First of all, productive labor promotes the development of people's thinking and the increase of communication, and word of mouth can no longer meet the needs of communication, which objectively calls for the emergence of writing symbol system;

Secondly, the division of labor between manual labor and mental labor ensures that some members of society specialize in spiritual production;

Thirdly, the appearance of words prepared material media for the production of articles;

Fourthly, the development of thinking ability makes people show coherence and regularity in the expression of things;

Fifth, the appearance of writing tools makes the article have a materialized form;

Sixth, the emergence of a country needs to be managed by writing tools.

Second, several stages of the development of practical writing

(A) the germination period (Yin Shang to Warring States)

(2) Normative period (Qin and Han Dynasties)

(3) Theoretical summary period (Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties)

(D) Maturity (Sui and Tang Dynasties to Song Dynasty)

(5) Stable development period (Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties)

(vi) Period of change (Republic of China)

(VII) Perfection period (since the founding of New China)

Third, the significance of applied writing

Professor Chen Yaonan said in his book A Brief Introduction to Practical Writing: "Practical writing is a writing chapter that should be used in life and practice. All texts written by individuals and organizations in established genres and terms for communication and compliance are called applied texts. "

Professor Zhang Renqing of Taiwan Province Province said in his book Practical Writing: "A specific writing form used between individuals, or between institutions and organizations, or between individuals and institutions is called practical writing."

At present, the consensus is:

Practical writing is an article with a certain customary format and direct practical value used by state organs, enterprises and institutions, social organizations and the people in dealing with public and private affairs in their daily life, study and work.

Fourth, the characteristics of practical writing.

(A) the characteristics of practical writing

1. Practicality of value

2. Oneness of content

3. Strong timeliness

4. Architectural model

5. Simplicity of expression

6. The certainty of readers

The function of verb (abbreviation of verb) in practical writing

1. Normative behavior

2. Command and management functions

3. Contact and coordination

4. Publicity and education function

5. Basic function of voucher

Sixth, the category of practical writing

1. General official documents

2. Transaction documents

3. Etiquette utensils

4. Meeting documents

5. Economic tools

6. Publicity documents

7. Judicial documents

8. Scientific and technological literature

Seven, the author of practical writing

(A) the composition of practical writers

1. Group author

2. Individual author

3. Legal author

4. Speaker author

(B) the way of thinking of practical writers

1. objective thinking

2. Mode thinking

3. Offside thinking

(C) the cultivation and ability of practical writers

1. Basic literacy of applied writers

(1) personality cultivation

(2) Life accomplishment

(3) Knowledge literacy

(4) Language cultivation

(5) policy theory literacy

(6) Professional knowledge training

2. The author's writing ability

(1) investigation ability

(2) Information processing ability

(3) the ability to construct a chapter

(4) the ability to grasp the reader's psychology

Eight, readers of practical writing

(A) the types of practical readers

1. Official readers

2. Ordinary readers

3. Professional readers

(B) the reading characteristics of practical readers

1. The function of reading

2. read carefully.

Step 3 read the summary

4. The practicality of reading

(C) the reading process of practical readers

"Knowledge" refers to perception, that is, reading should start from the perception of language, and first complete the "language sense" task of literacy, word interpretation and sentence analysis.

This is the first step and the starting point of reading.

"Meaning" means knowing and understanding, that is, reading all the objective meanings of an article (work).

This is the focus of reading.

"Doing" has two meanings, one is being practical and the other is being faithful, that is, fully realizing the function and value of an article (work).

(D) the reading psychology of readers

1. Be realistic and pragmatic

2. "useful"

3. Speaking of authority, seek respect.

I like simplicity and novelty.

(e) The role of readers in promoting and standardizing applied writing.

First of all, reading materials are the objects in the reading process, and readers know the objective world through reading materials. Therefore, what readers can absorb from the reading materials depends first on what information the reading materials can convey to the readers.

Secondly, most practical writing has a relatively fixed structural pattern, which is established by convention or convention.

With the computerization of applied writing tools, applied texts will tend to be more patterned.

Finally, due to the functional and summative features of practical writing reading, writers are also required to make full use of the ideographic features of the language itself, use standardized written language, shorten the distance between the language and the content to be expressed, intentionally strengthen the ideographic function of the language, and make the language symbols match the reference objects.

First, the meaning of the theme of practical writing

The theme, that is, the views and opinions told to the recipients in the article, is the embodiment of the basic views and writing intentions expressed by the author through the content, the core and general outline of the article, and the "commander in chief" and "soul" of the article.

Second, the characteristics of the theme of practical writing

1. Objectivity

2. uniqueness

Step 3 be clear (straightforward)

4. The Times

5. Theme first

Third, the theme of practical writing requirements

1. Correct: it is the basic requirement.

2. Focus: "set the main brain" and "reduce clues", simple and single-minded, without branches and vines.

"One product and one thing", "One product and one purpose".

3. Distinctive: "Make it clear from the beginning", "Zhang Xianzhi" and "title point".

4. Profound: What the predecessors didn't say, what the predecessors didn't say.

Reflect the essence and law.

Fourth, establish the principle of theme.

(1) principle

1. Establish the theme according to laws and regulations.

2. Establish the theme according to the objective reality

Check from three aspects:

First, the facts, plots, plots, figures, quotations and materials cited should be accurate;

Second, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive and overall analysis of objective facts to prevent generalizations;

Third, the narrative, explanation and discussion of facts must conform to the logic of the matter itself and be properly expressed.

3. The established theme should be feasible.