The performance form of drama
There are various forms of theatrical performances, including drama, opera, traditional opera, ballet, musical, puppet show and so on. Due to different cultural backgrounds, drama forms produced by different cultures often have unique traditions and programs, such as western drama, China drama, Indian Brahma drama, Japanese energy rate, kabuki and so on.
The concept of modern drama emphasizes the unified expression of all performing elements inside and outside the stage in order to achieve comprehensive artistic effects. Performance elements include actors, stage, props, lighting, sound effects, costumes, makeup, scripts, directors and so on. , and the relationship between performance on stage and interaction under stage (generally called? The relationship between watching and acting? )。
In Taiwan Province Province, China, drama is a broad term, and drama, TV series, movies and other drama forms with scripts as the core are collectively called drama.
The concept of drama in literature refers to a script created for dramatic performance, or called a script.
language
Drama language includes character language and stage description.
Character language: also called lines (what is the name of the opera? Read white? )。 Lines are what the characters say in the play, including dialogue, monologue, narration and so on. Dialogue is a dialogue between two or more roles; Monologue is what characters say when they express their personal feelings and wishes alone. Narrator is what a character says to the audience from the side behind other actors on the stage. The script mainly promotes the development of the plot through lines and expresses the character. Therefore, the language of lines should fully express the character, identity, thoughts and feelings of the characters, be popular, natural, concise, colloquial and suitable for stage performances.
Stage description: also called stage prompt. It is an indispensable part of the script language and some explanatory words in the script. The stage description includes the list of characters in the play, the time and place of the plot, costumes, props, scenery, expressions, actions, performances, etc. These descriptions play a certain role in portraying characters and promoting the development of drama plots. This part of the language requires concise, concise and clear words. This part of the content generally appears at the beginning, end and middle of each scene (field) and is generally enclosed in brackets (square brackets or parentheses).
nature
In the 4th century BC, Aristotle expressed his understanding of the essence of drama in Poetics. He believes that all art is imitation, and drama is to imitate the actions of various creatures.
Later, India's first drama theory work, Dance Theory, also pointed out:? Drama is imitation. ? /kloc-after the 0/9th century, there have been different views on the nature of drama, mainly including audience, conflict, upheaval, situation and laboratory.
The audience said: identifying with the audience is a necessary condition and the essence of drama. French drama theorist F. Sasay is the representative of this concept. He asserted that no matter what kind of drama works, it is for the audience. ? No audience, no play? Therefore, all elements of drama must adapt to the appreciation of the audience.
Conflict theory: represented by the French drama theorist Brent. At the end of 19, Brent pointed out that the stage is the place where people's conscious will is exerted, and the exertion of people's conscious will is bound to encounter obstacles, and the subject must fight against them to overcome them. This constitutes? Will it conflict? This is the essence of drama. J.H. Lawson, an American drama theorist, summed up the essence of drama as? Social conflicts in which consciousness and will play a role? . He believes that because drama deals with social relations, people's conscious will is bound to be restricted by social inevitability, so the real drama conflict must be social conflict. This concept can be expressed in one sentence:? There is no drama without conflict. ? Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty in China put forward in Shuo Wen Jie Zi:? Drama, from the beginning of fighting soldiers, is wider than fighting power, while the flood and fighting wisdom are extremely limited to fighting mouth. ? People think that drama is the sublimation of the most contradictory life scenes.
Catastrophe Theory: Did the English drama theorist W Archer deny Brunswick's? Conflict? Said that he compared the novel with the drama and thought that the novel was? Gradient? What are art and drama? Completely change? Crisis, art and drama deal with a drastic change in human destiny and environment, which is the essence of drama.
Situation and Laboratory Theory: As early as18th century, the French philosopher Diderot put? What's the situation As the basis of dramatic works. When Hegel talked about the characteristics of drama, he also put? What's the situation With what? Conflict? Link together and emphasize the ontological meaning of the situation. Existentialist philosopher and playwright J.-P. Sartre called his plays? Situation drama? The object of drama is described as people's choice behavior in the situation. B Brecht regards drama as a scientific method and thinks that drama is a laboratory to test human behavior in a specific situation. This concept also defines the essence of drama from a specific angle.
Drama type
Ancient Greek drama
The world drama art first appeared in ancient Greece near the Aegean Sea about 2400 years ago. At that time, in addition to the main actors, the troupe also had a chorus to comment on what happened in the play at any time. Interestingly, during Perikles's time, the government even distributed it to the audience to encourage people to go to the theatre? Drama allowance? . This is worthy of our reference in promoting and protecting culture.
executant
The roles in ancient Greek drama were all played by men, and these actors were very professional and had high social status. In the same drama, an actor can play several roles, and a role can also be played by several actors. Because the distance between the actor and the audience is far away, the actor must always change his clothes and masks to attract the attention of the audience. Actors use thick-soled boots to make themselves look taller, and sometimes they wear brightly colored gloves to let the audience recognize their gestures.
theatre
The earliest ancient Greek theater was very simple: build several steps on solid and hard land, add a board, just one? Theater? . In the fourth century BC, a new type of theater appeared: it has no roof, is semi-circular, is made of stone, and the audience is stepped and has a great slope. The Greeks called it. Colosseum?
Chinese opera
Traditional Chinese opera (also called drama in history) is a traditional art in China, which consists of literature, music, dance, fine arts, martial arts, acrobatics and performing arts. There are many kinds of operas and interesting performances, including singing and dancing, reading and singing, writing and martial arts. Sing, do, read and play? On the whole, it is unique in the history of world drama. Its main features are: taking Peking Opera, the representative work of traditional classical opera art, as an example, one is that men dress up as women (in Yue Opera, women dress up as men); The second is to divide life, Dan, essence and ugliness into four major industries; Third, is there an exaggerated makeup art with a clear angle? Facebook; Four is? Dress? (that is, the costumes and props of China traditional operas) basically have fixed styles and specifications; The fifth is to use? Program? Show it. China's national opera, from "Nuo Opera" in pre-Qin Dynasty to Han Dynasty? Hundred plays? , Tang dynasty? Join the army? Zaju in Song Dynasty, Nanju in Southern Song Dynasty, Zaju in Yuan Dynasty, until the unprecedented prosperity of local operas in Qing Dynasty and the formation of Peking Opera.
Although China's operas came into being later than Greek and Indian operas, there were hundreds of operas recorded as early as the Han Dynasty, which reached maturity in the13rd century and reached its peak in the Qing Dynasty. At the beginning of the founding of New China, it has grown to more than 300 operas, and the repertoire is even more difficult to count. In the world, it is called the three ancient drama cultures together with Greek tragicomedy and Indian Brahma. Traditional Chinese opera has always been rooted in China folk, and is deeply loved by the people. Among them, Peking Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera and Pingju Opera are called the five major operas in China. All kinds of other local operas have their own audiences. People who are far away from home even regard listening to and watching national operas as a sign of missing their hometown.
Drama literature can be divided into long plays, one-act plays and sketches according to capacity;
According to the forms of expression, it can be divided into drama, opera, poetic drama, ballet, opera and so on.
According to the theme, it can be divided into drama, historical drama, legendary drama, civic drama, social drama, family drama, science fiction drama and so on.
According to the nature and effect of drama conflict, it can be divided into tragedy, comedy and drama.
But the most basic and commonly used categories are tragedy, comedy and drama, in which tragedy appeared earlier than comedy, and drama is also called tragicomedy.
Tragedy: the essence of conflict: the inevitable requirement of history and the realistic impossibility of this requirement? . The Aesthetic Value of Tragedy: Destroying the valuable things in life for people to see? .
Comedy: Aesthetic Value:? Tear that worthless thing to others? .
Drama: Tragedy and Comedy? A deeper way to mediate into a new whole? .
Characteristics of drama
1: Start from the deceased and finally make peace;
2. In a word? It is said that the story is also expressed by singing and dancing;
3. Leave the form and take its meaning, get carried away.
Artistic characteristics of drama