Knowledge structure:
1. Xia: Public power appeared, but the characteristics of clan commune remained.
2. Business: The political system is an internal and external service system with a strong theocratic color.
3. Western Zhou Dynasty: the definition of enfeoffment system;
Objective: To consolidate Zhou's rule (slave owner's rule).
Subject: blood relatives with the same surname
The purpose of patriarchal clan system is to consolidate the ruling order formed by enfeoffment system and solve the contradiction between nobles in power, property and land inheritance.
Core: eldest son inheritance system
Content: establish the system of big and small sects.
Function: It helps to unite clans, prevent internal disputes and consolidate kingship.
Tools: Ritual and Music System
The second lesson is the establishment of centralization.
Knowledge structure:
1.
(1) A. Hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period B. Warring States Period Reform: Shang Yang Reform in Qin State.
(2) unification: time: the first 22 1 year; Personality: better than the government.
2. Establish centralization
(1) Established: A. "Emperor system": imperial power is supreme and the system of succession to the throne.
The system of three public officials and nine ministers: the three public officials refer to the prime minister, the censor and Qiu (the central government).
C. county system (local)
(2) Measures to strengthen imperial power: establishing the system of selecting and evaluating officials; Make strict laws.
(3) Impact: Breaking the enfeoffment system and laying the institutional foundation for a unified dynasty.
The third lesson is the struggle between centralization and decentralization
Knowledge structure:
1. The parallel of counties and countries in the early Han Dynasty led to the chaos of the Seven Kingdoms.
2. The centralized measures of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: establishing a new dynasty, setting up a secretariat and issuing a favor order.
3. The separatist regime of the buffer region and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms: in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the local power was strengthened and the separatist regime of the buffer region appeared; After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, China entered the period of five dynasties and ten countries split, which was the continuation and development of the separatist regime in the buffer region. During this period, the southern economy developed greatly; The post-Zhou Shizong reform laid the foundation for the end of the division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries in the Northern Song Dynasty.
4. Song strengthened centralization.
(1) Measures ① Recruit elite troops: "three officials", Privy Council, principle;
(2) Cut off the real power: set up a chief judge and appoint a civil servant as a county magistrate;
3 Money Valley: Most wealth is transported to the capital;
(2) Impact: change the separatist situation of the buffer regions and strengthen centralization;
Disadvantages: it will cause the future trouble of "poor and weak".
The fourth lesson is the continuous strengthening of autocratic imperial power
Knowledge structure:
1. Establishment and evolution of three provinces and six departments system
(1) Sui and Tang Dynasties implemented the system of three provinces and six departments.
(2) The power of the prime minister was divided in the Song Dynasty: the province was established, the Privy Council was in charge of military and political affairs, and the "accountant" was in charge of finance.
(3) Yuan: one provincial system (central) and one provincial system (local).
2. The abolition of the prime minister system: killing Hu and abolishing the prime minister; Ming Chengzu set up a cabinet.
3. Military departments in Qing Dynasty
(1) Early Qing Dynasty: Cabinet Ministers Wang Meeting.
(2) Yongzheng established a military department.
A. Features: the military minister is not high in rank, and the emperor summoned him and knelt down to take notes.
B. influence: the administrative efficiency of the Qing dynasty was improved and the autocratic imperial power was highly developed.
1. The characteristics of absolute monarchy: the monarch has complete possession and control over the whole state machinery, and anyone within his jurisdiction is absolutely obedient and obedient to the monarch.
2. The internal logic of the development of China's feudal system: on the one hand, centralization is constantly strengthened; On the other hand, various power structures and power relations gradually concentrated on the axis of the emperor's power. The relationship between them: centralization and monarchy complement each other, centralization is the premise and foundation of monarchy, and monarchy is the inevitable product of centralization. Its purpose is to ensure the authority of the central government and the absolute authority of the monarch personally from the political system.
3. The process of centralization is roughly reflected in:
(1) Financially, it "made a hole" and returned to the central government.
(2) Deprivation of local personnel rights and self-styled officials.
(3) Judicially, laws are promulgated by the emperor and are in the hands of the state.
(4) Militarily, the central government deployed the national army macroscopically, and the emperor monopolized the military power.
(5) In the ideological field, the cultural absolutism of "black or white" is promoted.
4. The strengthening of absolute monarchy is manifested in the weakening of relative power, and the king establishes an effective power transfer and decentralization mechanism.
Qin and Han Dynasties: Three Public Systems
Sui and Tang dynasties: the three-province system divided the relative power into three parts, which reflected the strengthening of imperial power.
Song dynasty: weakening the real power of the prime minister (the governors of the three provinces have no real power)
Ming dynasty: Ming Taizu waste book province, the prime minister did not set up; Ming Chengzu established a cabinet.
The military department was established in the Qing Dynasty.
5. Central and local institutions of Qin to Qing Dynasty
The characteristics of central institutions in past dynasties: central institutions and local institutions
Qin inherited and created the county system of "three publics and nine counties"
Han and Han inherited the Qin system, and China and North Korea were in parallel with foreign countries (three officials and nine ministers).
Sui and Tang dynasties are a link between the past and the future, and there are innovations in three provinces, six provinces, three States and three counties.
The Song Dynasty further strengthened the three-level counties of Er Fu and Sansi Road.
The Song Dynasty further strengthened the three-level counties of Er Fu and Sansi Road.
Yuan Xin developed a provincial system of one province, two hospitals and one province.
The Ming dynasty strengthened the abolition of the prime minister and set up a cabinet, provincial capital and county.
The Qing dynasty reached its peak, with the establishment of the provincial capital of the military.
6. Evaluate authoritarian centralization.
Centralization and absolute monarchy make the whole country under the unified leadership of the emperor, who has absolute authority and supreme power. As Professor Fei Zhengqing of the United States pointed out: In such a dictatorial society, the emperor integrates the functions of the church and the state. He is a military and spiritual leader, a model of behavior and a master of justice. His omnipotence sums up all the main functions of the country, including the country's respect for all mankind. He is "one of the people in the world" and a handsome banner in front of the social and political hall.
(1) positive effect
It has played an active role in safeguarding national unity, social stability, resisting foreign aggression, organizing water conservancy projects, developing social economy, preventing division and strengthening ethnic exchanges.
(2) Negative effects
The people's political oppression and economic exploitation are cruel; It leads to ideological imprisonment and cultural absolutism, which inhibits the application and development of science and technology; In order to compete for imperial power, fathers and sons, brothers, ministers and ministers do not hesitate to pay any price; The autocratic power of eunuchs and the interference of consorts in politics are the companions of autocratic monarchy; After the emergence of capitalism in Ming and Qing dynasties, it also inhibited the development of capitalism and delayed the disintegration of feudal system. At that time, many western countries established bourgeois political system through bourgeois revolution and reform, which effectively promoted social progress and productivity development. Since then, the pace of social development in China has lagged far behind that in the West, thus laying the groundwork for passive beatings in the future.
Unit 2 The Political System of Ancient Greece and Rome
When studying this unit, we should grasp two clues: first, the evolution of Greek and Roman political system; The second is the formulation and evolution of Roman law. Pay attention to three important knowledge points: first, Aegean civilization and ancient Greek city-state system; Second, the democratic politics of Athens city-state; Third, the political system and laws of ancient Rome.
Third, to form an idea, the source of western political civilization lies in ancient Greece and Rome. Whether it is the democratic system in ancient Greece, the system of * * * and the system of heads of state in ancient Rome, the legal system they created and the political wisdom of philosophers have provided valuable reference experience for future generations.
Lesson 5 Aegean civilization and ancient Greek city-state system
Knowledge structure:
(a) Aegean civilization
1. Crete civilization: palace architecture, hieroglyphics
2. Mycenae civilization: Palace, Acropolis, Royal Mausoleum, linear letter B, belligerence and belligerence.
(2) The Dark Age: 300 years
(3) the city-state era
1. Definition of polis: From the 8th century to the 6th century, it was a state form.
2. Colonization of polis
Reasons: there are many mountains and islands, and there are many people and few places; The navigation industry is developed
Impact: Promote development, broaden our horizons and lay the foundation for creating our own unique civilization.
The characteristics of the city-state: small country with few people and long-term autonomy of each state.
Political type: noble, democratic (most popular)
Lesson 6 Democracy of Athens City-State
Knowledge structure:
1. development course
Monarchy: lifelong system, hereditary system
Aristocracy: life tenure and election system of collective leadership.
Democracy: Solon's reform in the first 594 years put Athens politics on the track of democracy; Cristini's reform was established.
2. Features: people's sovereignty and taking turns to govern (through the establishment of a citizens' assembly, a 500-member parliament and a people's court to reflect its characteristics)
3. Evaluation: A series of democratic operation modes have been created, which is conducive to giving full play to people's subjective initiative and intelligence, and has accumulated valuable experience for the development of democratic politics in later generations. But it is only the democracy of male citizens, and immigrants, slaves, citizens of other countries and women do not enjoy democratic rights, which hinders the self-development ability of these members. It is not only the catalyst of great civilization, but also the inestimable violence machine of society.
Lesson 7 Political System and Law in Ancient Rome
Knowledge structure:
I. Political developments
1.*** and system
(1) aristocratic harmonious system: it consists of three layers: the consul, the Senate and the citizens' assembly.
(2) Establish a tribune: supervise the government and safeguard the interests of civilians.
2. imperialism
(1) Yuan system: In 27 BC, Octavian was founded.
(2) Monarchy: Diocletian in the 3rd century.
Second, the legal system
1 .12 copper table method
Background: The result of long-term struggle of civilians in the Republic of China.
Content: It is basically a compilation of customary law, which safeguards the interests of the nobility.
Evaluation: it did not bring much benefit to civilians, but it was still a victory for civilians; Nobles can no longer explain customary law as they used to; This is the basic law of Rome.
2. Justinian Civil Law Congress
Composition: Justinian Code, Introduction to Justinian Law, Compilation of Justinian Theory and Justinian's New Works, among which Justinian Code has the greatest influence.
Evaluation of Roman law: The Roman law, which started with the Law of Twelve Bronze Tables and ended with The Complete Collection of Justinian Civil Law, is the most abundant ancient law in the history of the world, with the most perfect system and the widest influence on later generations.
Unit 3 Establishment of Modern Western Capitalist Regime
When studying this unit, we should grasp a clue: from opening a new air route to the industrial revolution, from Britain to Germany, through bourgeois revolution or reform, bourgeois political rule marked by the establishment of parliament was established. Grasp four key points: first, the establishment of British constitutional monarchy; Second, the birth of 1787 American Constitution and the establishment of the federal government; Third, the establishment of the French peace system; Fourth, the completion of German reunification and the establishment and development of bourgeois rule. I understand an important point: although Britain, France and Germany have different degrees of democratic political development, they have established a representative system with parliament as the core in form, and the power of parliament is constantly developing.
Lesson 8 Progressive Institutional Innovation (Establishment and Development of British Constitutional Monarchy)
Knowledge structure:
First, establish a constitutional monarchy.
1. Magna Carta: It sets the boundaries for kingship.
2. Bill of Rights
Background: 1688 "Glorious Revolution"
Content: The sovereignty of parliament was established, and the power of the king was obviously restricted by parliament.
Influence: Britain established a constitutional monarchy (from rule of man to rule of law)
Second, the formation of the responsible cabinet system.
1. 172 1 year, Robert? Walpo became the first prime minister.
All cabinet members are collectively responsible for government affairs.
3. The two-party system is gradually formed, and the Prime Minister and Cabinet are elected from the majority party.
Third, the trend of democratization: 1832 parliamentary reform law, expanding the scope of elections, ensuring the stability of bourgeois democracy and the rapid development of capitalist economy.
Lesson 9 New System in North America (New System in America)
Knowledge structure:
I. Formulation of the Federal Constitution
Background: The disadvantages of loose interstate alliances are exposed.
Enacted: 1787 The Philadelphia Constitutional Convention enacted the 1787 Constitution.
Principle: the principle of centralization; Principle of separation of powers and checks and balances; Democratic principle
Development: The original 10 constitutional amendment was made in 1789.
Second, consolidate federalism.
1 after the promulgation of the federal constitution. 1787, the United States has established a federal state with a bourgeois president, but the concept of state ownership is still very active.
2. After the end of the Civil War, the amendment to the American Constitution further affirmed the supremacy of federal laws and national unity, and consolidated the federal unity.
Third, the formation and development of the two-party system
1. the two-party system has become an important part of the separation of powers and checks and balances system in the United States;
2. The historical traditions of the two parties in the United States are completely different from those of the basic masses;
3. Political elections in which the two parties manipulate American life.
* * * The difficult course of harmony
Knowledge structure:
I the establishment of the Republic of China
1. The French Revolution
(1)1789 The French Constitutional Convention adopted the Declaration of Human Rights.
(2) 179 1 In September, the Constitutional Assembly promulgated the1791Constitution, which stipulated that France was a constitutional monarchy.
2. The First Republic was established: 1792. In September, the National Assembly declared France a republic.
Second, the tortuous development of the regime.
1. 1804, Napoleon established the first empire of France.
2. 1848, the second French Republic was founded.
3. 1852, Louis? Bonaparte established the Second Empire of France.
Third, * * * and the ultimate establishment of political power:
1875 65438+ 10, the Constitution of the Third Republic of France established France as a republic, marking the final establishment of France's political system.
The road to national unity (the road to German reunification)
Knowledge structure:
A, the reunification of the German state:
1. Unified background: The development of German capitalist economy has integrated the economies of all parts of Germany.
2. The way of reunification: Dynasty War
3. Symbol of unification: 187 1 the establishment of the German Empire in.
4. The significance of unification: ending the separatist regime, promoting the development of capitalist economy and putting Germany on the road of capitalist development.
Second, the rule of the German Empire.
1. The Constitution of the German Empire was officially promulgated, with a strong autocratic color.
2. The rule of the German Empire: it has a strong color of absolutism and militarism
Third, "there is no * * * and socialism * * and the state"
1. After World War I, the German Empire perished.
2. 19 19 August, Weimar * * * Republic was established (there was no * * * pacifist Republic).
In 1930s, Germany established a fascist dictatorship.
Internal troubles and foreign invasion and the rise of the Chinese nation
To learn this unit, we should grasp two basic clues: starting from the Opium War. The invasion of China by foreign capitalism is deepening step by step, and China is facing a serious national crisis. With the invasion of foreign capitalism, forces from all walks of life in China waged a series of struggles, and the Chinese nation rose up and resisted. Five key points: the opium war and the second opium war; Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement; Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China: Revolution of 1911; May 4th patriotic movement. Understand two viewpoints: lagging behind will be beaten; The people of China are steadfast and indomitable, and the final victory must belong to China.
the opium war
Knowledge structure:
I. The Opium War
1. Reason:1In June, 840, Britain launched a war on the pretext of destroying opium in Humen in order to open the China market.
2. Course: 1842, China was defeated and signed the first unequal treaty "treaty of nanking".
3. Impact: making China's territory and sovereignty incomplete; China was forced to become the product sales market and raw material producing area of capitalist countries; China entered a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
Second, the Second Opium War
1856, Britain and France jointly launched a war to expand their interests in China, and China was forced to sign the Tianjin Treaty and the Beijing Treaty.
Third, the changes of the Qing government.
1. Power structure: set up the Prime Minister's Office, the State Administration of Taxation and the Wentong Museum.
2. Thought: officials have a new trend of thought to learn from foreigners, Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan; The Westernization Movement initiated by Yi Xin, Zhang Zhidong and others to learn advanced western science and technology.
taiping rebellion
Knowledge structure:
First, the rise of sports.
1. background: man-made disasters (foreign invaders and the Qing government caused great suffering to the people) and natural disasters (natural disasters).
2. Preparation: Hong Xiuquan founded the God-fearing Church.
3. Commencement: 185 1 year jintian uprising.
Second, the heyday of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Events in their heyday:
1. Make Tianjin its capital (formally establish political power against the Qing government)
2. The Northern Expedition to the West (military heyday)
3. "celestial system"
Goal: to build a four-society society.
Evaluation: progress (expressing farmers' ideal pursuit-strong desire to abolish feudal (landlord class) land ownership); Limitations (not really realized because there is no stable environment,
The most important thing is absolute equalitarianism, which goes against the law of historical development and is impossible to implement.
Third, the decline of the kingdom of heaven.
1. Tianjing Rebellion (from prosperity to decline)
2. Rebuilding the Core of Leadership
3. The fall of Tianjing (1864, Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement failed)
4. Influence of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement: It was a peasant revolutionary war against Qing Dynasty (feudalism) and invasion (neglect).
(1) swept the dynasty order, impacted the old Confucian orthodoxy and shook the political foundation of the Qing Dynasty; ⑵ Expressed the farmers' ideal pursuit, and put forward the first social reform plan of developing capitalism in modern China, The Prime Minister's New Chapter; (3) dealt a heavy blow to the forces of foreign invaders.
From the Sino-Japanese War to Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China.
Knowledge structure:
First, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the deepening of the national crisis
1. Reasons for the outbreak of war
2. Outbreaks and processes
3. Influence
4. The deepening of the national crisis
Imperialism set off a frenzy to carve up China, and all walks of life in China carried out patriotic salvation movements in their own ways, including the military reform of the Qing government, the reform and reform of patriotic intellectuals, the Revolution of 1911 initiated by bourgeois revolutionaries, and the Boxer Movement of the peasant class.
Second, the Boxer Rebellion and Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China.
1. The Boxer Rebellion (rise reason: imperialism invaded China and the national crisis was serious. Impact:)
2. Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China (time, purpose and influence)
the Revolution of 1911
Knowledge structure:
First, the rise and development of the bourgeois revolutionary movement
1. The background of the rise
2. The establishment of Zhong Xing Association and Alliance.
3. Debate between revolutionaries and constitutionalists
4. Launch an armed uprising
Second, Wuchang Uprising and its influence on the whole country
1. Wuchang Shouyi and the Establishment of Hubei Military Government
2. The development of the national revolutionary situation
Third, the establishment of the Republic of China and the end of the monarchy.
1. The establishment of the Republic of China and the promulgation of the interim constitution
2. Yuan Shikai stole the achievements of the Revolution of 1911.
3. The historical significance of the Sea Revolution
May Fourth Movement
Knowledge structure:
First, the causes (international and domestic) and the fuse of the outbreak of the movement.
Second, the process (two stages, the main sports center in the early and late stages)
Three. Meaning (May 4th spirit)
Fifth unit
Grasp a basic clue: the emergence and development of Marxism. Whether it is the Paris Commune, the October Revolution in Russia or the New Democratic Revolution in China, it is closely related to Marxist theory, and in turn it is in the process of practice. It affirms, enriches and develops Marxism. Highlight four key points: first, the historical conditions, basic theory and significance of the birth of Marxism; Second, the special historical conditions, political nature, failure reasons and lessons of the establishment of Paris Commune; Third, the historical conditions and great historical significance of the Russian October Revolution; Fourth, the historical conditions, contents and significance of the establishment of Zhong * * *; The formation process of revolutionary United front and anti-Japanese national United front; The victory of the People's Liberation War and the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) and its significance; Agrarian revolution. Understand an important point: Marxism not only guides the revolutionary practice of all countries, but also confirms, enriches and develops itself through the practice of all countries.
The birth of Marxism
Knowledge structure:
First, the historical conditions for the birth of Marxism
Second, the symbol of birth: * * the publication of the producer's declaration.
1.* * * Main contents of the manifesto of the Producer Party
2. The significance of the birth of Marxism: It has become a sharp ideological weapon of the international working class struggle and promoted the vigorous development of the workers' movement.
Three. Paris Commune
1. Background of the establishment of the commune
2. The nature of commune regime
Lesson 20 Russian October Socialist Revolution
Knowledge structure:
I. Reasons for the outbreak of the October Revolution
Second, the prelude to the revolution.
1. February Revolution (result, nature)
2. April outline
Third, the process of the October Revolution.
1. Go
2. Results
Fourth, the historical significance of the establishment of the first socialist country.