First of all, we should start from ancient times. Archaeological excavations in recent decades can prove that Shanxi was a very important area in ancient times. Among the 70 or 80 Paleolithic sites discovered in China, Shanxi accounted for more than 20. From Hehe Site in Ruicheng County in the south, Ding Cun Site in Xiangfen County to Zhiyu Site in Shuoxian County in the north, and Xu Jiayao Site in Yanggao County, they are all famous cultural sites in the Paleolithic Age. In the Neolithic Age, there were many cultural sites in Shanxi. Yangshao cultural sites are all over the province. There are some small stone age sites in Yanbei area. This shows that Shanxi was the cultural center of the whole country in the Stone Age.
Judging from the legendary ancient history, the capitals of Tang Yao, Yu Shun and Yu Xia are all in the south of Shaanxi today. Pingyang and Du Yao, now Linfen, Puban and Shundu, now Zhou Pu and Yongji County, are all located in Yuncheng County today. Although there are various legends about the capital city of Yao Shunyu, some say it is in Shandong and some say it is in Hebei, but the legend of Shanxi is more credible. Because the legend about their range of activities is mainly in Shanxi. For example, it is said that Yu Xia came from Xiqiang, which should refer to the Qiang people in Shanxi today. The main activities of the whole Xia Dynasty were in today's southern Shanxi and western Henan. So from Yaoshun to Xia Dynasty, Shanxi, mainly Jinnan, was the political, economic and cultural center of North China at that time.
Shang Dynasty originated in the East. After overthrowing the Xia Dynasty, Shanxi lost its importance. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, his younger brother was appointed in Shaanxi, and his country name was changed to Jin. However, the state of Jin in the Western Zhou Dynasty was not very important. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Jin developed into one of the most powerful countries in the Yellow River Basin.
In the early Spring and Autumn Period, Zheng Heqi was a powerful country in the Yellow River Basin. In the middle and late period, for a long time, Jindu was a first-class power in the Yellow River basin, leading small and medium-sized Han countries to compete with Chu, the overlord of the Yangtze River basin. This is famous in history? Chu Jin for hegemony? Period. The center of the state of Jin is in Shanxi, and the former capital is in crimson, also called wing. It is in the southeast of Yicheng County today, and later moved to Xintian, also called crimson, so the address is now Houma.
In the early Warring States period, the three tribes of Han, Zhao and Wei were divided into Jin, which was called Sanjin. Sanjin was a big country at that time, and Wei in the early stage and Zhao in the middle stage were among the best. The capital of Sanjin was originally in Shanxi, Zhao in Jinyang (now Jinyuan, Taiyuan City), Han in Pingyang (now Linfen) and Wei in Anyi (north of the county this summer). After the middle period, he left Shanxi and moved to Hebei and Henan Plain. Wei moved from Anyi to Daliang (now Kaifeng, Henan). Zhao moved from Jinyang to Zhongmou (Tangyin, Henan) and then to Handan (Handan, Hebei). South Korea moved from Pingyang to Yiyang (Yiyang, Henan), then to Yangzhai (Yuxian, Henan) and then to Zheng (Xinzheng, Henan). It can be seen that Shanxi's position in North China was very important in the early Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and declined slightly in the middle of the Warring States Period.
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In the Qin and Han Dynasties, Shanxi became less prominent politically. However, the economy and culture in southern Shanxi are relatively developed. Sima Qian wrote Historical Records? "Biography of Huo Zhi", when it comes to the folk customs of various places at that time, what do you think of Sanjiang? In the world? ,? The land is narrow and there are many people? . Three rivers are Hedong, Henan and Hanoi. Hedong county is the southwest of Shanxi today. This area is long and narrow and densely populated, indicating that the economy and culture are relatively developed. Tai Shigong also specifically mentioned that people in Yang and Pingyang counties are particularly good at doing business. Yang is today's Hongtong County, and Pingyang is today's Linfen.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Shanxi became more and more important because of the large number of ethnic minorities in Shanxi. This change originated from the Eastern Han Dynasty.
In ancient times, there were many ethnic minorities in Shanxi. There are many in Oracle Bone Inscriptions? Strong? Probably in Shanxi. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were also many ethnic minorities in Shanxi. Yanjing Rong recorded in Shang and Zhou Dynasties is in Taiyuan area of Jinzhong, Tiao Rong is in Zhongtiao Mountain, now it is in the southeast of Shanxi, and Ghost Rong is in the northwest of Shanxi. During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were tribes in Jinzhong and Jinnan, such as Chidi Huochiru, Dongshan Gaoluoshi, Lushi, Liu Yu and Chen Duo, as well as Li Rong and Chang Dixun in Taihang Mountain and Mao Rong on the north bank of Sanmenxia. The State of Jin in the Western Zhou Dynasty was not very powerful. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it gradually annexed Rong and Di in the south and middle of Shanxi and became the largest power in the Central Plains. However, there are other Rongdi in Yanbei, such as Dai, Lou Fan, etc., which were annexed by Zhao during the Warring States Period. After long-term contact and merger, Rongdi Qianghu gradually merged with Huaxia, so in the Qin and Western Han Dynasties, Shanxi was basically Han nationality.
In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty (during the reign of Emperor Guangwu), a new fraternal nation entered Shanxi. At this time, the Xiongnu in the north was divided into two parts: the southern Xiongnu and the northern Xiongnu. When the Southern Xiongnu surrendered to the Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han government let them live in the Han Dynasty. Since then, Xiongnu tribes have been distributed in Xihe, Beidi, Shuofang, Wuyuan, Yunzhong, Dingxiang, Yanmen and Daibian. Among the 8 counties, Yanmen County and Dingxiang County are located in Yanbei County and Xinxian County of Shanxi Province, and Dai Jun County is located in Xinxian County of Shanxi Province and Zhangjiakou City of Hebei Province. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was chaos in the world, and some Huns swept south and settled in Hedong, now southwest Shanxi. During the period of Di Xian Jian 'an, Cao Cao was divided into five parts, which made him scattered in? The shore of Jinyang Fenjian? , a total of more than thirty thousand waterfalls.
At the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty, a large number of Huns moved to Shanxi from the Great Wall. At this time, the whole territory of Shanxi was divided into seven or eight counties, almost every county had Huns living together, and the northern counties, even? Hu Duomin? .
In the feudal era, when the dynasty established by the Han nationality was relatively stable, the ethnic minorities in China were always severely exploited and oppressed, so as long as the ruling power of the Han Dynasty declined, the ethnic minorities would of course rise up to revolt. This was the case at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, that is, at the beginning of the 4th century, Liu Yuan, the Xiongnu leader in Shanxi, first attacked and rebelled against the rulers of the Western Jin Dynasty. In 304, Liu Yuan rose up and left Lishi (now Lishi) to establish the Han Dynasty, and soon moved to Pingyang (now Linfen). After Liu Yuan's death, his son Liu Cong conquered Luoyang, the capital of the Western Jin Dynasty, and captured Huaidi in 3 1 1. The Western Jin Dynasty was forced to move its capital to Chang 'an. In 3 16, Liu Cong laid Chang 'an again, captured the vassal emperor and destroyed the Western Jin Dynasty. This has a great influence in history, and it has been more than one hundred years. Five random China? The situation in the five lakes and sixteen countries.
In the Yellow River basin, it was also the Tuoba Department of Xianbei, a minority nationality based in Shanxi that ended this war situation.
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Xianbei people used to live in the Mongolian plateau and were divided into several branches. Among them, Tuoba Xianbei gradually moved south. In the Cao Wei period, its focus shifted to Le Sheng, which is now Inner Mongolia and Linger. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, taking advantage of the chaos in the Central Plains, it continued to expand southward and occupied Yanbei area. In 338, the founding of the People's Republic of China was replaced, and in 376 it was destroyed by the former Qin Dynasty. After the Battle of Feishui in 383, the former Qin Dynasty was destroyed, and in 386, the Tuoba Department was rebuilt to replace the country. After the restoration, the title was changed to Wei. In 398 AD, the capital moved from Lesheng to Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi). This is the so-called Northern Wei Dynasty, the first dynasty in history.
After more than half a century of war, the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the Yellow River Basin in 439, ending the separatist situation of the five lakes and sixteen countries. In 495 AD, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital from Pingcheng to Luoyang, Henan. This is because Emperor Xiaowen is keen on sinicization and wants to eliminate the Southern Dynasties and unify the whole country. However, Yanbei area has long been inhabited by ethnic minorities. There were basically no Han people in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and they were all built here, which was not conducive to his sinicization policy. So he decided to eliminate the resistance of conservative forces and resolutely moved the capital to Luoyang, the cultural center of China in the Yellow River valley. But more than half a century ago, now Pingcheng in Shanxi was the ruling center of the whole Northern Dynasty.
Shortly after moving the capital to Luoyang, it was only more than 30 years before the actual ruling center of the Northern Wei Dynasty returned to Shanxi, which was due to the rise of a minority in Shanxi. It is not clear what kind of nation the Red Tiger is. North Xiurong (now around Shuoxian County) took Huerzhu as democracy. By the time of Wei Mingdi in the 1920s, Er Zhurong was the commander-in-chief of Jinyang Riverside, Sifu, Fen, Tang, Heng and Yun, almost equivalent to today's Shaanxi Province.
In 528, a palace coup took place in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Hu Taihou killed Ming Di and set up another young master. Er Zhurong took the opportunity to transfer troops from Jinyang to the south, set up Emperor Xiao Zhuang, drowned the queen mother and young master in the Yellow River, killed more than 2,000 courtiers, entered Luoyang, and took control of the state affairs. He once wanted to move the capital to Jinyang, but later gave up the idea, leaving several confidants in charge of state affairs and returning to Jinyang. So the actual political center of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved from Luoyang, Henan Province to Jinyang, Shanxi Province. Soon, Emperor Xiao Zhuang lured Rong into the DPRK to kill him, and Rong's subordinate Zhao rose from Jinyang and entered Romania to kill Emperor Xiao Zhuang. Gao Huan of Rongbu rose up again, killed him, made filial piety emperor, became prime minister, and lived in Jinyang, which was still the pattern when he seized power. In 534, Xiao Wuyi entered Chang 'an, and Gao Huan changed to Emperor Jingdi and moved the capital to Ye, known as the Eastern Wei Dynasty in history. Gao Huan still lives in Jinyang as the prime minister, leaving his cronies in Ye to run state affairs. When Huan Zi died, Cheng Ji died, so in the sixteenth year of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, although he was in power, the actual political center was always in Jinyang. In 550, he usurped Wei, which was called Northern Qi in history.
In the twenty-seventh year of the Northern Qi Dynasty, Ye was the capital and Jinyang was the northern capital. The emperor often traveled between the two capitals, and Jinyang was too important in the military. Therefore, when Emperor Wu of Zhou cut Qi, he aimed his troops at Jinyang, and Jinyang was defeated, setting the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain in one fell swoop and destroying Beiqi. As Jinyang played an extremely important role in the late Northern Dynasties, the Bingzhou Palace and Liu Fu were also located in Jinyang at the beginning of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Bingzhou Palace is the emperor's palace, and Liu Fu set up Tiangong, Emperor Guan, Guan Chun, Xiaguan and Qiu Guan Dongguan Liu Fu as separate institutions of the central government. It will not be withdrawn until the situation is stable.
As can be seen, from the beginning of the 4th century when Liu Yuan began to fight, to the end of the 6th century when the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi Dynasty in 577, Shanxi's position in North China has always been very important, and Pingyang, Pingcheng and Jinyang have successively become very important political and military centers, with almost no interruption.