16 16, Nuerhachi, the leader of Jianzhou Jurchen, established the late Jin Dynasty. 1636, Huang taiji changed his country name to Daqing.
1644, the Ming army stationed in Shanhaiguan surrendered to Wu Sangui, and Dourgen led the Qing army into Shanhaiguan. By 1659, the regimes of Dashun, Daxi and Nanming were pacified. Later, the rebellion in San Francisco was pacified, Taiwan Province Province was unified, and the whole country was gradually controlled.
The three generations of Kang Yong reached its peak, during which the traditional society of China made unprecedented development achievements. In the early Qing dynasty, the population increased, the land was reclaimed, the products were rich, and there was nothing in the border. The mode of production and social life of small-scale peasant economy are relatively prosperous and stable, and its comprehensive national strength is far better than that of Han and Tang Dynasties.
After the Opium War, it was invaded by foreign powers and its sovereignty and territory were seriously lost. The people of China also carried out modernization reforms such as the Westernization Movement and the Reform Movement of 1898. 19 12 February 12, Yuan Shikai induced the Qing emperor Puyi to abdicate and issued an abdication edict, ending the Qing Dynasty.
During the Qing Dynasty, a unified multi-ethnic country was consolidated and developed. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty unified various ministries of Mongolia, incorporated Xinjiang and Tibet into the territory, and actively safeguarded the integrity of the country's territorial sovereignty.
During the Qianlong period, the pattern of China as a unified multinational world power was finally determined. In its heyday, the Qing Dynasty reached Jungle Lake and Balkhash Lake in the west, Tangnuriang Sea in the northwest, Mobei and Siberia in the north, the Pacific Ocean (including Sakhalin Island) in the east and Nansha Islands in the south. Including more than 50 ethnic groups, the country is unprecedentedly unified.
During this period, China's ancient absolutism also reached its peak. In the early Qing Dynasty, agriculture and commerce were developed, dense commercial cities appeared in the south of the Yangtze River, and large business gangs appeared all over the country. On this basis, the population exceeded 400 million, accounting for one third of the world population at that time.
Extended data:
1, unify China.
After the Qing army entered Shanhaiguan, Dourgen first sent A Zi, Wu Sangui, Duoduo and Kong Youde to attack Li Zicheng in Shaanxi, and Li Zicheng finally perished in Hubei. Send Hogg to attack and destroy Zhang and Sichuan, and the rest surrender to Nanming and resist the Qing Dynasty. Dourgen then dealt with the Nanming forces, which were located in the south of the Yangtze River and were divided by infighting.
In the second year of Shunzhi (1645), many Qing troops attacked Yangzhou where Shi Kefa was stationed. Hong Guang fled to Wuhu and was arrested, and the Hong Guang regime perished. Zhu Yihai, King of Lu in Ming Dynasty, and Emperor Long Wudi in Tang Dynasty established political power in Zhejiang and Fujian respectively. However, the two sides were at loggerheads and were quickly carved up by the Qing army. Zheng Zhilong, who supported Emperor Longwu, also surrendered.
Since then, Wang Gui Emperor Li Yong has ascended the throne in Zhaoqing, Guangdong. During this period, Qu Shizhen, Li Dingguo, Zheng Chenggong and other Ming generals successively recovered the southern provinces. Finally, due to the distance, it was difficult to take care of each other, and there was a rebellion inside, which led to losing ground.
In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (166 1), the Qing army invaded Yunnan, and Emperor Li Yong, who fled to Myanmar, was finally killed by Wu Sangui (known as the curse of water in history), and Nanming died.
At this time, only Zheng Ming of Taiwan Province Province (Zheng Chenggong's troops) and the heroic Ming army of Myanmar were left, and the Qing Dynasty basically occupied all the territory of the Ming Dynasty. Due to the powerful anti-Qing forces in South China, the Qing emperor conferred titles on Wu Sangui, Geng Zhongming and Shang Kexi to guard Yunnan, Guangdong and Fujian, which were called San Francisco in history.
2. The Qing Dynasty perished.
1965438+2002 1 month 1 day, the Republic of China was proclaimed in Nanjing, and Sun Wen became the interim president of Nanjing. On February 12, Yuan Shikai forced Xuan Tong Emperor Puyi to issue an abdication edict and hand over power to Yuan Shikai's government. The demise of the Qing Dynasty marked the official end of China's imperial system of more than 2,000 years. Then Sun Wen gave way to Yuan Shikai, and the north and south were unified, and Yuan Shikai made his capital in Beijing.
Later, in 19 17, Zhang Xun organized a braid army to support Xuan Tong Emperor Puyi in Beijing and restore the Qing Dynasty (known as zhang xun restoration in history), but it only lasted 12 days.
The Japanese occupied the northeast of China in the September 18th Incident, supported Puyi to establish Manchukuo in 1932, and finally perished with the August storm of the Soviet Union in 1945.
It is worth mentioning that due to orthodoxy, just like the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, many Han Chinese insisted on loyalty to the Qing Dynasty when the Qing Dynasty perished, and the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911 made some Han ministers even die for their country. After the founding of the Republic of China, some Han ministers regarded themselves as old people in the Qing Dynasty all their lives.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Qing Dynasty
References:
Baidu encyclopedia-Qing history