Liu Bang accepted Sheng Yuan's advice and led his army south to Wandi. At the same time, Han Xin was sent north to destroy Zhao and disperse Xiang Yu's forces. The second battlefield opened by Han Xin in the north was the key to Liu Bang's final victory over Xiang Yu. Li Zuoche, a military wizard of Zhao, is the grandson of Li Mu, the four famous soldiers in the Warring States Period. Li Zuoche has the art of war handed down from generation to generation. Han Xin once asked Li Zuoche, and Li Zuoche analyzed the world situation for Han Xin. He told Han Xin that if Liu Bang of Yan and Qi couldn't win, it would be hard to say who Liu Hexian won or lost. The implication is that whoever wins the northern battlefield will own the world. In fact, the northern battlefield is so important. Why did Xiang Yu let Han Xin open up the northern battlefield?
First, Xiang Yu is willful. He thought that as long as Liu Bang was defeated, there would be no need to mention the Battle of Julu in other places. Xiang Yu became famous in World War I and became the leader of the world's rebel army, and began to expose his complacent character. One of the reasons why Xiang Yu didn't open up the northern battlefield was that he was headstrong and foolhardy. He even rightfully thought that as long as Liu Bang was defeated, the rest would be a cinch, thus ignoring the importance of the northern battlefield. The author can give an example to illustrate Xiang Yu's arrogant and conceited character.
(1) Hongmen Banquet
After Qin Jun's main force of 400,000 was annihilated by the Fifth Wan Chu Army, Xiang Yu won the support of various governors. At this time, Xiang Yu's complacent personality began to swell. When he led the rebels westward, he was blocked at Hangu Pass. When he inquired, he found that Liu Bang's army had entered the customs. In a rage, the army broke through the pass and was stationed in Hong Men. Xiang Yu wanted to fight Liu Bang the next day, but Liu Bang was very cunning. He bribed Xiang Yu's uncle Xiang Bo, and under the persuasion of Xiang Bo, Xiang Yu canceled the military action the next day.
I fought Qin with the general, Hebei with the general and Henan with the minister. However, I failed to break the Qin before entering the customs, so I had to go to see the general again. ? Historical records? Xiang Yu biography
The next morning, Liu Bang came to Hongmen to apologize to Xiang Yu. In order to avoid this crisis, Liu Bang began to catch up with Xiang Yu and then touted Xiang Yu. He said? The general and I were ordered to fight Qin, you went north to save Zhao, and I attacked Qin in the west. I didn't expect to enter the customs first? Liu bang's implication is that Xiang Yu is the most powerful person to enter the customs, not him. Liu bang is very clever. He greatly satisfied Xiang Yu's self-esteem by belittling himself.
Xiang Yu listened to Hong Men and got carried away. Later, he hosted a banquet in honor of Liu Bang. At the banquet, Xiang Yu chose a most distinguished seat for himself and a most distinguished seat for his counselor Fan Zeng. This shows that Xiang Yu is very proud.
In fact, after Liu Bang entered Guanzhong, he exposed his political intentions by sending heavy troops to guard Hangu Pass. A sober politician should realize that once the Qin Dynasty was destroyed, Liu Hexian changed from an ally to two opposing military groups. Liu Bang's defense of Hangu Pass just gave Xiang Yu an excuse to destroy him. Therefore, Xiang Yu initially decided to solve Liu Bang by military means. But he was flattered by Liu Bangyi and got carried away. I don't know that the relationship between Liu and Xiang has reached an inflection point.
(2) Abandon Han Xin and blame God for the defeat.
Han Xin was originally a subordinate of Xiang Yu and served as a doctor in Xiang Yu's camp. He gave advice to Xiang Yu many times, but Xiang Yu didn't adopt it, eventually forcing the military wizard Han Xin to leave him and take refuge in Liu Bang. Han Xin later laid half of China for Liu Bang, and Liu Bang could not defeat Xiang Yu without Han Xin's support.
After the destruction of Han Xin, Wei, Yan, Zhao, Qi and Xiang Yu felt the crisis, so they sent people to lobby Han Xin to rebel against Korea or choose a tripartite confrontation. But Han Xin said, I am the king, and my office is nothing more than a doctor, and my position is nothing more than holding a halberd. If you don't listen, you don't have to draw. ? Han Xin just wanted to express that he had been obeying Xiang Yu and said nothing. ? Historical records? Biography of Huaiyin Hou
Historical records? Xiang Yu's Biography records that Xiang Yu was arrogant and overbearing, thinking that he could achieve his hegemonic career by force, but he abandoned his hegemony in just five years.
Self-conceited meritorious service, unlearned spell personal wisdom, known as the overlord's industry, want to rule the world by force, then five years of national subjugation. Historical records? Xiang Yu biography
In the fifth year of the Han Dynasty (202 BC), Xiang Yu said before he died after his defeat. If heaven kills me, fighting is not a crime, is it? Xiang Yu blamed God for his failure, but he didn't think it was his own reason, which shows Xiang Yu's smug character. He didn't admit his mistake until he died, and blamed all the responsibilities on God.
Throughout the Chu-Han War, Xiang Yu was chasing Liu Bang. Wherever Liu Bang went, he chased him. He thought that as long as he defeated Liu Bang, no one else was his opponent. He once said: I am eight years old now and have fought more than 70 wars. I have never lost. I have won the world. . Xiang Yu overestimated his ability and didn't realize that the northern battlefield would be the biggest threat.
Second, Xiang Yu did not attach importance to the northern battlefield and lacked strategic vision. The main battlefield of Chu-Han hegemony is Xingyang area. During this period, Xiang Yu did not send people to open up the northern battlefield. Even Han Xin made a lot of noise in the north, but Xiang Yu turned a blind eye. This stems from Xiang Yu's ignorance of the northern battlefield. Why doesn't he pay attention to it? Because Xiang Yu lacks strategic vision, the author can give you examples to illustrate Xiang Yu's short-sightedness.
(1) Give up Guanzhong and make Pengcheng its capital.
After Xiang Yu entered Xianyang, Xianyang Palace was set on fire, and the splendid palace built by several generations of Qin Dynasty was destroyed. Just as Xiang Yu was collecting gold, silver and jewels and preparing to return to Jiangdong, Han Sheng, his counselor, advised him: Guanzhong is known as the country with four blockades, and the land is fertile, so it is a good place to dominate. ?
I can tell you about the importance of Guanzhong land. Is there one in Guanzhong? 120 Li Qin Guan, a thousand Li Jin Cheng? It is said that there are four levels around, which are easy to defend but difficult to attack. If the eastern governors attack, only two people can resist the enemy's 100 people. If they expand eastward, they can transport grain and grass from the Weihe River and the Yellow River smoothly, but it is difficult for the enemy to go upstream. In addition, since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin has overhauled water conservancy, developed agriculture, and won the rear area where Guanzhong has grain and grass supply.
After listening to Han Sheng's advice, Xiang Yu said, what's the point of not going back to your hometown after getting rich? It's like walking along the night in silk where no one sees you? Always showing off in front of everyone, huh? Han Sheng was completely disappointed with Xiang Yu after hearing this. He didn't expect to win the world for him, but he got such a ridiculous answer. Han Sheng said angrily? It is said that the Chu people crowned them with monkeys. Is this really the case? . Han Sheng is satirizing Xiang Yu. His implication is that Xiang Yu is actually just a monkey, wearing a hat like a human being, short-sighted, lacking foresight, giving orders all over the world and caring about returning home with clothes on, and his vanity is too strong. Xiang Yu was very angry and turned to cook Han Sheng.
The man or the king said:? Guanzhong is blocked by mountains and rivers, and the land is rich and fertile, but they can all dominate. ? When King Xiang saw that Qin Gong was burnt to pieces, he was anxious to return to the east. He said, "Wealth will not return to his hometown, just like clothes embroidered at night. Who knows! ? The speaker said:? People say that Chu people bathe monkeys' crowns and ears, and it really happens. ? Wang Xiang heard this and cooked this dish. ? Historical records? Xiang Yu biography
To sum up, Xiang Yu is a strategist who lacks strategy. He went to the north to save Zhao Wei because of the hatred of his national enemy. He went to the west and came back with clothes on him. He doesn't even care about the land in Guanzhong, let alone the northern battlefield. Abandoning Guan Zhong can only show that he is brave and foolhardy.
(2) Xiang Yu cared most about beheading and was superstitious about force all his life.
Xiang Yu was superstitious about force all his life. According to historical records, Xiang Yu can carry the tripod. Xiang Yu became famous in World War I, the Battle of Julu, and deserved it. He believes that everything can be solved by force. Why do you say that? Please listen to the author.
Xiang Yu rose up against Qin and attacked Xiangcheng. He was very angry after a long attack. After Xiangcheng was conquered, he ordered all the people in the city to be buried alive. The purpose of Xiang Yu's doing this is to make the people fear him, so as to attack the city slightly in the future. As a result, things didn't develop as he imagined, but it backfired.
Conquering and pulling are all pits? Historical records? Xiang Yu biography
In May of the first year of Han Dynasty, Tian Rong rebelled in Qi, and in June of 65438+February of the same year, Xiang Yu led an army to the north to counter the rebellion, and Xiang Yu was defeated in World War I. If Xiang Yu carries out political appeasement for ordinary people at this time, then all problems will be solved. But Xiang Yu didn't. After defeating Tian Rong, he ordered the massacre, which made the people of Qi oppose him and plunged him into the quagmire of Qi.
Another time was the battle of Xingyang. The main battlefield of Liu and Xiang is in Xingyang area. At that time, Liu Bangpa Peng Yue repeatedly cut off the route for providing foodstuff for Xiang Yu, forcing Xiang Yu to Huiyuan. Xiang Yu came to Waihuang for the second time. After capturing Waihuang, Xiang Yu ordered the killing of all men over 0/5 years old in the city. Someone advised Xiang Yu that if he was killed, the city east of Waihuang would not dare to surrender, and the people had to fight to the death to survive. After hearing this, Xiang Yu released all the prisoners, and as a result, more than a dozen cities east of Waihuang fell with the wind.
Therefore, Xiang Yu believed in force all his life, cared about beheading, did not know how to appease by political means, lacked strategic vision, and believed too much that force could solve everything. Because he lacked strategic vision and didn't realize Liu Bang's strategic advantage, he was finally able to kill him.
So when Han Xin later opened up the northern battlefield, Xiang Yu didn't realize the importance of the northern battlefield, let alone that Liu Bang's opening up the northern battlefield was a strategic plan for him. It was not until Han Xin wiped out all the governors north of the Yellow River that Xiang Yu realized the seriousness of the matter, but it was too late, and history would not give him another chance.
Third, Xiang Yu has no time to take care of Chu-Han hegemony. Xingyang is the main battlefield of Liu Hexiang. It lasted 28 months from May in the second year of Han Dynasty to September in the fourth year of Han Dynasty. Xiang Yu always took Xingyang as the main battlefield.
At that time, Zhou Luhou, the younger brother of Lu Hou, was a general of Han, and Hanwang followed him, with his foot soldiers a little. In Xingyang, all the defeated troops will meet, and Xiao He also found that the old and weak in Guanzhong had not received the notice from Xingyang, which was a great help. ? Historical records? Xiang Yu biography
After losing the battle of Pengcheng, Liu Bang established an effective defense line in Xingyang. After a period of persistence, the route for providing foodstuff was destroyed by Xiang Yu, who launched an attack. Xingyang fell, and Liu Bang was forced to sneak back to Guanzhong, and then mobilized his troops to prepare for a decisive battle with Xiang Yu.
At this time, Sheng Yuan made two suggestions to Liu Bang. First, don't go back to Xingyang to directly confront Xiang Yu. The Han army went south to Wandi, that is, Nanyang, Henan Province today, which attracted Xiang Yu's army to Wandi. The second is to send Han Xin north to destroy Zhao and open up the northern battlefield.
Sheng Yuan is resourceful, and his two suggestions are very clever. There are two highlights:
1) The Han army can turn passivity into initiative and lead Xiang Yu by the nose. Han Xin attacked the city in the north and Liu Bang camped in the south. Xiang Yu wants to defend Han Xin in the north and Liu Bang in the south, so as to lengthen Xiang Yu's defense lines and disperse Xiang Yu's forces.
2) The capital of the Western Chu State is Pengcheng. Originally Liu Hexiang was fighting in Xingyang, and Xiang Yu's logistics supply line was already very long. If Xiang Yu is led to Zhao in the north and Wan in the south, the later supply line of Xiang Yu will be longer, and the route for providing grain may be cut off at any time. Militarily, this is a taboo for military strategists.
Liu Bang acted as planned, accepted Sheng Yuan's suggestion, and led the army to be stationed in Wandi area. After Xiang Yu occupied Xingyang, he immediately went south to pursue Liu Bang to Wandi. Liu Bangpa Peng Yue broke Xiang Yu's route for providing foodstuff. Xiang Yu had no choice but to help Huiyuan and sent Zhong Gong to guard Xingyang and the elevation for him. As soon as Xiang Yu retreated, Liu Bang immediately led his troops north and occupied Xingyang and Gaoping. As a result, Xingyang, which Xiang Yu spent a year laying, was lost in less than a month.
Xiang Yu was very angry when he heard that Xingyang had fallen. He led the army to attack Xingyang, and the Han army was defeated. Xingyang fell. Liu Bang secretly fled to Han Xin Barracks, seized military power in Han Xin, and transferred elite troops from Han Xin to supplement the losses of Xingyang troops. At this time, Han Xin has destroyed Wei.
Liu bang wants to use elite troops to find Xiang Yu for a decisive battle. At this time, Zheng Zhong proposed not to engage Xiang Yu head-on, but the Han army could attack the place where it was stored. Liu Bang took Zheng Zhong's advice and sent twenty thousand troops to reinforce Peng Yue. Peng Yue had more troops, so he went south again to cut off the route for providing foodstuff for Xiang Yu, captured Shangqiu, Waihuang and other cities 17, and the route for providing foodstuff for Xiang Yu was completely cut off.
Xiang Yu was forced to go back to dredge the grain transportation route for the second time. Meanwhile, he sent Cao Zhai to stick to the elevation. When Xiang Yu left, he said to Cao Zhai: You just need to stay where you are 15 days, and don't go to war. ? As a result, as soon as Xiang Yu's army left, Liu Bang sent someone to scold Cao's mouth. On the first day, Cao Zui put up with it. A few days later, Cao couldn't stand it. In violation of Xiang Yu's military orders, Liu Bang took advantage of Chu Jun's crossing Surabaya to launch an attack, splitting Chu Jun in two, and Cao Zui committed suicide. Liu bang attacked while the enemy was crossing the river, which was called in Sun Tzu's Art of War? Midway? The enemy is most vulnerable when crossing the river.
South Korea picked the Chu army several times, but the Chu army couldn't get out, which made people humiliated for five or six days. Fu was furious and squandered his troops. The soldiers were halfway through, and the Han Dynasty pursued them with victory, defeated the Chu army and got all the gold and jade goods of the State of Chu. Fu's strange and Chang Shixin's strange are all from Surabaya. ? Historical records? Biography of Gaozu
Shortly after Xiang Yu's second defeat, Han Xin had destroyed the generations, Zhao, Wei, Yan and Qi in the north of the Yellow River. Xiang Yu's attention was aroused only after Han Xin was annihilated. He thoroughly felt the military pressure of Liu Bang's strategic encirclement, and the annihilation of Qi directly threatened his lair, Cheng Peng.
In Xingyang and the second Huiyuan, Xiang Yu sent Long Qie, a general, to lead 200,000 troops to support Qi and fight against Han Xin with Qi. The two armies lined up on the other side of the Weihe River. Han Xin arranged for 10,000 soldiers to make 10,000 sandbags overnight, and then used sandbags to build a temporary barrage in the upper reaches of the Weihe River, which made the water in the lower reaches shallower. The next day, Han Xin led the army to cross the river and fight with Long Qie. After playing for a while, Han Xin pretended to be timid and ran away. Longche attacked with 56 points, and led the army to cross the river in pursuit of Han Xin. When the Chu army entered the Weihe River, Han Xin immediately ordered the 10,000 soldiers in the upper reaches to withdraw sandbags. The river was rough and the Chu army was cut into two parts. Han Xin led an army to besiege Longyou and annihilated all the Chu troops crossing the river. Then, Han Xin led the army to kill the remaining ChuJun. At this time, Xiang Yu realized the seriousness of the matter, and his capital of Xi Chu was about to fall, and the route for providing foodstuff would be completely paralyzed. So Xiang Yu sent lobbyists to lobby Han Xin to rebel, but Han Xin refused Xiang Yu on the grounds that Liu Bang was grateful to him.
Hanwang allowed me to go to general print, gave me tens of thousands of people, took off my clothes, pushed me to eat, and listened to me, so I was able to do this. My wife trusts me deeply, and I am unlucky, although it is not easy to die. Fine, thank you for your letter! Historical records? Biography of Huaiyin Hou
Xiang Yu was superstitious about force all his life. He has been solving the problem by military means. This is the first time in his life that he solved the problem by diplomatic means, because this time Xiang Yu really felt the military pressure between Scylla and Charybdis, but it was too late. In September of the fourth year of Han Dynasty, Xiang Yu lacked allies, and almost all the governors in the world defected to Hanwang and Liu Bang. In addition, Xiang Yu's serenade ran out of food, and finally he was defeated by Wujiang River.
Thus, although Xiang Yu was brave and good at fighting, he did not split himself. He couldn't keep Xingyang, he couldn't go back to dredge the route for providing foodstuff at the same time, and he didn't have the energy to take care of Han Xin in the north. He can't take care of three heads at once. This is Liu Bang's strategic plan for him.
Conclusion: Xiang Yu and Han Xin were the best military generals during the hegemony period between Chu and Han, and Xiang Yu was praised by later generations? God of war? Almost invincible on the battlefield, but he did not pay attention to strategic management and lacked strategic vision in the military, which was a major failure of his life. Xiang Yu became famous in the Battle of Julu in World War I, and became the supreme commander of the rebel army, with supreme power and status. He could have built Guanzhong as his capital, unified the whole country with Guanzhong as his base, and made greater achievements, but he missed the opportunity.
Xiang Yu trusted himself too much to ignore the northern battlefield. He didn't realize that the opening of the northern battlefield would bring him a fatal blow in the future, nor did he think that Liu Bang's strategic deployment could kill him. He did not pay attention to strategic management, thus gradually losing his military superiority and falling into strategic passivity. If we try our best to deal with the northern battlefield, Xiang Yu will not be attacked from all sides strategically. Xiang Yu's mistakes in military strategy are the main reason for his failure.