It is necessary to strengthen publicity and education.
Historical and cultural traditions are the important foundation of modern urban construction.
First of all, the development and construction of modern cities cannot be separated from traditional history and culture.
Urban historical and cultural traditions not only directly affect the urban construction in the past historical period, but also the towns or historical blocks preserved in different times, different styles of buildings and historical sites, as well as traditional cultures such as literature, art, drama and costumes with strong local and national characteristics, which constitute the foundation of modern urban development and provide reference and enlightenment for modern urban construction.
China has more than 660 municipalities directly under the central government, 1800 counties and tens of thousands of towns.
Most of them are based on the development of historical towns, markets and villages.
For a completely newly-built city, the planning concept, site layout, construction standards and architectural style are also deeply influenced by the historical and cultural traditions accumulated in the past.
The significance and role of historical and cultural traditions in the development and construction of modern cities are reflected in the following aspects.
First of all, the theory and practice of ancient urban planning and construction laid the foundation for the location of modern urban development.
China has summarized and put forward quite scientific principles of urban site selection from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
For example, "Guanzi Ma Zhong" said, "The land of founding a country is not at the foot of the mountain, but above Guang Chuan; The height is not close to the drought, but the water is full, and the water is not close to the water and the ditch is protected. "
Require the city to be located near the mountain or on the vast plain; The height of urban site selection should conform to the principles of ensuring water use and flood control.
Many ancient cities were scientifically selected by "Xiangtu tastes water like heaven and earth".
Beijing has been built for more than 3,000 years, from Yongding River and Lugou Bridge Head to the north, to the south, from Yongdingmen North to the Bell and Drum Tower, with the Forbidden City as the center, which has remained basically unchanged since the Yuan Dynasty.
Suzhou ancient city has been known as a paradise on earth for 2500 years, and its site has not changed so far.
These cities, which have been successfully located in history and developed continuously to this day, have become the basis for the further development of modern cities.
Second, the history and culture of the ancient city have accumulated rich planning and construction experience for modern urban construction.
For example, the urban planning system, which began with Zhou Li's Examination of Gong Ji, and then gradually developed and improved, remained in use until the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
It stipulates that the wall of the king of heaven opens three doors; There are nine roads in the city (nine meridians and nine latitudes); The road is wide, nine marks are painted, seven marks are painted around, and five marks are painted in the wild; From the thoughtful Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, we strictly followed the planning principles of taking Miyagi as the center, left ancestors (temples) and right societies (temples), highlighting the axis and symmetrical development.
At the end of the Zhou Dynasty, Guan Zi put forward another principle of urban planning and zoning, emphasizing the combination of economic development and administrative management, which also had a great influence on the planning and construction of cities later.
"Guan Zi Xiao Kuang" said: "Scholars, agriculture, industry and commerce, the Shi Min of the country, can't mix. If you mix them together, the words will be long and things will be chaotic.
Therefore, the holy king of Chu Shi must be idle; If you are a farmer, you are in the field; Work must be official; Business must be in the market. "
In fact, many cities in China have their own different functional divisions since ancient times.
For example, there have been two cities in the past dynasties. The inner city is the palace and important official office of princes and monarchs, and the outer city is distributed with official palaces, residential areas for civilians and businessmen, and industrial workshops such as smelting and manufacturing. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, apart from government offices, academies and halls, Beijing also set up Pearl City, Lantern City, Flower Market, Vegetable Market, Cloth Market, Gangwa City and Mule and Horse Market.
Although this idea of zoning planning can not be compared with today's planning principles, as an ancient planning idea and historical heritage, it still has important enlightenment to modern urban planning.
As far as the ancient brick-wood architecture in China is concerned, its unique style and complete system are of great value and significance to the study of China's history and culture, the research and development of ancient architectural technology, innovation and future.
Thirdly, the urban characteristics and features formed by the historical and cultural condensation of the ancient city continue to play an important role in modern economic and social life.
Many historical and cultural ancient cities have a large number of cultural relics preserved underground. These historical sites and cultural relics, together with cultural traditions such as drama, literature, clothing, language and diet with strong national and local characteristics, are integrated with the whole city, forming the traditional features and characteristics of these cities, carrying forward the national spirit and enlightening the development of modern cities.
Imagine if there were no Forbidden City and many royal gardens in Beijing, and there were no quadrangles and hutong road systems with their own characteristics. * * * There is no Potala Palace; Dunhuang has no grotto murals lasting for thousands of years, and these cities have lost their unique spiritual outlook.
Just as painting fades, celebrities lose their souls.
However, their preservation not only has precious historical and cultural values, but also has important realistic social and economic values.
First of all, it provides a traditional cultural foundation and valuable planning and construction experience for our modern urban construction; Second, it provides us with the best materials and history textbooks for educating people, especially teenagers, about national traditions and patriotism. Thirdly, it provides us with a link to promote international exchanges and an important resource to develop modern tourism.
Second, inherit traditional characteristics, protect cultural relics and historic sites, and develop and build modern cities.
We have entered the 2 1 century.
Economic internationalization, industrial modernization and population urbanization are being carried out in a broader space and at a higher level.
The scale and speed of modern urban construction will continue to advance on the existing basis.
How to deal with the relationship between modern economic development, modern urban construction, protection of historical and cultural traditions and maintenance of national characteristics is very urgent.
The city is a continuous history, and today's construction and future development of the city are inseparable from the existing foundation.
Development cannot cut off history.
We must protect, inherit and carry forward the precious historical and cultural sites and the essence of national traditions in the city.
In this way, our modernization will be distinctive and full of vitality.
Regardless of the construction of new cities or the transformation of old cities, we must adhere to this general principle.
In order to better inherit the tradition in modern urban construction, take history as a mirror, protect valuable buildings and regions, and correctly handle the relationship between modern urban construction and the protection of traditional history and culture, the international community formulated and adopted Athens in the 1920s, and the International Council of Monuments and Sites adopted the protection of historic towns and urban areas in Washington in the 1980s. Together with the United Nations and other international organizations, it has repeatedly protected prehistoric sites, historic towns, ancient cities, ancient villages and towns, ancient buildings, ancient city landscapes and ancient garden sites. In, a resolution was passed and a declaration was issued, demanding that people in all countries and places take the protection of historical heritage as their own responsibility.
Emphasize that this is not only for the interests of the nation, but also for the interests of the international community.
According to the relevant laws and regulations promulgated by our country, we must attach great importance to the protection of historical relics and monuments in future urban planning and construction.
To sum up, these basic principles are:
1. Confirm that historical towns and areas anywhere are part of the whole human heritage.
Protecting these heritages is the cornerstone for local people to inherit the excellent national cultural and historical traditions and create modern socialist civilization. It is also our responsibility to fulfill our international obligations, protect the history of human civilization and protect the long-term interests of our nation.
Protection is an obligation, and protection should be incorporated into local economic development policies and local urban or regional planning.
2. Protecting historical sites, traditions and the environment should be integrated.
The protection of historic towns and urban areas is not isolated. It should include prehistoric sites, historical towns, old towns, ancient villages and underground monuments located in urban areas, as well as the surrounding environment and spatial structure of historical buildings or ancient sites, especially the urban structure and form embodied by streets and blocks, the green space and open space around ancient buildings, the volume, style, color and appearance of buildings or sites, and the artificial or natural environmental space around towns and urban areas.
Unified planning of protection objects and scope, delineation of absolute protection areas and relative protection areas, respectively, put forward specific protection measures and methods.
3. Combination of protection, recovery and utilization.
Historical towns, historical blocks and ancient buildings should be properly restored and utilized under the premise of protection.
For example, turn it into a tourist attraction and make it have modern economic significance and new vitality.
The key is to ensure that improper use, unnecessary addition, and even reconstruction and new construction that change its historical authenticity are avoided.
On the premise of adhering to protection, we should absorb and apply modern science and technology to maintain it and make rational use of it to make it have economic value.
Adhere to development in protection and protection in utilization.
Protection should not affect development, and development should not undermine protection.
4. Open up new areas and protect the old cities.
With the rapid progress of industrial technology and the rapid development of modern cities, the scale of cities is getting bigger and bigger, and the building density is getting bigger and bigger. In order to avoid the destruction of historical towns or blocks in the process of rapid urbanization, the principle of leaving the old city and opening up new areas should be adopted in planning to achieve the purpose of protecting historical and cultural traditions.
It is necessary to avoid tearing down the historic city and building a modern new city, and to avoid the prosperity of the new city with historical and cultural value and the decline of the old city.
Care should be taken in the transformation of the old city.
On the basis of careful investigation of historical buildings and historical sites on the ground and underground, the scope of protected areas and protected lots is reasonably determined and financial guarantee is given.
With the development of the new district, it is necessary to provide financial assistance for the maintenance of the old district of the ancient city.
5. Encourage people to participate in the protection of historic towns and characteristic blocks.
Historical towns are concentrated with cultural relics, blocks and buildings that reflect traditional features and reflect national characteristics, as well as places where historical events and historical figures with commemorative value take place, which are deeply rooted in the masses and constitute an integral part of the living environment of local people, involving their feelings, customs and context. Measures should be made to encourage people to participate in protection.
Third, adhere to the coordination between the protection and utilization of historical and cultural traditions
In the work of protecting historic cities or blocks with historical value, the biggest and most common contradiction is how to deal with the relationship between modernization and the protection of historical and cultural traditions.
For example, the population of the old city in history is increasing, which leads to more and more new buildings and destroys the style of the old city.
Modern economic, social and cultural activities, especially modern industrial production activities, are increasing, occupying a large number of historic buildings and destroying them. The insertion of modern high-rise buildings, the development of modern transportation, the burial of ancient rivers, the widening of old streets and lanes, and the destruction of the shape and layout of historic cities are all concrete manifestations of the contradiction between modernization and the protection of historic cities, as well as the contradiction between economic and financial resources.
The protection and maintenance of historic sites, ancient buildings and historical blocks often need to inject considerable funds and limit their development. It seems that there is only input and no output.
These have become the reasons for opposing protection and development, inheritance and development, but more and more facts at home and abroad confirm that the above problems may be solved as long as we change our thinking and handle them in a different way.
Suzhou, a thousand-year-old city, follows the principle of protecting the ancient city and developing new areas. The industries in the ancient city (there were more than 500 factories in the ancient city during the ten-year turmoil) moved out of the city, evacuated the population of the ancient city, controlled the building height and density of the ancient city, renovated and opened the ancient gardens, and tidied up the ancient streets and lanes, so that the style of the ancient city was partially restored and continued, and the urban infrastructure was improved.
The industrial parks located in the west and east of the old city have developed rapidly.
Dunhuang, Gansu Province, a small town in the border of Han Dynasty, has accumulated sculptures and paintings in past dynasties, making Dunhuang murals a tourist attraction for the broad masses of people and professionals from all walks of life, and a hundred gardens for studying ancient culture, religion, architecture and painting. The city's direct fiscal revenue 1/3 comes from tourism.
Protecting Dunhuang frescoes, a sacred cultural relic for thousands of years, has become the conscious action of local people.
Italy is one of the birthplaces of ancient civilizations in the world, and it is also the birthplace of the medieval Renaissance. Many places of interest represented by ancient Rome, Florence, Venice and Pompeii attract a large number of tourists every year.
Protecting ancient monuments and developing tourism economy has become an important economic source for Italy.
The number of tourists is close to half of the country's total population, and tourism revenue has accounted for more than 1/3 of the national finance.
Italy has always protected ancient cities and historical sites and developed its economy.
Chinese and foreign experiences have proved that the protection of historical and cultural traditions and the development of modern economy, the protection of historic cities and the development and construction of modern new cities can be unified. As long as we adopt dialectical thinking and flexible methods, we will certainly find specific forms suitable for local characteristics.
We should learn from some countries and regions. In the early stage of development, only modern economy was concerned, while national traditions were ignored. Only attach importance to material construction and neglect spiritual civilization; Only pay attention to immediate interests, not to the lessons of long-term and future sustainable development.
It should be noted that historical towns, old neighborhoods, ancient buildings and all historical relics are non-renewable.
Perhaps the economy has developed for a period of time, and there is nothing we can do in the face of precious historical relics that no longer exist.
Now some places spend huge sums of money on fake cultural relics, fake ancient cities, fake streets and fake buildings to travel, which shows that the protection of historical sites and the development of modern economy can be integrated; On the other hand, it also reflects the regret and helplessness of human cognition after experiencing twists and turns and lessons.