and Jun porcelain is colorful, simple and elegant, which not only represents the highest level of porcelain-making technology in history, but also has high aesthetic and artistic value. As the saying goes, "a piece of Jun porcelain is not as rich as a family", which just illustrates this truth. Zhang Heng, the great historian of the Eastern Han Dynasty, known as a "saint", invented the "seismograph" 0/700 years earlier than the West. The Huntington Theory founded by Ptolemy, a contemporary Greek astronomer, is much more advanced than the Cosmic Theory. In the Tang Dynasty, a monk and his party from Henan not only invented the earliest automatic timer in the world, but also put forward the view that "the stars move by themselves", which was earlier than the British astronomer Harley 1000 years. He and his colleagues made the first meridian measurement in the world, which became a milestone in the development of ancient astronomy. China's four great inventions were conceived and invented in the Central Plains.

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