Supplement: Author: Fan Shuzhi Subtitle: Fudan University Excellent Course ISBN: 71kloc-0/050506 Title: Sixteen Lectures on National History Page: 283 Press: Zhonghua Book Company Pricing: 32 Binding: Paperback Publication Year: 2006-4 Sixteen Lectures on National History: Excellent Introduction to China History. Of course, that is the result of exam-oriented education. As long as the age and significance of various sports are memorized before the exam, the exam will naturally be handy. Later, I chose science, entered the university and concentrated on software technology after graduation. I have been away from the humanities for about ten years, and I have not carefully understood the six meanings of ellipsis in Lu Xun's articles, nor have I deeply analyzed the historical background of the Li Zicheng Uprising. Later, as I took up a management position, I became interested in literature such as history. Since the Qing Dynasty, I have read some books on history intermittently, such as the Twelve Emperors of the Qing Dynasty and yongzheng emperor. I have a special liking for historical dramas such as the Hanwu Emperor, but I have always lacked a complete understanding of China's history until I read Sixteen Lectures on National History. Sixteen Lectures on National History is a manuscript written by the author on the basis of a series of lectures. In the form of a special topic, it briefly introduces the process from the origin of China people to the closure of the Qing Dynasty, with the cultural changes in the historical process as the main line. The introduction of political system changes, cultural development and social characteristics of each dynasty will help readers to grasp the continuity of history as a whole and avoid getting caught up in too many details. History is inseparable, as the book says, great men benefited from the foundation of Qin, and the weather in the prosperous Tang Dynasty could not be separated from the creation of Sui. Another feature of this book is that in addition to the classic historical works such as Historical Records, it also refers to many research works and papers of Chinese and foreign historians such as History of World Civilization, History of Asia, History of China Population and History of China System, which shows the author's rigor and erudition as a history professor. Supplement: Author: Fan Shuzhi Subtitle: Fudan University Excellent Course ISBN: 71kloc-0/050506 Title: Sixteen Lectures on National History Page: 283 Press: Zhonghua Book Company Pricing: 32 Binding: Paperback Publication Year: 2006-4 Sixteen Lectures on National History: Excellent Introduction to China History. As long as the age and significance of various sports are memorized before the exam, the exam will naturally be handy. Later, I chose science, entered the university and concentrated on software technology after graduation. I have been away from the humanities for about ten years, and I have not carefully understood the six meanings of ellipsis in Lu Xun's articles, nor have I deeply analyzed the historical background of the Li Zicheng Uprising. Later, as I took up a management position, I became interested in literature such as history. Since the Qing Dynasty, I have read some books on history intermittently, such as the Twelve Emperors of the Qing Dynasty and yongzheng emperor. I have a special liking for historical dramas such as the Hanwu Emperor, but I have always lacked a complete understanding of China's history until I read Sixteen Lectures on National History. Sixteen Lectures on National History is a manuscript written by the author on the basis of a series of lectures. In the form of a special topic, it briefly introduces the process from the origin of China people to the closure of the Qing Dynasty, with the cultural changes in the historical process as the main line. The introduction of political system changes, cultural development and social characteristics of each dynasty will help readers to grasp the continuity of history as a whole and avoid getting caught up in too many details. History is inseparable, as the book says, great men benefited from the foundation of Qin, and the weather in the prosperous Tang Dynasty could not be separated from the creation of Sui. Another feature of this book is that in addition to the classic historical works such as Historical Records, it also refers to many research works and papers of Chinese and foreign historians such as History of World Civilization, History of Asia, History of China Population and History of China System, which shows the author's rigor and erudition as a history professor. If you are interested in the history of China and want to know all about it, Sixteen Lectures on National History is undoubtedly an excellent introductory book. After reading the book, the notes are as follows: 1. The development of culture depends on a specific historical background. China's classical philosophy is social, political and ethical, reflecting a period of frequent conflicts and political chaos. Its representatives are Confucianism and Taoism, both of which originated in the situation of great turmoil in the late Zhou Dynasty, trying to put forward the principles of stabilizing society and comforting the people. Confucianism emphasizes social stability, individual behavior should conform to the norms of the group and "self-denial", so it is adopted by future rulers; Taoism emphasizes inner harmony, pursues negative inaction and lets nature take its course. Confucianism and Taoism try to solve social contradictions from different angles. Similarly, one of the main reasons for the prosperity of classical poetry in the Tang Dynasty was that Tang Gaozong Li Yuan liked poetry, so he tried poetry and fu in the newly formed imperial examination system, providing a correct way for people who are good at writing poetry to enter the official career. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, poetry and fu were more important. 2. The Golden Age of Prosperity and Creation —— In most people's knowledge system, when it comes to the Song Dynasty, they always think of the fatuous Zhao Gou and Yue Fei, the hero of national subjugation. But in the author's pen, this is an unprecedented period of development, innovation and cultural prosperity. Civilian politics replaced military politics and swept away the influence of the aristocratic class on politics. More and more civilians entered the ruling class through the imperial examination system, accounting for more than one-third of the total number of officials, the highest in history. In this context, Zhao Heng, the emperor of the Song Dynasty, wrote, "It is not necessary to buy fertile land to enrich the people, but there are thousands of millet in the book; There is no need to build a high hall to live in, and the book has its own golden house; I don't hate that no one goes out, and there are many cars and horses in the book; Don't hate unscrupulous media when you get married. There is Yan Ruyu in the book; If a person is satisfied with his ambition. Read the six classics to the window. " Four of China's three great inventions in ancient times, printing, gunpowder and compass, were born in Song Dynasty, which changed the appearance and state of the whole world: printing in knowledge dissemination, gunpowder in war and compass in navigation. With the application of these inventions, countless changes have been triggered. These changes promoted the arrival of the great navigation era in15th century and16th century. In the Song Dynasty, Confucianism deeply influenced all levels of society. Academically, Zhu completed the second revival of Confucianism on the basis of Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi. At the same time, under the long-term influence of Confucianism, many families of filial piety have appeared in the society, later called Yimen, among which the most influential family is the Yimen Zheng family in Pujiang County, Zhejiang Province, relying on a family instruction for Zhu Jiali-Zheng's norms, which not only maintains the harmonious coexistence of generations within the extended family, but also maintains the harmonious coexistence between the extended family and its neighbors. Some people say that China people don't know how to use their ancestors' heritage, but only know how to make compasses with guidance technology and firecrackers with gunpowder technology. This statement is not completely objective. Gunpowder has long been used to make muskets and guns, and compasses have also been used for navigation. The key reason here is that China has long been a veritable "central country", even the center of the world, and the emperor and ministers have no desire to conquer the world. In the Ming Dynasty, China's silk, cotton cloth and porcelain were transported to all parts of the world, and at the same time, a quarter to a third of the world's silver production went to China. In this context, Zheng He began a large-scale voyage a century earlier than westerners, and made seven voyages to the West. His main purpose is to "educate and educate overseas countries" and "show China's prosperity and strength by showing off its troops in foreign countries", showing China's great power wealth and strength, without the ambition and ambition of Portuguese and Spanish to establish colonies. It was because of China's wealth that western powers were born in China, and later invaded the Qing Dynasty, whose military strength was backward because of its closed door. 4. Other interesting knowledge Three eras in the history of China: the tribal era; Feudal times; County times. The word "feudalism" comes from the founding of the Zhou Dynasty. Zhou divided the land and people into seventy-one governors (fifty-three of whom were of the same sex as Zhou), and built a barrier with the same-sex governors to defend Zhou's central authority. This is very different from feudalism and feudal society today. Sitting on a stool was the result of Hu Hua, a Han Chinese during the period of Five Hu and Sixteen Countries. The Han people in the Central Plains used to sit on the floor, and they didn't have the habit of sitting on chairs or stools. With the nomadic people in the north going south, while the Hu people were sinicized, the Han people also absorbed some customs of the Hu people in their production and life, and the typical example was "Hu Chuang". The high chair invented by Hu people is called "Hu bed" by Han people. Hu Chuang gradually became popular from north to south, which promoted the rise of high-legged furniture and finally changed the habit of sitting on the floor of Han people. There is no distinction between loyalty and filial piety. If I don't serve the monarch, my son will not be filial to my father. During the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, An Lushan and Shi Siming successively betrayed the Tang Dynasty and proclaimed themselves emperors. However, An Lushan was killed by his son An Qingxu and Shi Siming was killed by his son Shi Chaoyi for the throne. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Zhu Wen, who was appointed as the first emperor in the history of the Five Dynasties, was abolished because of his military strength, but was soon killed by his son Zhu. bale