Current location - Music Encyclopedia - Today in History - When was the old coin "Dabojin"?
When was the old coin "Dabojin"?
Fill in a simple resume for Qin Shihuang first:

Name, Ying Zheng.

Zhao was born in Handan in 259 BC.

In 246 BC, his father Wang Xiang of Qin Zhuang died and became the king of Qin.

In 238 BC, the rebellion against China was put down.

In 237 BC, he ascended the throne, was crowned and took power personally.

In 230 BC, Korea was destroyed.

In 228 BC, Zhao was destroyed.

In 226 BC, Yan was destroyed.

In 225 BC, Wei was destroyed.

In 224 BC, the State of Chu perished.

In 22 1 year BC, it was destroyed. Unify China. Called the first emperor.

Once again:

In 220 BC, he toured the northwest in the west.

In 2 19 BC, he traveled eastward and meditated in Mount Tai.

In 2 18 BC, he traveled to the east until Bolangsha in Wu Yang was assassinated.

In 2 16 BC, he was assassinated in Xianyang.

In 2 13 BC, books were burned.

2 12 BC, Confucianism.

In 2 10 BC, he died at the dune terrace of Dongxun Road, aged 50, and was buried at the northern foot of Lishan Mountain.

A set of eternal quatrains about Qin Shihuang;

One word through the ages: destroy the six countries

From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, fought in the north and south for ten years, and he was magnificent and swallowed mountains and rivers. Of course, he is also aggressive and arrogant. In the end, with the great will, lofty sentiments, courage and strength gathered by one person and a group of people, the six countries were destroyed and the world was leveled, ending the long-term feudal melee since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and achieving, pioneering and creating the first place in China's history.

When he was awake for the sixth time, he made a long-term plan to conquer space, swallowed it for two weeks and died. He followed the supreme law, made Liuhe, and beat up the world, making him powerful to the world. -Jia Yi's writing is so heroic.

The king of Qin swept Liuhe, eyeing, He Xiongzai! Swing a sword and hit the clouds, and the princes will come to the West. -Li Bai's poems are very nice.

The second eternal word: the first emperor

After Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, destroyed the six countries and unified the world, he found that there were a series of very specific problems to be solved in establishing a completely new system of Daqin Empire. First of all, the title or address of the king ordered the prime minister and the relevant personnel of the proposed organization to discuss it; The relevant personnel who participated in the discussion were court ministers, doctors, political advisers of the country, and officials and experts in literature, history, culture and education. In the end, a consensus was reached, saying to the King of Qin: The emperors, Huangdi, Tai Huang and Tai Huang in ancient Huang San were the most expensive, and ministers and others risked their lives to offer titles. Wang's title should be called "Zhi", his life should be called "Zhi", his decree should be called "Zhao", and Wang calls himself "I".

Instruction: The word "Tai" has been removed and the word "Huang" has been retained; Then use the name of the ancient "emperor" to call it "the emperor". The rest will be handled according to your suggestion.

Ministers and intellectuals didn't realize how naive, shallow and stupid they were until they received instructions from Wang.

The king called "Huang San" (Emperor, Yellow Emperor and; One is Fuxi, Shennong, Suirenshi or Zhu Rong or Nuwa,) and "Five Emperors" (one is Huangdi or Shao Hao, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Yao and Shun; It is said that Tai Hao, that is, Fuxi and Yan Di, that is, Shennong, Huangdi, Shao Hao and Zhuan Xu) combined the emperor with the emperor, which is the courage of kings and the courage of great men! We still have to find out which emperor is the noblest.

After the establishment of the title of Qin Zhuang, Wang Xiang was recognized as the emperor's father. We should also consider that after the death of the monarch, posthumous title was often established according to his behavior, which would form a son to evaluate his father and courtiers to discuss the shortcomings of the monarch, so it was abolished. Starting from Ying Zheng, they were called the first emperors, and later generations were counted as two emperors, three emperors and even emperors through the ages, which spread to infinity.

At the same time, according to the five principles of gold, wood, water, fire and earth, it is calculated that Zhou is the fire virtue, and Zhou in Qin Dynasty should be the water virtue. So it was changed to the beginning of the year, the first day of October, and the ministers welcomed it; Clothes, Jeff and flags advocate black; Shui De belongs to Yin, and the symbol of Yin in Yi Gua is Yuan, so the number is changed to six as the ultimate. The crowns worn by Jeff and Shi Yu are all six inches, the width of the car is six feet, the step by step is six feet, and the car is six horses; Change the Yellow River to "Deshui"; The country practices the rule of law, is resolute and stern, and is cruel and mean, so as to comply with the five virtues, such as water dominating yin.

At that time, the excited Qin Shihuang was as busy as a bee.

The third eternal word: county system

Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the county system. At first, the whole country was divided into 36 counties, and later it increased to 46 counties. However, the establishment process and county name of Qin County have long been controversial. I take 1948 Tan Qixiang's New Examination of Qin Army and say:

Neishi County is directly subordinate to Shi Jing in Qin Dynasty, and its organizational system is different from other counties, so it is not included in the number of counties.

At the beginning of the 26 th year of the first emperor, there were 36 counties in the world. According to the Qin Dynasty, they are Ba County, Hanzhong County, Shu County, Hedong County, Longxi County, Beidi County, Nanjun County, Qianzhong County, Nanyang County, Shangdang County, Sanchuan County, Taiyuan County, Dong Jun County, Yunzhong County, Yanmen County, Yingchuan County, Handan County, Julu County and Guang Chuan County.

In the twenty-sixth year of the first emperor, Nanhai County, Guilin County, Elephant County and Jiuyuan County were added.

After that, Xue County was classified as Donghai County, Handan County as Hengshan County, Linzi County as Jibei County, Langya County as Jiaodong County, Hedong County as Hanoi County and Jiujiang County as Hengshan County. In this way, since the civil history, every 46 in Qin Jun. At that time, there was chaos in the north, so Yuyang, Shanggu and other counties had the least jurisdiction and were guarded; Nanshui Town is peaceful, so Jiujiang, Huiji and other counties have the most jurisdiction, all of which are dispatched by Lisi.

The cadre's setting is:

The "three publics" of the central government: prime minister (prime minister's administrative affairs), Qiu (in charge of military affairs), and supervising imperial envoys (in charge of account books and supervising the impeachment of hundreds of officials).

There are nine ministers: Feng Chang (offering sacrifices at the ancestral temple), Lang (Gong Wei), Wei Wei (Gong Wei), Tai Fu (chariots and horses in the palace), Zong Zheng (internal affairs of the royal family), Dian Ke (ethnic minorities and foreign affairs), Shao Fu (taxation of mountains, rivers, lakes and seas and handicraft manufacturing), literature and history (national finance and taxation) and Ting Wei (justice).

County: the county chief (standard soldier), the county chief (governing the people), and the censor (Xinxian county is responsible for supervising the people's officials).

Counties: county orders (above 10,000) and county orders (below 10,000).

Township: You Guan (public security), San Lao (education), Si Fu (justice and taxation in small towns) and You Zhi (justice and taxation in big towns).

Pavilion: the length of the pavilion.

Li: Yes.

County officials are directly appointed, removed and assessed by the central government, which is called "Shangji"; The stipulated salary, such as 2000 stone for county magistrate, 600 to 1000 stone for county magistrate, and 300 to 500 stone for county magistrate, completely changed and abolished the old salary system of Shiqing, expanded the centralized department and class foundation, and ensured the unimpeded central government orders at the grassroots level.

More importantly, Qin Shihuang centralized local power to the central government through the county system, and then centralized power to himself through the "three publics" and "nine nobles", which completely realized Han Fei's thought of "being in the central government".

Qin Shihuang didn't know how complete and perfect the feudal system he designed and established was. It has been used in China for more than two thousand years, and it has not failed or changed!

The fourth eternal word: unified writing

It has been more than 500 years since the Zhou Dynasty moved eastward to Luoyi, where the princes merged and the seven countries competed for hegemony. By the time of Qin's reunification, in the ideological field, as Xu Shen, the author of Shuo Wen Jie Zi, said, countries "have different fields, different cars, different laws, different clothes, different sounds and different characters."

Especially words.

It is said that the word "Bao" was written in 149 ways at that time; The word "eyebrow" and "longevity" are also written in 100.

In the structure of words, some are soft and smooth, some are exaggerated, some are vertical, and some are crazy in structure.

Judging from the development of China's calligraphy art, it undoubtedly provides rich forms and contents; But for a unified China, it has brought difficulties and puzzles in social, ideological, political, economic and cultural exchanges.

Qin Shihuang carried out a comprehensive reform in this respect, and carried out the principle of "homonym" and "no combination with Qin Wen", and ordered Li Si, the prime minister, to unify all the fonts at that time into a written language, that is, Qin Zhuan. That is, the original Biography of Teacher Shuo was simplified to Biography, so it was also called Biography. Orders for domestic use.

On the one hand, it retains the basic characteristics of the font structure and hieroglyphics of Da Zhuan; On the other hand, a lot of sorting and processing have been done to make the font structure relatively unified and standardized. The main reason is that all kinds of radicals are unified, and the radicals used in each word are basically fixed as one, without being replaced by other kinds; Second, the position of the radical is relatively fixed and cannot be moved casually. The third is to roughly determine the number and order of strokes of each word.

The unification of characters is essentially a change of social life customs and people's behavior patterns, which has a process of recognition, acceptance and adaptation; In addition, at the beginning of the promotion, people were not familiar with the structure of Biography, so it was difficult to write it easily. So, Reese wrote Cang Xie, Zhao Gao wrote Almanac, and Hu Wujing wrote Bo Xue. These three books can be used not only as literacy textbooks for school children, but also as templates for promoting seal script for China people to learn and copy.

At that time, this pure and practical writing style, supplemented by aesthetics, eventually developed into one of the ancient oriental calligraphy arts.

It can be said that the appearance of Xiao Zhuan is not only a great progress in the history of Chinese characters, but also a great unexpected achievement in the history of China calligraphy.

In 2 19 BC, Qin Shihuang made an east tour to Fengshan, which is now Yixian County, Shandong Province, and was engraved with "Yishan Carving Stones". Later, I went to Mount Tai and carved Mount Tai Stone Carvings.

In 2 18 BC, Qin Shihuang went to Langxie Mountain, which is now Jiaonan, Shandong Province. Set up "Langxietai Stone Carving"; In the northwest of Yantai, Shandong Province, a "stone carving" was established.

In 2 15 BC, Qin Shihuang toured Jieshi in the east, and now he carved "Ode to Jieshi" in Changli County, Hebei Province.

In 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang made a southern tour and came to Huiji Mountain in the southeast of Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province for the fifth time, carving "Huiji Stone".

The words written on these carved stones are all in standard small seal script, all written by Li Si.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Yin and Shang Dynasties was an attempt to communicate information between early human beings and natural gods, and it was a record and expression of the knowledge of the unknown world in the ignorant era.

In Shang and Zhou Dynasties, inscriptions on bronzes, that is, inscriptions on bronze inscriptions or Zhong Dingwen, were used to worship gods, record events and show wealth and power.

The stone carvings of Qin Shihuang are used to celebrate, carving the great achievements of the founding emperor on a boulder, standing in a famous mountain, living with the world, such as the sun and the moon.

In the process of realizing this obvious political goal, stone carving has unexpectedly become a carrier and form that can keep calligraphy for a long time. Qin Shihuang spent almost all his life looking for a way to live forever, but in the end he died, and only those stone carvings still remain. It is also a sense of permanence and immortality.

China's calligraphy art is divided into two systems: steles and inscriptions, and Qin stone carving is a pioneering work on the basis of Qin harmony, which has had a great and far-reaching impact on later generations.

The Stone Carving of Yishan is Qin Zhuan's early masterpiece. The strokes of the characters are all lines, uniform in thickness, round and round, showing a round and beautiful style. The font is dignified and rigorous, with the combination of reality and reality, proper density, calm and peaceful, and strong and powerful. Some people commented that "painting like a stone is a spent force." Its structure is tight and loose, its feet are elongated, and it has a condescending state. We must look up and observe. In composition, the ranks are neat and the rules are harmonious. Some people have analyzed that this uniform style conforms to the political ideal of the Qin Dynasty. On the whole, the calm, overbearing and strong artistic style shows the spiritual connotation and trend of the Qin unification era to a certain extent.

The original stone of Yishan stone carving was destroyed when Cao Cao climbed the mountain, but an inscription was left. What we see today was carved by the Song Dynasty people in the Five Dynasties according to the copy of Xu Xuan in the Southern Tang Dynasty, and now it is hidden in the forest of steles in Xi 'an.

Langxietai carved stone is now hidden in the Sea Temple in Zhucheng, Shandong Province. Stripped off the poems of the first emperor and the names of ministers, as well as the official names and thirteen lines of letters of the second emperor. Regular script is a typical seal script, which is mainly arc-shaped, with rectangular font and unified strokes, showing a graceful and elegant style.

Taishan stone carving directly inherits the essential characteristics of Shi Guwen, which is more simplified, square and rectangular, with smooth lines, even density, flexibility, roundness and health, giving people a sense of dignity and stability. It has the most characteristics and style of the biography of Qin Xiao. Therefore, in the Tang Dynasty, Zhang praised it, praising its paintings as hard as stone, flying words, strong personality and wonderful Fiona Fang.

At that time, Xiao Zhuan was generally used for official documents, decrees and letters published by the Qin government. In the folk, because it is actually complicated in structure, it is difficult to write and even more difficult to sketch. A font characterized by cursive brushwork and quick seal was born, which is official script.

According to legend, there was a county magistrate named Cheng Miao who offended the first emperor and was imprisoned. It is very troublesome to write the Yao card of the prison official with Xiao Zhuan. After ten years of careful study, complex fonts were simplified and rounded, and this new font was created. Qin Shihuang greatly appreciated this. He not only pardoned his sins, but also made him a censor, and widely used this font in official and prison writing. Because Cheng Miao is a servant, and this brushwork is dedicated to servants, so this brushwork is called official script. In the Han and Wei Dynasties, it was even more perfect, and it became a completely different style from Qin Zhuan in brushwork and structure, which laid the foundation for the emergence of regular script later.

In calligraphy terminology, Qin Li is called "Guli" and Han Li is called "koi fish".

At this point, Xu Shen's "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" has a summary of Qin Shu's eight styles:

One kind is called Da Yin: In a broad sense, Da Yin refers to the characters of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen and Shi Zhuan in the pre-Qin period, as well as the ancient characters prevailing in six countries except Qin during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, while in a narrow sense, Da Yin only refers to seal script.

Second, Xiao Zhuan: As mentioned above. Li Simiao's "Houshu" praised: the essence of biographies, the ancient and modern wonderful. The mountain of the king of Qin, the ancient seal of the emperor, and her husband's crossbow, ancient Hong Zhong is a masterpiece of scholars and a national heritage.

March engraving: This kind of seal script is specially engraved on Jeff. Because it is carved on the metal with a knife, it can't be tactfully satisfied, so the strokes are nearly straight and the shape is nearly square. The existing words on Yangling's roller are like this.

Four-day insect book: also known as insect book, the flower style in seal script. This font existed before the Qin Dynasty, and most of them were cast or engraved on weapons and chimes. Often in the embryonic form of animals to form strokes, like books and paintings, full of interest. It is also written on flags and symbols. There are many examples of Indian birds and insects in the Han Dynasty.

Five words: imitation: also known as Miao seal. In fact, it is a kind of seal script used in copying seals in Han Dynasty. The shape is even and square, full of the meaning of Li, and the rule of writing has evolved from the roundness of Xiao Zhuan to the twists and turns. It has the meaning of saving for a rainy day, hence the name.

Six-day proxy: also known as list book. Duan Yucai's Notes on Shuowen Jiezi in the Qing Dynasty recorded that the invigilator is also a book department. Any inscription sealed for inspection is called the department, and the title list is called the department.

Zuo Shu: Also known as history books and books. That is, Qin. Duan Yucai thinks it's a convenient method, which Sasuke seals can't catch. Recently, some scholars first thought that the name of official script originated from official script; His calligraphers were named after books written by Zuo Shu, a junior official in charge of drafting and writing in Han Dynasty.

Eight is official script. It is an important milestone in the transformation of China Chinese characters from ancient style to modern style.

Subdivided, there are jade seals, jade seals, iron seals, grass seals and so on.

In the long historical evolution and development, on the one hand, Chinese characters play an important social role in the exchange of ideas and cultural inheritance, on the other hand, they also form a unique writing plastic arts. It is not only the cultural treasure of the Chinese nation, but also unique in the world cultural and artistic treasure house. As a unified script, Qin Shihuang ordered Li Si and others to write Qin Zhuan and Qin Li, which is of epoch-making significance. It not only laid a solid foundation for calligraphy as an independent artistic existence, but also opened up a broad road for the transformation, development and prosperity of Han Li, regular script, cursive script and running script in later generations. Dou's Annotation on Shu Fu praised: the method of thinking has also changed from ancient times to ancient times, making it the ancestor of post-learning.

After the Qin dynasty, no matter what happened in history, the unified Chinese characters have never changed.

This is really a shocking miracle.

The fifth eternal word: unified measurement

The so-called weights and measures, there are three benchmarks, the degree is the standard to measure the length; Quantity is the standard to measure volume; Balance is a measure of weight.

Siemens, a great German scientist, once said that measurement is a kind of knowledge, and its concept and production are almost as old as human beings. So the concept of weights and measures has been formed since the first tool was made by human beings. Moreover, relying on the concept of weights and measures, it is possible for human beings to create different sizes of choppers to hunt food, scrapers to divide food, and sharp weapons to resist, so as to protect their basic living conditions.

Since then, a variety of measuring instruments and standards have been derived, from simple to complex, from complex to simple, in which human beings have changed the physical environment again and again and improved the quality of life.

It is difficult to know when China's equilibrium system originated. The Yellow Emperor's theory of making utensils has also become the basis for our speculation. It is generally believed that China's weights and measures were produced at the end of primitive society, so it should not be a problem.

We know that the production of weighing instruments mainly depends on its weighing right. Power, baht, second, gold, monarch, stone, from which we can know the weight of things. There is a saying in Shangshu Shundian called "measures of the same law". The Biography of Confucius also said: "The rule of law, the rule of waiting for the weather, and the rule of weights and measures all start from the law." In other words, the weighing system also started from Huang Zhong's law.

According to legend, the Yellow Emperor ordered Ling Lun to make twelve different single-tone bamboo tubes to simulate the sound of the phoenix. After the completion, it is divided into six yang and six yin groups, named "Yellow Bell" and "Road" respectively. Bring the pipe that can emit the rhythm of the yellow bell and divide it into ninety equal parts, and the length of each equal part is called one point. Ten points times one inch, and ten inches is one foot.

In this way, we know the pitch of Huangzhonglv Gong Yin, and then make a bamboo tube to emit this pitch, so we can know how long an ancient foot is.

This inference and definition was only valid in the pre-Qin period and was called "Zhou Chi" by historians.

After the Qin dynasty, the height of the tube was taken as the standard of "degree", and the light yellow fruit of a black millet plant was regarded as an important food crop in ancient times, which was similar to and larger than millet. Arranged in a tube, ninety millet is exactly the length of the tube, so the length of a millet is defined as one minute, ten is one inch and ten is one foot.

As for the standard of "quantity", it is the same to use 1200 pieces of suitable millet, which can just fill the volume of the pipe. So the space occupied by this 1200 millet is one month, one equals half, two equals one, and ten times equals ten times. In our current words, ten equals one liter, ten equals one barrel, and ten equals one welcome. The standard of "balance" is to take the weight of 1200 millet as 12 baht, multiply it by 2 to get 24 baht as a pound, 16 as a catty, 30 kilograms as a jun, and the sum of the four jun's is a stone.

The simple common sense used in daily life at that time was so complicated to explain. If I go on, even I can't tell the difference between length, width, size and weight. Are you interested, or do you want to read the original text yourself? Such as History of Song Dynasty, History of Han Dynasty, History of Song Dynasty, etc.

After the reunification of Qin, the system of balance of power still followed the previous generation. However, the systems of weights and measures in various countries are quite chaotic, and the units of measurement are very inconsistent. Qin Shihuang unified weights and measures in a comprehensive reform.

Measurement is a necessary tool for commodity exchange, which is directly related to national taxation. Qin unified measurement, its use is also obvious, that is, it is convenient for the feudal government to collect taxes from farmers, but also conducive to economic development and exchanges between ethnic groups and regions.

In the 13th year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1874), Huang, a collector in Weifang, Shandong Province, picked up 120 Jin (one stone) of Qin Shihuang's iron right at the site of the southwest ancient city of Langyatai in modern times, which is a physical example of Qin Shihuang's unified weighing. The right side is embedded with a bronze imperial edict, weighing 8 19.25 baht. This kind of iron power embedded with imperial edict is the power after Qin unified measurement. Later, although Qin Quan unearthed many times, it was found that the imperial edicts embedded with unified imperial edicts were very rare.

Qin Shihuang continued Shang Yang's thought of unifying national weights and measures to strengthen his dictatorship, which contained many contents. For example, the idea of weights and measures is applied to the ranking and management of official positions, stipulating that he is the supreme ruler, with "three fairs" and "nine ladies"; The whole country is divided into "counties" and "counties"; Officials' salaries are paid according to grades; Then formulate private ownership of land, unified tax collection and so on. The measures taken include issuing a unified measurement order, establishing a unified measurement standard, manufacturing and publishing measurement standards, and establishing a strict verification system to set rules and models for future generations.

Some scholars believe that as far as the weights and measures system is concerned, it is probably because of lack of experience and short national life expectancy, and many benchmarks in the Qin Dynasty are not very suitable. From a modern point of view, some benchmarks lack stability, high liquidity and high accuracy. Therefore, it can only be said that the Qin Dynasty was the first dynasty to formulate weights and measures. By the Han Dynasty, people had known to use science, technology and methods to set benchmarks. Even in the whole history of China's weights and measures development, Qin and Han dynasties were important stages in establishing standards, producing utensils, perfecting the unit system and establishing systems. The basic system of Qin and Han dynasties has never been revealed. This includes the increase and decrease of weights and measures with the times, the increase and decrease of standards, the improvement or restoration of the unit system and so on.

After the Opium War, foreign systems were continuously imported, and the old traditions were impacted and impacted. By the founding of the Republic of China, the national government abandoned the old system and established a market system, but this new market system still retained the shadow of the Qin and Han Dynasties.

1984, China officially promulgated and implemented the legal units of measurement, and fully implemented the international system of units. China's old system has finally completed its historical mission of two thousand years, and its merits are complete.

The sixth eternal word: unified currency

Money is not only a medium of commodity exchange, but also a special commodity and a general measure of value.

In The Origin of Family, Private Ownership and State, Engels roughly divided the origin and development of ancient money into barter period, physical currency period, metal weighing currency period and metal coinage period.

This division is basically consistent with the development of ancient currency in China.

The barter period is equivalent to the prosperity of matriarchal clan society, that is, the early and middle Neolithic period. Exchange is accidental, random, primitive, equivalent or unequal, and its function disappears when the exchange is over. Therefore, the "things" exchanged at this time cannot be called "money".

Physical currency period, that is, primitive currency or natural currency period. The exchange in this period took livestock, grain, fabrics, production tools, household appliances and some ornaments such as jade and shellfish as equivalents, and began to have the function of money. At this time, it has entered the patriarchal society, which is equivalent to the late Neolithic age.

During the period of metal weighing currency, the current historical materials can only be pushed back to the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, but experts infer that it probably began in the Xia Dynasty, of course, at that time, "it was just a simple exchange by weight." This is because the production of bronzes in the Xia Dynasty has reached a fairly high level, and in the era of "copper and stone used together", red copper and bronze have appeared. Copper should have been a very precious thing at that time. The copper of the metal weighing currency continued until the Spring and Autumn Period, while the gold and silver reached the Warring States Period, which was in parallel with the previous Beibi and the later minted coins.

The period of metal coinage is roughly the period when slavery was completely established. Experts estimate that coins should have been coined in Xia Dynasty, but it is the late Shang Dynasty that can see the real thing at present. 109 bronze shells unearthed in Baode, Shaanxi Province and the bronze shells unearthed in Anyang Yin Ruins are their physical evidence.

Copper cloth coins originated from farm tools and shovels, sprouted in Shang and Zhou Dynasties and were widely used in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

Gold and silver are weighing currencies, which began in the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. Gold weighing currencies include gold plate, gold cake and gold shell; There are also silver shovels, silver plates, silver cakes, silver cloth coins and silver shells. , mainly distributed in the romantic and rich Chu state in the south, and there are also a few countries such as Sanjin and Zhongshan.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States fought for hegemony and was bustling. Large and small principalities created colorful pre-Qin currencies. Now we divide it into four currency systems: knife goods, cloth coins, ant nose coins and ring coins.

A kind of knife coin, also known as knife goods, was popular in Qi and Yan Dynasties, which evolved from practical knives.

Korea, Zhao and Wei all circulate coins, which evolved from ancient weeding tools. It is shaped like a shovel, so it is also called shovel coin.

Ant nose money, which is popular in Chu state, evolved from shell-shaped copper coins. The ant nose money protrudes from the front and is cast with characters. The strokes are like an ant, and two small mouths are like nostrils, so it is called ant nose money. Chu also uses gold, which is square, with one or two small pieces, and sixteen pieces are one gold (catty).

Zhou and Qin used round currency.

After Qin unified the six countries, it unified the characters, weights and measures, and also unified the currency. It is stipulated that "gold" is the upper currency, with "twenty taels" as the unit, and round square hole copper coins are the lower currency, with half taels as the unit. Qian Wen's "half Liang" is consistent with the actual weight. As the main form of China currency, this square hole round money has been used for more than two thousand years.

It's called Qin Banliang.

So why take this shape? Some people think that it is mainly ring-shaped and easy to carry, while the square hole is not easy to rotate after threading the rope, which can prevent wear.

Some people think that this form expresses the world outlook of ancient people.

Square hole round coins in Qin Dynasty were the earliest official legal tender in the world.

Later, we humorously called money "brother".

To distinguish the "half-taels of money" between the Warring States and the Qin Dynasty, we can start with calligraphy.

During the Warring States Period, Qian Wen's "Banliang" was a big seal, while Qian Wen's "Banliang" in the Qin Dynasty was a small seal. Of course, it is concluded that it was written by Prime Minister Reese.

May be affected by this, Qian Wen followed suit after the Qin Dynasty, mostly dignitaries or calligraphers.

In the Song Dynasty, there were also money for imperial books.

This is also the difference between ancient Chinese coins and western currencies. In China, the layout of ancient coins is mainly Qian Wen rather than patterns, while western money is mainly animals, plants, portraits and other patterns rather than words.

As for appreciating the calligraphy art of ancient Qian Wen, this is another interesting topic.

The so-called money, in plain English, is money. Thinking about it, loving it and spending it with its money are our endless happiness and troubles. I'd better simply sort out its evolutionary history or historical evolution in the form of items.

Currency in Qin and Han Dynasties: As we already know, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Qin Chuang minted a semi-dual coin with square holes, letters and big seals, which is now commonly known as "Qin Banliang" or "Warring States Banliang".

After Qin Shihuang unified China, he was unified as "Qin Banliang" on the basis of unified weighing system and Qin Heng.

At the beginning of Han Dynasty, Liu Bang began to make coins by himself, and Qian Wen imitated the old name of "Qin Banliang", but the actual weight was only about three baht, allowing people to make coins by themselves. Most of them are small and light, with shallow words, written by Han Banliang. The government and the people co-cast, different times and different places, the variety is complex. Half a penny to lose weight repeatedly, the credit is reduced.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued all the money in the state of war and ordered the casting of three baht instead of half a penny. At the same time, he also issued white deerskin coins (worth 400,000 yuan) in China and three kinds of gold abroad. Three kinds of coins, dragons, horses and turtles, made of silver and tin, are worth 3,000 yuan, 500 yuan and 300 yuan respectively, which is not enough to collect people's wealth. In the fifth year of Emperor founding ceremony of the Han and Yuan Dynasties (A.D. 18), Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty ordered the abolition of the coinage right of counties in the early Han Dynasty, and the central government unified the coinage. Set up "Shanglin three officials", that is, Guan Zhong (in charge of casting money), distinguish copper (in charge of raw materials) and equal loss (in charge of making models), and form a central coin-making institution to be responsible for casting five baht money, also known as Shanglin money and three official money. The high quality of five baht money has changed the phenomenon of currency confusion, which is conducive to centralization and economic development. Therefore, from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to Wude of Tang Gaozu for four years (AD 62 1), it lasted seven or eight hundred years. Five baht has always been the legal tender of all dynasties, and it has been the longest minted currency in China. The number of people left behind is huge and the categories are complex.

The weight of five baht is appropriate, and China's square-hole banknotes with "five baht" as the main form also affect Japan, Annan, North Korea and other countries. Thailand's current monetary unit is still called "Thai baht", which is not unrelated.

Currency in the period of Wang Mang: Since the second year of Wang Mang's independence (AD 7), three monetary reforms have been carried out successively, and a fine currency that attracted worldwide attention has been created.

In the first exchange of coins, three kinds of high-value virtual coins were mainly cast, namely "Daquan50", "Seven Roads" and "Wrong Roads".

The second time, I wasted money to ban five baht and went to Koizumi, that is, "50 books" and "Koizumi is one."

The third reform began in the second year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (A.D. 10), and the valuables system was implemented. Five products (gold, silver, copper, turtle and shellfish), six products (Zhu goods, shellfish goods, cloth goods, turtle treasures, silver goods and gold) * * * 28 products.

"Spring" is a foreign word of "money". After Wang Mang took Liu's surname, he was afraid of the word "Liu". Because the traditional word "six" consists of three characters: Mao, Jin and Dao, the word "spring" is used instead of "gold".

Although the monetary system was chaotic in this period, the quality of coins was unprecedented. Among them, the combination of ancient knife coins and round coins created the world's first two-color metal coin. Therefore, although Wang Mang has a bad reputation, he enjoys the title of the first master of casting money in history. Follwed and Shufa Qian used hanging money to seal, casting money regardless of round money, cloth money, knife money, high-profile, so the text is well protected; The currency that has been handed down has made people fondle it.

The currency of the three countries: the dispute between Wei, Shu and Wu made the monetary system in this period a bit complicated. Wei is five baht; In addition to casting five baht in Shu, there are another 105 baht; Wu has five hundred springs, one thousand springs, two thousand springs and five thousand springs.

There are also "Taiping Hundred Money" and "Dingping Hundred Money". They were cast by Yizhou secretariat and Shu respectively.

Currency in the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties: The Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties were a period of division in China, with frequent wars, turbulent political situation and "bad money laws". In order to save copper, five baht is getting smaller and smaller, which is called "goose eye" and "corn eye". What's more, it is called "repairing five baht". Change one dollar into two, but the denomination is large and useful. The five baht money in this period is collectively called "five baht in six dynasties" in the coin world. The casting was rough, Qian Wen was sloppy and his strokes were incomplete. Some people write "five baht" as "hardware", while others write "five baht" as an anti-text.

At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, after the Eight Kings Rebellion, all ethnic minorities went their separate ways and made their own money.

Pakistani leaders Te Li and Li Liu established the Han Dynasty in Sichuan and created "Hanxing", which was the first currency named after the year number in China history.

Schleswig replaced the Huns to establish the pre-Zhao, became king by himself, and was called the post-Zhao in history, casting "abundant goods".

Before cooling, stretch the track and cast "Cooling to Create a New Spring".

In the 7th year of Yuanjia in Song Wendi (AD 430), four baht were cast, which rarely circulated. Later, it was recast as "filial piety of four baht". This spring, the style of writing is beautiful, and its seal script moves like a dancing sleeve, which is very beautiful. After I voted for Yong Guang, a few months later, I changed it to Jinghe, and then I voted for Jinghe. It is extremely rare for two money to survive in the world.

During Liang Wudi's period, there were two main types of five baht, one was with wheels and the other was without wheels, and the one without wheels was called "female money".

After Emperor Yuan of Liang moved the capital to Jiangling, it was changed to "two pillars and five baht".

In the second year of Taiping, Emperor Liang changed the casting of "four pillars and five baht" and used it for twenty years.

Is Chen Wendi here?