Henan, known as Hetao in ancient times, is located in the north of the 37th latitude line, generally referring to the land east of Helan Mountain, west of Luliang Mountain, south of Yinshan Mountain and north of the Great Wall. Including Yinchuan Plain (Ningxia Plain) and parts of Ordos Plateau and Loess Plateau, belonging to Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi. Here, the Yellow River first goes north along Helan Mountain, then goes east because of the barrier of Yinshan Mountain, and then goes south along Luliang Mountain, forming a zigzag shape, so it is called "Hetao".

Hetao Plain is generally divided into Yinchuan Plain between Qingtongxia and Shizuishan in Ningxia, also known as "Tao Xi" and "Tao Dong" in Inner Mongolia. Sometimes "Hetao Plain" only refers to Tao Dong, which is juxtaposed with Yinchuan Plain.

Tao Dong is divided into Bayannaoer Plain between Bayangaole and Xishanzui, also known as "back cover", and Tumochuan Plain between Baotou, Hohhot and Lamawan (namely Chilechuan and Hohhot Plain). Sometimes the Hetao Plain is called the Hetao-Tumochuan Plain.

history

Before the Spring and Autumn Period, the residents in Hetao area mainly belonged to the north.

In the early Warring States, King Wuling of Zhao extended his territory to Yinshan and established Yunzhong County, located in the east of Tumochuan Plain. Later, Qin and Zhao contended, and Xiongnu occupied the Hetao area. After Qin unified the six countries, from 2 15 to 2 14, Meng Tian sent 100,000 troops to drive the Xiongnu out of Hetao, and moved 30,000 households here to defend the border and set up Yunzhong and Jiuyuan counties. In the second year of Qin Ershi (209 BC), Xiongnu took advantage of the Qin rebellion and invaded Hetao.

0/27 years ago, Liang Wudi sent Wei Qing to defeat Loufan and Aries, two kings of Huns, and occupied Hejian, the Hetao. Yan Shangshu, the minister's father, suggested building a city in Hetao, plowing fields and raising horses as a base for defending and attacking Xiongnu. Emperor Wu accepted this suggestion and established Shuofang County (now Dengkou County, Bayannaoer City, Inner Mongolia) and Wuyuan County (now Baotou West).

125 Established Xihe County (now northwest of Fugu, Shaanxi Province). The Hetao area also includes Yunzhong County and Dingxiang County, as well as the northern part of Beidi and Shangxian County. In the Han dynasty, a large number of Han Chinese immigrated to this area, and the residents diverted the Yellow River for irrigation. The local agriculture has developed rapidly and the economy is prosperous. In addition, the Huns who moved here became semi-independent princes, attached to the Han Dynasty and became mercenaries of the Han Dynasty.

At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Han people in Hetao moved to the east of Changshanguan (Maguan, Hebei Road). During the reign of Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, the Huns who joined the Han Dynasty were moved to Hetao. After that, the eight northern counties and their residents moved inward twice because of Qiang, and the Hetao was gradually occupied by Qiang and South Xiongnu. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Tuoba's family founded the country in Hetao. During Luanhua period, Hetao area was an important stronghold of many Hu regimes in northern China and outside the Great Wall. By 439, the Northern Wei Dynasty unified North China.

During the Northern Dynasties and Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was once reclaimed for a long time. For example, in the Tang poetry, there is a poem that "the orchard under Helan Mountain is completed, and the south of the Saibei River is famous throughout the ages". At the end of Sui Dynasty, immigrants moved to Ningzhou and Qing (Qingyang, Gansu), and Turks occupied Hetao. It was not until 6 18 that Zhang, who was attached to the Turks, joined the Tang Dynasty with Wudu, Dangqu and Wuyuan counties, and was reoccupied by the Central Plains Dynasty. After the unification war in the Tang Dynasty, the Liang regime was destroyed, and some Hetao areas in Shaanxi and Ningxia were annexed by the Tang Dynasty.

In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, Hetao was under the jurisdiction of Sanshou City, Tiande Army and Zhenwu Army in Shengfeng and Shengzhou. In 840, after the national subjugation, Uighurs demanded to cede territory one after another, which was rejected by the Tang Dynasty. At the end of Liang Dynasty, Li Siben, the envoy of Tiande and Zhenwu, was captured one after another, and Shengzhou was occupied by Liao. At the end of the Five Dynasties, the Tangut emerged to establish Xixia, which seized some Hetao in Shaanxi and Ningxia from the Northern Song Dynasty, and was later occupied by Xixia and Jin State respectively.

In the Yuan Dynasty, Mongols began to emigrate to Hetao. In the mid-Ming Dynasty, Hetao was occupied by Tatars, Wala and Wuliangha. In the Qing Dynasty, Hetao was classified as Inner Mongolia ruled by officials. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, some people in Shaanxi and Shanxi began to move to Hetao. With the development of Tongchun Wang, Hetao area has become the most important agricultural area in northwest China.

During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in the Republic of China, Fu, a general of the national army, was stationed here to build water conservancy projects. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the agriculture here has been further developed.

Extended data:

I. Administrative divisions

After 1949, the extension of the word "Hetao" gradually narrowed, and it evolved into a larger scope that only refers to the domestic Hetao area or takes this area as the center. Therefore, in 1954, after the state abolished the organizational system of Suiyuan Province, it approved the declaration of the Inner Mongolia People's Government and named the domestic first-class administrative region after "Hetao", that is, changed the Shaanxi dam area into the administrative region of Hetao (now Shaanxi dam in Bayannaoer City).

Second, the regional environment

Hetao is a plain and plateau area on both sides of the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, which is also called Hetao irrigation area because of its developed agricultural irrigation. This land has been famous for its abundant aquatic plants throughout the ages, so there is a folk saying that "the Yellow River is full of disasters, but it is not rich in one episode". However, the ecological environment is not as good as before, and many places in the territory are close to desert or semi-desert.

1, hydrological resources

The surrounding areas of Hetao, including Huangshui River Basin, Taoshui River Basin, Luoshui River Basin (Shaanxi Province), Weishui River Basin, Fenshui River Basin, Sanggan River Basin, Luoshui River Basin (Henan Province), Zhangshui River Basin and Hutuo River Basin, have good natural environment conditions. They surrounded the Hetao area, just like the stars holding the moon, pushing the Hetao civilization to the peak. At the same time,

2. Natural resources

Since the Yuan Dynasty, the word "Hetao" has appeared more and more in various books and has a relatively stable connotation. Used to refer to the areas east of Helan Mountain, south of Langshan Mountain and Daqingshan Mountain and along the Yellow River. With Wulashan as the boundary, there is a front cover in the east and a back cover in the west. There are also covers south of the Yellow River and north of the Great Wall, which are symmetrical with the back cover of Hebei.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-Hetao area