According to records, this war was planned by Xian Zhen. In 632 BC, on the fourth day of April, the Chu army and the Jin army fought in Chengpu (now southwest of Juancheng, Shandong Province). When Jin Wengong exiled Chu, he kept his promise of "staying away from three houses", which made the Jin army lose ground and avoided the edge of the Chu army. Yu Zi ignored King Chu's warning and led an aggressive army, which was wiped out by the Jin army. The Chu army was defeated.
Introduction editing
In 632 BC, during the Spring and Autumn Period, Jin Wengong and Chu competed for the hegemony of the Central Plains, and the Jin army won by strategy, and defeated the Chu army in Chengpu (southwest of Juancheng, Shandong Province), setting a precedent for "the soldiers are also cunning". In April, the Jin and Chu armies fought for the hegemony of the Central Plains in Chengpu (southwest of Juancheng, Shandong). The Chu army is in an advantage and the Jin army is at a disadvantage. Xu Chen, the deputy commander of the Jin army, was ordered to face the right-wing army of the Chu Coalition, that is, Chen and Cai's troops. Chen and Cai's army have many war horses. They are fierce. In order to defeat the enemy and create a strong illusion, Xu Chen used tiger skin to scare the horse.
Battle of Chengpu
Scare the enemy. During the attack, the Jin army rode Ma Chong in tiger skin to the enemy line. The horses and foot soldiers of the Second Army of Chen and Cai thought it was a real tiger, and they were scared to retreat. Xu Chen pursued the victory and defeated Chen and Cai's army.
In the twentieth year of King Xiang of Zhou, that is, in the fifth year of Emperor Wen (632 BC), he led an army to cross the river from Zhijin (southwest of hua county, Henan) and attacked Cao and Wei, who were attached to Chu, in an attempt to lure Chu aid. In the first month, he occupied Wei Lu Wu (northwest of Qingfeng, Henan Province), and in February, he entered Yu Lian (southeast of Puyang, Henan Province) to form an alliance with Zhao Qi Guild. Wei ren, the capital of Chuqiu (northeast of hua county), surrendered to Jin.
In March, Cao Du Tao Qiu (northwest of Dingtao) was captured. However, the Chu army did not mobilize, but stepped up the siege of Shangqiu. When the Song Dynasty was in crisis, he made use of his advice and Qin and Qi's mentality of "being greedy and stubborn" to create contradictions between Qin, Qi and Chu with diplomatic strategies. On the one hand, let Song bribe Qin and Qi, let the two countries come forward and ask Chu to withdraw. On the other hand, it divided the land of Cao Wei from the Song Dynasty and strengthened its determination to resist Chu. Shangqiu failed to capture, and the land of Cao Wei was given to Song, but Chu refused to withdraw it. Qin and Qi then sent troops to aid the money, forming a strategic pattern in which the three forces joined forces to resist Chu.
Seeing that the situation was unfavorable, King Chu Cheng feared that Qin would seize the opportunity to attack its rear and retreat to Shenyi (northwest of Xingyang, Henan Province), and ordered the Chu army that besieged Shangqiu and Wuyi and occupied Guyi to retreat. However, the general who besieged Shangqiu was arrogant and determined to fight Jin. Determined to waver, the King of Chu agreed to Yu Zi's suggestion, but refused to fight with all his might. He only sent 600 royal soldiers to reinforce Yu Zi. Send someone to negotiate with Jin: if Jin promised the restoration of Cao Wei, Chu would lift the siege of Song Dynasty. The ministers of the state of Jin thought the situation was favorable and hoped for a decisive battle, but they were afraid of not agreeing to the conditions, which were hated by Song, Cao and Wei. So he secretly promised Cao and Wei to restore the country, advised them to break up with Chu, and detained Chu to make them angry. Zi Yu was furious and led an army to Tao Qiu. Jin Wengong, who was exhausted by the Chu army, lured Yu Zi to underestimate his enemy, so that he could have a decisive battle with Chu on the scheduled battlefield. So he retreated from Miyake (30 miles in ancient times, 90 miles in Miyake) to Chengpu, Qin and Qi.
Battle of Chengpu
Come and see me.
On the first day of April, the Chu army entered Chengpu, and the next day, the two sides confronted each other. With the support of the Qin and Qi armies, the Jin Army is divided into the upper, middle and lower armed forces. Chu army takes Chen and Wei as the right army, Shen and Wei as the main force. The commander-in-chief of the Jin army ordered the weaker Chu right army to be defeated first; And let Jin pretend to retreat, dragging firewood and dust behind the array, creating the illusion that the rear army has retreated, so as to lure Chu to attack and expose its flank, and then return to the army to join forces with the Han army and defeat Chu. Yu Zi withdrew in time to avoid Zhong Jun's failure. When the Chu army retreated to Liangu (in Xihua, Henan), Yu Zi committed suicide. In this decisive battle, Jin Wengong and Xian Zhen made full use of the diplomatic strategy before the decisive battle, which was a turning point from strength to strategy. In the decisive battle, the Jin army was weak first and then strong, and they were defeated one by one, showing their advantages, luring the enemy deeper and developing tactically.
2 process editing
The Battle of Chengpu is a major battle between Jin Chu after the Battle of Zhaoling in Qi and Chu and the Battle of Chuhong in Song Dynasty, which is of great significance in the history of the Spring and Autumn Period. It curbed Chu's northward advance, stabilized the situation in the Central Plains, and achieved the hegemony of the State of Jin in the Central Plains. In the first chapter, we have explained the situation before Chengpu War. Later, there were Hong, Zheng, Xu, Chen, Cai, Lu, Wei, Cao and Song. All the Central Plains fell under the military power of Chu, and the king of Chu captured the valley of Qi (Dong 'e County, Shandong Province) and established Zi Yong, which posed a threat to Qi. At that time, Chu was very powerful and prestigious. After Wen Gong ascended the throne, the State of Jin reorganized its internal affairs, developed its economy, expanded its military strength, respected the royal family, contacted Chyi Chin and competed with Chu for hegemony in the Central Plains. The battle between Jin and Chu is inevitable. This is the root cause of the battle of Chengpu.
The direct cause of the battle between Chengdu and Pu was that Jin aided Song and refused Chu. In the eighteenth year of King Xiang of Zhou (634 BC), Song Chenggong, because his father Xianggong was kind to Wen Gonggong in that year, became a Jin because of his rebellion from Chu. In winter, the king of Chu ordered Yin and Sima Zixi to lead an army to attack the Song Dynasty and surrounded Mincheng (in the northeast of Jinxiang County, Shandong Province). The following winter, the State of Chu led Chen, Cai, Zheng, Xu and other troops to surround the State of Song, which rushed to attack the State of Jin. Xian Zhen, marshal of the Jinzhong Army, said: "The prince saves lives and heals the wounded, and seizes power to rule, so there is." I listened to the advice and prepared to go out to save Song. He reviewed the army in Shandong, expanded the three armed forces and appointed assistant generals, thus opening the prelude to the battle of Chengpu.
The monarch and ministers of Jin attached great importance to this military action and determined the policy of political, diplomatic and military total war. Militarily, he decided not to save Song directly, but to crusade against Cao and Wei first. Because "Chu got Cao first, then married Wei. If Cao and Wei attack, Chu will be saved, and Qi and Song will be spared. " This plan to defeat the enemy can not only lure Chu Shi northward, but also do nothing. In the spring of the twentieth year of King Xiang Zhou (632 BC), the State of Jin dispatched 700 chariots from three armies to attack Cao, which was forbidden by the State of Wei. Jin Jun then detoured south and crossed the Yellow River in Nanhe (south of Qixian County, Henan Province). On the ninth day of the first month, the five deer of Weiguo were captured. And marched eastward, captured the broken jar (in the southeast of Puyang, Henan Province), and sent messengers to Qi to make peace. In February, he made an alliance with Qi and successfully pulled Qi to his side. Seeing that the Jin army was besieged, the State of Jin and the State of Qi formed an alliance again. They asked to join the alliance, but Jin Wengong refused. Hou Wei wanted to get close to Chu again, but China people didn't agree, so he expelled Wei Hou. 8 Jin Jun won without fighting.
Before the war, Lu followed the State of Chu. When the Jin army attacked Wei, Lu once sent a son to help defend the country.
Lu saw that the Jin army was strong and fled, but Chu could not save Wei, so he recalled his son to buy it and killed him. On the one hand, he reported to the state of Jin that he had raised troops without authorization, and on the other hand, he reported to the state of Chu that he had not completed the defensive task, playing with two-faced tactics and waiting for the shelter of the winner. In March, the Jin army went south to attack Cao. /kloc-attack caodu (dingtao, Shandong province) on 0/2.
The Jin army attacked Cao and Wei in order to lure the Chu army north. However, the Chu army did not take the bait, but stormed the Song State, and Song once again rushed to attack the 8 Jin Army. If 8 jin j went south to save Song Dynasty, the strategic intention of luring Chu North could not be realized. If you don't go south to save the Song Dynasty, you will lose the Song Kingdom and fall into a strategic passive position. Faced with this situation, Xian Zhen, a doctor of the Jin Dynasty, suggested that the envoys of the Song State bribe Qi and Qin to persuade Chu to withdraw. Jin captured Cao Gonggong and gave Cao Wei's fields to the Song people, in order to anger the Chu people and force them not to listen to Chyi Chin's advice. If Chyi Chin fails to persuade Chu, he will definitely stand on the side of the State of Jin and decide to send troops to fight Chu. This is Kim's second move.
When the King of Chu saw that the Jin army was defeated by Cao Wei and allied with Chyi Chin, the situation in the Central Plains changed. He returned to Shenyi (in Nanyang City, Henan Province), ordered Shen Shu, a doctor, to withdraw from Gucheng, which occupied the State of Qi, ordered Yin to withdraw the troops that surrounded the State of Song, and warned: "You can't be a teacher! The marquis of Jin has been gone for 19 years. If you get into Jin, it will be difficult and difficult, so you can be prepared. " People's feelings are fake, and they all know it. "He also said," The military record says,' If you allow, you will come back'. Again,' retreat from difficulties'. "He said,' Virtue is invincible.' However, Chu made Yin always proud, did not listen to the advice of King Chu Cheng, and sent him to Shenyi to invite King Chu Cheng to war. In a rage, King Chucheng led Julian Waghann back to China, leaving only six soldiers from Xiguang, Dongfang and Ruoao to Yu Zi. There is a little controversy about the six soldiers of Joao. Speaking of a hundred soldiers, it is said that a soldier is thirty times as much as a chariot. However, if it is the latter, the Ao clan has 180 troops, and the main force of the State of Jin is only 700 troops, which is inconsistent with the "less division" of the King of Chu.
He sent Wan Chun to the Jin army and said, "Please restore Cao Cao and I will lift the siege of Song Dynasty." Although Yu Zi is arrogant, as the commander-in-chief of Chu, he is not a man without a plan. His plan is to kill three birds with one stone. If Jin agrees to his request, Cao, Wei and Song will have a good impression on Chu. If Jin doesn't agree to his request, then Cao, Wei and Song will resent Jin. Dr. Jin committed a crime and was trapped. He said, "Rude! You take one, I take two, and you can't lose it. " I advocate rejecting Yu Zi's suggestion. Xian Zhen, commander-in-chief of Jinzhong Army, saw through Yu Zi's organs and said, "Ji Zi! It's called courtesy. Chu made a deal with the Three Kingdoms, and I died in a word. I'm rude. Why do you want to fight? " Therefore, the state of Jin privately promised to restore Cao and Wei, let them sever relations with Chu, and detained Wan Chun, the envoy of Chu, to provoke them. This is the third move of the state of Jin. Yu Zi, who has always been arrogant, can't stand this kind of stimulation. She rashly led the army north to attack 8 Jin Army, and was eventually led by 8 Jin Army.
At the beginning, when Jin Wengong was displaced as a son, he passed by Chu State and was treated by King Chu Cheng. During the dinner, Cheng Wang asked Wen Gong, "If you are an enemy of Jin, why can't you repay him?" Duke Wen replied, "If you use the spirit of the monarch, you will oppose the state of Jin." When Jin and Chu ruled the army, they met in the Central Plains and ruled three families (one in Sanli). "This time, Wen Gong really kept his promise. In the face of the attack of the Chu army, he ordered the three clubs to retreat from Cao, and stationed in Chengpu (south of Fanxian County, Shandong Province) with the troops of Song, Qi and Qin. Yuzi led the army into a rush, camped by the mountain, and the two armies confronted Chengpu. Jin Wengong's avoidance is not only a reward for King Chu's courtesy, but also a trick of "being humble but arrogant" and "being angry and scratching", and she is hooked again.
Dou Bo, the general of Chu, challenged him and said, "Please play with the gentleman, see it with poetry, and get the minister (the name of Yuzi) and eyes." Kim Luan's answer is quite modest: "I know nothing about my life." The benefits of Chu Jun have not been forgotten, so it is here. If you retire for a doctor, how dare you be king? " Since it's not destiny takes a hand, I dare not bother the doctor with two or three sons: I won't ride my car, respect your business, and see you in court.
In the battle of Chengpu, the two sides were lined up as follows: the Jin army, that is, the marshal, commanded the Han army, supplemented it, thought it was the command, and supported it by Hu Yan. Luan Zhi led the army, assisted by Xu Chen. Chu is also a member of the armed forces, even if Yin is under the command of six soldiers from Ruo 'ao. Zi Xi commanded Zuo Jun, while Zi Shang commanded the right army. Zheng and Xu Yun, the courtiers of the State of Chu, both belonged to the right army of the State of Chu.
On April 6, the Jin army fought fiercely for the Chu army in Chengpu. Yu Zi proudly declared: "There will be no promotion in the future." When the two armies met, Xu Chen, a sergeant of the Jin army, led his men to put a tiger skin on the horse. First, they attacked Chen He, the right wing of Chu. They fled in panic and Chu's right wing army was defeated. When Chu and Zi Shang saw that the right-wing army was defeated, they were very angry and stepped up their attack on the Jinzhong army and the monk army. On the right wing of the Jin Dynasty, General and Lieutenant Hu Maoli raised two flags, which made them retreat and lured the Chu army. The Luanzhi Army Department of Shanxi Xiajun also retreated in disguise by vehicles dragging branches at full speed. I thought that the right wing of the Jin army was defeated and the left wing of the Chu army pursued it, so I ignored the rout of Chen and Cai and the right wing. When Chu chased Kim, his flank was exposed. Qin led the interception, Hu Yan led the troops to attack Chu, and Chu was defeated. Seeing that both the left and right armies were defeated, Chu Yuzi ordered China's army to stop attacking and remain unbeaten. Yu Zi led down archers out of the battlefield, and the Jin army marched straight into the Chu army camp. After three days' rest, they successfully transferred their troops.
Chengpu World War I established its hegemonic position, and the northward advance of Chu was frustrated and forced to retreat to the south of Tongbai Mountain and Dabie Mountain. All the governors of the Central Plains lived in the State of Jin.
In the battle of Chengpu, although the armies of Song, Qi and Qin arrived in Chengpu, they did not take part in the actual battle. Jin defeated the combined forces of Chu, Chen, Cai, Zheng and Xu with 700 chariots and more than 50,000 troops. It was a battle of winning more with less. There is no evidence that the real strength of the Chu army is stronger than that of Jin. More than 100,000 yuan is only speculation of later generations, and it is still controversial. The victory of the state of Jin lies in realizing that Chu is a strong enemy, that the monarch and the minister are United, that they have carefully planned in politics, diplomacy and military affairs, and that they have firmly grasped the initiative in the war, so they finally defeated Chu. Chu is not. Since Chu defeated Song Xianggong, all the governors in the Central Plains have no rivals, and officers and men have formed an atmosphere of arrogance. Although Yu Zi is a great general, not only can he not get rid of the accumulated disadvantages, but he is even more arrogant. Faced with such a war, I was impulsive and took it lightly. As a result, I was led by the nose, which led to the failure of the war. King Chu Cheng received a report of the defeat of the Chu army and sent someone to accuse Yu Zi, saying, "If the doctor enters, what's the point of applying for a rest?" Yu Zi committed suicide in shame.
On April 27, 8 Jin Jun entered Guo Zhengheng Yong (west of Yuanyang County, Henan Province, at that time on the south bank of the Yellow River), built a palace under construction (near Hengyong, at that time on the south bank of the Yellow River, at the north bank of the Yellow River in Huayuankou, Henan Province), and dedicated the prisoners. King Xiang of Zhou called Jin Wengong "Hou Bo". Jin Wengong asked the governors to "reward the royal family and not hurt each other". With the alliance of Chongqing, it is impossible to govern the country. Under the banner of "respecting the king", Jin Wengong naturally ascended the throne of hegemony.
3 result editing
As the saying goes, "first strike is strong, then strike is strong." Militarily, "preemptive strike" is also an important proposition. As early as Zuo Zhuan, there was a saying that "the ancestors robbed others", and later generations also emphasized that "soldiers are more important than people" and "I would rather be thinner than people, and no one is thinner than me", all of which mean to gain an advantage in combat. However, things are not absolute. Under certain conditions, "preemptive strike" is also an important means of military struggle, which is dialectical unity with "preemptive strike". Its essence is active defense, that is, offensive defense with defense as the means and counterattack as the purpose, which often becomes an important magic weapon for the weaker side to defeat the enemy. The Battle of Chengpu in Chu Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period has become history.
Battle of Chengpu
The Battle of Chengpu took place in the 28th year of Lu Xigong (632 BC). It was Jin Chu's first strategic decisive battle for hegemony in the Central Plains during the Spring and Autumn Period. In this war, the Chu army had an advantage in strength, but because the Jin army was good at "cutting down the product" and "cutting down the enemy", it adopted the correct policy of fostering strengths and avoiding weaknesses and attacking the enemy later in the campaign guidance, and finally defeated the arrogant Chu army and "dominated by power" and dominated the Central Plains.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, great powers competed for hegemony, and Qi in the East rose first. After Qi Huangong's death, the civil strife in Qi continued, which led to the demise of Qi. At this time, Chu, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, took the opportunity to expand its power to the Yellow River basin, defeated Song Xianggong's attempt to dominate the region in the flood war, expanded its sphere of influence to the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Yellow River and Hanshui River, and controlled many small and medium-sized countries such as Zheng, Cai, Wei, Song and Lu. Just as the forces of Chu developed rapidly northward, the Jin State in Shanxi, northern Henan and southwestern Hebei also flourished. In 636 AD, the son of Jin, who had been in exile for a long time, went through all kinds of hardships and finally returned to China to become the throne. After he took office, he repaired politics internally, appointed talents, developed the economy, advocated thrift, and reorganized the army and martial arts; Holding high the banner of "respecting the king" and winning glory for the country, it has gradually gained a strong strength to compete for the hegemony of the Central Plains.
The development and rise of the state of Jin caused serious anxiety in Chu. Therefore, the contradiction between the two countries has become increasingly acute. And around the control of Song State, it finally led to the comprehensive intensification of this conflict.
In 634 BC, due to the alliance between Lu and Cao and Wei, it was repeatedly attacked by Qi and asked Chu for help. After the flood, the State of Song was forced to yield to the State of Chu. At this time, after Jin Wengong acceded to the throne, he turned to the State of Jin for help when he saw that the State of Jin was growing stronger. In order to maintain its dominant position in the Central Plains, the State of Chu sent troops to attack the Qi and Song Dynasties, in order to curb the eastward advance and southward advance of the forces of Xu Jin. The state of Jin was unwilling to be confined to the north of the Yellow River for a long time, so it took this opportunity to send troops to the Central Plains in the name of saving the Song Dynasty.
In the winter of 633 BC, the king of Chu led the combined forces of Chu, Zheng, Chen and Cai to attack the Song State and besieged Shangqiu, the capital of the Song Dynasty. Song Chenggong sent Fu Gongsungu to Jin for help at a critical juncture. Xian Zhen, a doctor of the State of Jin, thought it was a good opportunity to "heal the wounded and rescue the dying and bully the weak" and urged Jin Wengong to send troops. But at that time, Cao and Wei were between Jin and Song, and they were in danger of being attacked by the enemy. Besides, the Chu army is strong and there is no chance of winning a confrontation. Just as he was hesitant about this, Hu Yan further suggested: attack Cao and Wei first, and mobilize the Chu army to go north to save the Song State, thus strengthening his determination to send troops. After the strategic policy was determined, the officials and ministers of Jin immediately made preparations before the war, expanded the original two armies into three armies, and appointed a group of outstanding aristocratic officials as generals of various armies. When it was ready, Jin Wengong led troops across the Yellow River in October 65438 BC+October 632 BC, attacked Wei, and soon occupied the whole Wei. Then the Jin army launched an attack on Cao. In March, Tao Qiu, the capital of Cao, was captured and Cao Gonggong, the monarch of Cao, was captured alive.