"Seven Heroes in Warring States" refers to the seven powerful vassal states of China in the late Eastern Zhou Dynasty, namely Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin.
(1) The formation of the Seven Heroes resulted in the merger of countries at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. The remaining big countries mainly included Qin in the west, Jin in the north of the Central Plains, Qi and Yan in the east, and Chu, Wu and Yue in the south. In the early Warring States period, all the above-mentioned great powers were preserved except Wu was destroyed by Yue in 473 BC. Qin and Yan are weak, while Jin, Qi, Chu and Yue are relatively strong. Among them, the state of Jin was merged by six departments, and in 453 BC, Zhao, Wei and Han were divided into three parts, which was called "Three Jin". Sanjin was the most powerful in the early Warring States period and often joined forces to attack other countries. In 403 BC, King Wei Lie of Zhou officially appointed Sanjin as a vassal. Since 48 BC1year, Chen (also known as Tian Heng) killed Qi, specializing in the administration of Qi, and formed a situation of "Tian Dynasty Qi". But in the early Warring States period, Qi was temporarily weaker than Sanjin. Although Chu expanded eastward in general, it failed to compete with the northern Sanjin for Zheng. After the death of Wu, the State of Yue was once strong, but after entering the Warring States period, it declined due to long-term civil strife. In 333 BC, it was defeated by Chu.
② Initial stage
In the mid-Warring States period, the pattern of hegemony among Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin gradually took shape. At first, Wei was the strongest among the big countries, but due to Zhao's dissatisfaction with Wei's repression, the Sanjin Alliance collapsed and it was a long time since we met. Later, Qi and Qin, who came from behind, attacked Wei on all sides and gradually declined. Chu appointed Wuqi to reform, and the country was quite strong, dominating Jiangnan. Zhao and Han also conquered the surrounding small countries, and in 367 BC, taking advantage of the civil strife in Zhou Dynasty, they divided Zhou into two small countries, namely, the Western Zhou Dynasty (with its capital looking at the city) and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (with its capital looking at the city), and gradually occupied the surrounding areas. Of all the countries, only the Yan State is still weak, because it is preserved with Zhao as a barrier. Due to the success of domestic political reform, Chyi Chin has become two great powers in the East and the West. Although he was king in 344 BC, he was defeated by Qi twice in the Battle of Guiling (353 BC) and the Battle of Maling (34 BC1year), so he was forced to be king of Xuzhou with him in 334 BC. In 325 BC, King Qin Huiwen also called himself King. Subsequently, Han, Zhao, Yan, Zhongshan and Song also became kings. The major powers have wooed the emerging vassal States one after another, forming the climax of the alliance. The essence of uniting Lian Heng is the struggle between Qin and Qi and Chu. During this period, Qin basically gained the upper hand, subdued Korea and Wei successively, hit Chu hard and destroyed Bashu. Qi did not confront Qin directly, but still maintained the dominance of the East. Zhao also has great strength. King Wuling of Zhao once practiced "riding and shooting" with Khufu to destroy Zhongshan and Alakazam.
③ Period of fierce confrontation
In the late Warring States period, the merger between countries became more intense. Chu violated the treaty and made an alliance with Qin, but under the attack of the backup alliance of Qi, Han, Zhao and Qin, it was devastated. Zhao destroyed Zhongshan. Strong national strength. Although Qi was at war with Han, Wei and Qin, it was difficult to stop Qin from encroaching on Han and Wei. In 288 BC, Chyi Chin was called the Emperor of the East and the West, and Xuandu gave up his title. The following year, Su Qin and Li Dui joined forces with Zhao, Qi, Chu, Wei and Han to attack Qin, ending at the elevation (now Xishui and Xingyang in Henan). Qin returned some of the lost land of Zhao and Wei as a sign of reconciliation. The following year, Qi destroyed the Song Dynasty. Qin hence mastermind attack together. In 284 BC, Yan Zhaowang made Le Yi a general, joined forces with Yan, Qin, Han, Zhao and Wei to attack Qi, invaded the capital of Qi and occupied Qi for five years. In 279 BC, the State of Qi organized a counterattack against Tian Dan to recover lost territory. Although Qi restored the country, it was weakened and unable to compete with Qin. After that, Qin's opponent was mainly Zhao. On the basis of further weakening the State of Chu, the State of Qin actively developed eastward and confronted the State of Zhao. From 262 BC to 260 BC, Qin and Zhao fought fiercely in Changping (now Gaoping, Shanxi), and the generals of Qin defeated Zhao in vain (the battle of Changping). In 259 BC, Jin Qin surrounded Handan, the capital of Zhao State, for three years. In 257 BC, Wei Xinling and Chu Chunshen saved Zhao and defeated Qin, and lifted the siege of Handan. Although Zhao turned the corner, he suffered heavy losses.
(4) Late Warring States Period
In 25 1 BC, Yan was defeated by Zhao, sent troops to attack Zhao, and was defeated by Zhao. However, under the threat of Qin, the six eastern countries formed a temporary alliance. In 247 BC, Wei Xinling joined forces with five soldiers to attack the State of Qin, and defeated the State of Qin outside the river. In 24 1 year BC, Zhao Pangwen joined forces with Zhao, Chu, Wei, Yan and Han to attack Qin and was defeated by Qin. Since then, the six-nation alliance of the East has ceased to exist. Qin used the situation to conquer one by one. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi were destroyed successively, the world was unified, and the situation of seven countries competing for hegemony ended.
The second story;
(1) In 445 BC, Wei was appointed to carry out political reform and social reform earlier, making Wei the first powerful country. In 354 BC, Wei Huiwang sent general Pang Juan to attack Zhao. Wei Jun rampaged like nobody's business, and soon approached Handan, the capital of Zhao. In this critical situation, Zhao Chenghou sent messengers to Qi for help. So he sent Tian Ji as the commander in chief and Sun Bin as the strategist to send troops to save Zhao. Sun Bin said: to untie the tangled silk thread, you can't pull it hard with your hands; Persuade two people to fight, not directly participate in the fight. When sending troops to clear up, we should take the enemy by surprise, attack him unprepared, and adopt the strategy of avoiding the real and making the virtual, which will arouse the enemy's worries. Tian Ji accepted Sun Bin's suggestion and led the troops to kill the capital of Wei. Pang Juan heard that the girder was tight, so he led the troops back to the rescue and hurried on overnight. Sun Bin and Tian Ji ambushed the Qi army in Guiling (now northeast of Heze, Shandong Province), waiting for Wei Jun to come to a decisive battle. Wei Jun was exhausted from the long March. During the first world war, Wei Jun collapsed, Pang Juan was captured alive, and the Qi army won a great victory. This is the "Battle of Guiling", which is famous for its tactics of "encircling Wei to save Zhao".
Soon, Wei and South Korea joined forces to defeat Qi and turned the corner. Wei became the first powerful country in the Central Plains. In 342 BC, Wei attacked South Korea. South Korea turned to Qi for help. Qi sent Tian Ji and Sun Bin to save South Korea. Sun Bin adopted the tactics of sending more troops to reduce the number of stoves and luring the enemy deeper. The Qi army pretended to be defeated and retreated. On the first day, 654.38+100,000 people were left to cook, which was reduced to 50,000 people on the second day and 30,000 people on the third day. Pang Juan thought that the Qi army had escaped badly and pursued it. At this time, Sun Bin set an ambush in Maling, Pang Juan went out to pursue Maling, and Sun Bin gave the order, and the Qi army roared with gongs and drums, and the arrows were fired. Wei Jun was defeated and Pang Juan was killed. This is the famous Battle of Maling.
(3) In 260 BC, General Qin led an army to attack Shangdang County in South Korea, and the chief surrendered to Zhao. Lian Po, a famous general of Zhao Guopai, led the army to defend Changping (Gaoping, Shanxi), built a base area and held his ground. Regardless of the outcome, he was at loggerheads with Qin Jun for three years. Fan Ju, the prime minister of Qin, sent people to Zhao Guoxing to engage in "double-dealing" and spread bad words about Lian Po. Zhao Xin believed it and sent an "armchair strategist" Zhao Kuo instead of Lian Po. Zhao Kuo, who is proud and underestimates his enemy, went to the front line and attacked people. General Bai Qi of the State of Qin adopted the tactics of luring the enemy in depth and outflanking him, forcing Zhao to fight under extremely unfavorable circumstances. In a breakthrough, Zhao Kuo was shot dead by random arrows, and Zhao's 400,000 troops fell to the state of Qin, all of which were buried alive. This is the famous "Battle of Changping" in the history of China.
(4) Go ahead and attack Handan, the capital of Zhao. Zhao asked Wei for help, and Wei sent him to save Zhao. Afraid of Qin Jun, I stopped on the road to watch. In 257 BC, Xin and Wuji, the son of Wei, stole Wang Wei's tiger symbols, falsely passed on military orders, and selected 80,000 elite soldiers to save Zhao. At the same time, Chu reinforcements arrived, defeated Qin Jun together, and lifted the siege of Handan. This is the historical event of "Xin Lingjun stole the symbol to save Zhao".
Two Chu and Han Dynasties competed for hegemony.
After the demise of the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu pretended to respect Chu Huaiwang as the righteous emperor, became the overlord of Chu, enfeoffed eighteen ministers, and named Liu Bang as Hanwang. The battle between Chu and Han, that is, from August of the first year of Han Dynasty (206 BC) to December of the fifth year of Han Dynasty (202 BC), was a large-scale war between Xiang Yu, the overlord of the western Chu Dynasty, and Liu Bang, the Hanwang, for political power, ending with Xiang Yu's defeat and Liu Bang's establishment of the Western Han Dynasty.
Development of the situation
The cause of war
Xiang Yu wiped out more than 400,000 of Qin Jun's main forces in one fell swoop in the Battle of Julu, made the greatest contribution by himself, gained the position of a vassal general, and commanded the vassal's soldiers with great strength. At the same time, the rebel army led by Liu Bang, another road of Chu, was able to take the lead in capturing Xianyang. According to Chu Huaiwang's agreement that "the one who settled in Guanzhong first is king", Liu Bang wanted to be king in Guanzhong. Xiang Yu also led more than 400,000 governors straight to Guanzhong. Xiang Yu, who thought he had made outstanding contributions and was self-reliant, carved up the world by himself, refused to make Liu Bang the king of Guanzhong and changed him to the king of Hanzhong (the county ruled Nanzheng, now Hanzhong, Shaanxi), which eventually led to war.
The first stage of war
(1) also set the battle of Sanqin.
In May of the first year of Han Dynasty (206 BC), Tian Rong, an aristocrat of Qi who was not crowned king by Xiang Yu, was dissatisfied with Xiang Yu's enfeoffment. In the state of Qi (now most of Shandong Province), he rose up against Chu, drove away Wang Qi, the land of COVID-19, killed Wang Tian of Jiaodong, and established himself as the king of Qi. Soon, Peng Yue killed Wang Tianan and Wang Sanqi in northern Hebei. He gave it back to general print to oppose Liang, and at the same time lent it to soldiers to help him defeat King Changshan and return to Han. Welcoming Zhao Xie as the king of Zhao, ordering Xia as the king of Zhao, assisting Zhao, was also rebelled. Xiang Yu then sent his troops to attack together. Liu bang used Xiang Yu to have no time to look west, and Sanqin was unstable. "The decision is made in Dongxiang (Xiang) and the power is in the world; Let Xiao He collect Pakistan and Shu rent to supplement the army. Xiao He strongly recommended that Han Xin be appointed as the general, thinking that he was a pioneer, organized tens of thousands of troops and actively deployed eastward. In August, with Han Xin's plan of "building a plank road and crossing Chencang secretly", the Han army sneaked out of the old road (named after the water accumulated in the old road, which governs the west of Beifeng Prefecture in Fengxian County, Shaanxi Province), and the soldiers went to Chencang (now Baoji, Shaanxi Province), captured Guo Yong and entered the abandoned hill of Zhang Hanjun in Yongdu (now southeast of Xingping, Shaanxi Province). At the same time, we divided our forces and captured Longxi (the county ruled Didao, now south of Lintao, Gansu), Beidi (the county ruled Yiqu, now northwest of Ningxian, Gansu) and Wu Jun (the county ruled Pipi, now Yu He Fort, Yulin, Shaanxi), forced Sima Xin and Zhai Wangdong to surrender, and quickly pacified most areas of Sanqin and Guanzhong and captured them. Subsequently, the Ministry of Life sent Xue Ou out of Wuguan (now southeast of Fengdan, Shaanxi Province) to enter the State of Chu, and was stopped by the Chu army in Yang Xia (now Taikang, Henan Province).
(2) Go out and go to the East.
Xiang Yu learned that Liu Bang had annexed Sanqin and was going to March eastward to Chu, but both Qi and Zhao rebelled and became furious. He made Zheng Chang, the former county magistrate of Wuxian (now Suzhou, Jiangsu), king of Korea to resist the Han army. At this time, Sean wrote a letter, "Hanwang is dereliction of duty, and he wants to get the Guanzhong, so he stops as promised and dares not go east." (Hanwang lost the throne of Guanzhong, wanted Guanzhong, and immediately stopped after realizing Wang Huai's agreement of "setting Guanzhong first" and not daring to crusade against Chu) Correspondence with Qi and Liang "Qi wants to destroy Chu together with Zhao" (Qi intends to unite Zhao to destroy Chu. ) presented to Xiang Yu, Xiang Yu had no intention of looking west when he was attacked on both sides, so he adopted the strategic policy of "Qi first and then Han" and continued to attack Qi, and his main force was contained in Qi. Liu bang once again seized the fighter plane, consolidated Guanzhong and expanded his power. He personally led the army out of Shaanxi County (now west of Sanmenxia City, Henan Province) and marched eastward. Forced to land in Shenyang, Henan, and Xiang Yu newly sealed Hanwang Zheng Chang; Wei Bao, Wang Wei of the Western Wei Dynasty, led the army to join forces with him, then captured Sima Yi, the king of Yin, and quickly occupied the central and southern parts of Henan and the vast areas of Shanxi, forming a favorable situation of eastward advancement.
Second, the northern front.
(1) the battle of Anyi
In August of the second year of the Han Dynasty (205 BC), Wang Wei kept Hedong (County Public Security City, now Yuwangcheng in the northwest of Xiaxian County, Shanxi Province) and turned against the Han Dynasty, threatening the flank of the Han army. Liu Bangxian sent Shili, who failed in lobbying, and ordered Han Xin to lead the army to attack. In September, Han Xin raided Anyi, captured Wei Bao alive and destroyed Wei.
Battle of Jingxing
After the Anyi War, Liu Bang continued to adopt Han Xin's idea of "taking Yanzhao in the north, attacking Qi in the east, leaving Chu with less food in the south and Jingxing King in the west".
Yang (Biography of Han Xin in the Later Han Dynasty) suggested that Han Xin send 30,000 more troops, open up the northern battlefield, wipe out the wings of Chu, and realize the strategic encirclement of Chu. In September of the same year, Han Xinxian broke the country, but seized it. Xia Yue died. In the third year of the Han Dynasty (in the first 205 years, the Qin system was adopted at the beginning of the Han Dynasty, and in the beginning of October), Han Xin and Zhang Er led the Han army across the Taihang Mountains and fought with Zhao, the wing of the State of Chu, at the mouth of Jingxing (now southeast of Jingxing, Hebei). Han Xin did the opposite, defeated 200,000 Zhao troops, killed Cheng, the head coach of Zhao army, and captured Zhao Wangxie alive. Later, it was suggested that Li Zuoche, the general of the State of Zhao, take advantage of the situation to make a forced landing for the Prince Zang and pacify the State of Yan.
③ Battle of Weishui
In the fourth year of the Han Dynasty (in the first 204 years, the Qin system was adopted in the early Han Dynasty, and October was the beginning of the year), in November, Han Xin defeated the Chu-Qi allied forces in Weishui (now Weihe River in Shandong Province) and pacified Qi. At this point, Han Xin has moved more than 2,000 miles eastward, forming a strategic encirclement of the Chu army from the east and north directions, directly threatening the Chu rear area.
Three battlefields behind enemy lines
In April of the second year of the Han Dynasty (205 BC), after Pengcheng was defeated, the Han army retreated westward. Peng Yue lost all the cities he occupied and led his troops to the north to station alone along the Yellow River. In the third year of the Han Dynasty (204 BC), Peng Yue frequently sent troops to win over Hanwang, attacked the Chu army and cut off their support in Emperor Liang. In the winter of the fourth year of Han Dynasty (the first 203 years), Chu and Han armies were at loggerheads in Xingyang, and Peng Yue captured seventeen cities, including Suiyang and Waihuang. Xiang Yu, after knowing this, sent Cao Qian to Gaoping, personally recovered the cities occupied by Peng Yue in the east, and returned them all to the State of Chu. Peng Yue then led his army north to Gucheng. In the autumn of the fifth year of the Han Dynasty (the first 202 years), Chu Junnan retreated to xia yang, and Peng Yue conquered more than 20 cities, including Changyi, and seized more than 100,000 welcome grains as rations for Hanwang.
Four southern fronts
In April of the second year of the Han Dynasty (205 BC), after the defeat of the Han army in Pengcheng, Liu Bang lobbied King Jiujiang to get rid of the passive situation and strive for the policy of "contacting Ying Bu and reusing Han Xin" to disperse and contain the Chu army and reduce the pressure on Liu Bang's frontal battlefield. After Ying Bu defected from Chu to Han, he sent his troops to attack Chu, and Xiang Yu sent and Long Qie to attack Jiujiang Army. The war lasted for several months, and Long Qie defeated Ying Bu's army in the battle of Jiujiang. Ying Bu escaped to Han from a hidden path.
Five main aspects
① Battle of Pengcheng
In April of the second year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (205 BC), Liu Bang took advantage of the stalemate between the two armies of Chu and Qi to accept Dong Gong's "unknown soldier, unexpected failure" and "knowing a thief can serve the enemy" ("History as a Mirror, Volume 9, Year 2"), taking Xiang Yu's killing of Yidi as an excuse and taking revenge for Yidi as a political call, making it a political call. Today, Xiang Yu released the righteous emperor in Jiangnan, and there is no way to violate it. I personally lost, and all the princes lost. Knowing that there are soldiers in the pass, I am willing to kill the righteous emperor from the princes of Chu (Biography of Emperor Gaozu in Historical Records) (all the princes in the world hold the righteous emperor and regard him as a courtier. Now Xiang Yu killed Yidi in Jiangnan, which is a big mistake. I personally mourned for the righteous emperor, and all the princes wore filial piety. I recruited all the troops of Hanguguan, hoping to follow the vassals to attack the righteous emperor of Chu, contact the vassals all over the country, lead the headquarters and the five-nation Coalition forces of Sai, Zhai, Wei, Zhao and Dai, and attack Chu with 560,000 troops to capture Pengcheng, the capital of Chu. This is the famous "Emperor Gaozu's mourning for the righteous emperor" in history. After Xiang Yu was informed, the General Staff will continue to attack together and lead 30,000 elite soldiers to gallop south. At that time, Liu Bang and other governors had already entered Pengcheng, collected their treasures and beautiful women, and held a banquet. Xiang Yu was intoxicated by Liu Bang's victory. When his guard was lax, he led his troops around Pengchengxi. In the early morning, he launched a surprise attack. At noon, the Han army was defeated and the Han army fled in the direction of Surabaya. In hot pursuit, the Chu army killed more than 100,000 Han troops and chased them to the east of Lingbi (now Lingbi County, Anhui Province). The Han army was crowded and trampled on each other. With the pursuit of Chu army, the number of Han army is ten. In this campaign, hundreds of thousands of Han troops were wiped out, and Liu Bang was almost captured. Only led dozens of riders to break through and fled back to Xingyang (now Guxing Town, northeast of Xingyang, Henan). After this war, the Han army was greatly weakened.
② Battle of Beijing-Suo
After the Battle of Pengcheng, Liu Bang's power plummeted. Not only his father Liu Taigong, but also his mother Liu Wei and his wife Lv Zhi were captured and taken hostage by the Chu army. What's more, the vassals rejoined the State of Chu, and Sima Xin, the King of Sai, and Dong Kun, the King of Zhai, also joined the State of Chu as generals. Even Qi and Xiang Yu, who had always been enemies of the State of Chu, joined in. Soon, Liu Bang arrived in Xiayi (now Xiayi County, Henan Province), where Lv Zhi's brother was stationed and retreated again. After arriving in Yu (now Yucheng County, Henan Province), Liu Bangpa sent someone to lobby King Jiujiang, and Ying Bu changed from Chu to Han. Xiang Yu sent Long Qie to attack Ying Bu. In June of the second year of the Han Dynasty (205 BC), Liu Ying (namely Emperor Hui of the Han Dynasty) was appointed as the Prince, and was stationed in Oak Yang at the behest of Liu Bang. Soon, the Han army attacked the waste hills with water, and Zhang Han, the king of Yong, committed suicide. At the same time, Ying Bu and Long Qi couldn't win the battle and went to see Liu Bang. Liu Bang took his foot soldiers to meet the reinforcements sent by Xiao He in Guanzhong, and Han Xin came to meet him. Defeat the Chu army between Jingxian (now near Luoyang, Henan Province) and Suoting (now near Xingyang, Henan Province) and repel the Chu army to the east of Xingyang.
(2) the battle of elevation.
After Liu Bang's defeat in the Battle of Pengcheng, the vassals returned to Chu. In order to get rid of the passive situation, Liu Bang fought for Sean's policy of "contacting Ying Bu and reusing Han Xin and Peng Yue" and uniting the anti-Chu forces in all aspects. Militarily, they took advantage of the favorable terrain of Xingyang and Gaoping (now Sishui Town, northwest of Xingyang, Henan Province) to divide their troops and guard against risks in order to gain time and develop their own strength for another battle. In May of the same year, Liu Bang was supplemented by Xiao He Guanzhong troops in Xingyang, and Han Xin also led reinforcements to arrive, so he defeated the Chu army in Xingyang East and deterred the Chu army's westward offensive. Chu and Han fought in Xingyang for a long time, and the overall situation was relatively stable. In June, Liu Bang returned to Guanzhong, diverted water and broke through the abandoned hill of Yongdu, forcing Wang Zhanghan of Yongdu to commit suicide, cutting off a hidden danger in the rear and occupying Guanzhong. At the same time, Ying Bu and Long Qie can't win the battle, and we can't go to see Liu Bang. Liu Bang assembled his foot soldiers in Guanzhong to meet the reinforcements sent by Xiao He, and Han Xin came to meet him. Defeat the Chu army between Jingxian (now near Luoyang, Henan Province) and Suoting (now near Xingyang, Henan Province) and repel the Chu army to the east of Xingyang. Subsequently, measures were taken to establish a stable rear base, such as establishing a prince, pardoning criminals, making legislative orders, setting up counties and cities, and strengthening border defense. In August, he returned to Xingyang front. In September, Han Xin's suggestion was adopted to send 30,000 more troops to Han Xin to open up the northern battlefield. At the beginning of the third Han Dynasty (204 BC), the Chu army attacked the front line of the Han army, cut off the grain transport tunnel of the Han army several times, and captured Xingyang and Gaoping. Liu bang was defeated and fled Guanzhong. In order to mobilize Xiang Yu, disperse his troops, and get rid of the situation of clinging to the city and being passively beaten, Liu Bang followed the advice of his advisers and led his troops out of Wuguan in May to attack Wan (now Nanyang City, Henan Province) and Ye (now southwest of Ye County, Henan Province). Xiang Yu was eager to find the main force of the Han army, so he led the army from Xingyang and Gaoping to Wan and Cao Zhen. The Han army persisted in not fighting. At this time, Xiapi (now Gupi Town, Suining, Jiangsu Province), an important town after Chu, was captured, forcing Xiang Yu to return to Li for rescue. The Han army took the opportunity to quickly go north and recover the elevation. In June, Xiang Yu returned to the army and launched a second attack on the Han army, occupying Xingyang and Gaoping again and moving westward. The Han army was defeated by Gong County (now southwest of Gong County, Henan Province), and the Chu army was blocked by deep ditches and high bases. In order to reduce the positive pressure, Liu Bangpa Liu Jia and Lu Wan brought twenty thousand troops to reinforce Peng Yue. They attacked the city and plundered the land behind Chu, cut off Chu's route for providing foodstuff, forced Xiang Yu to return to Peng Yue for the second time, and the Han army regained its elevation again.
③ Light-military confrontation
After the Han army regained its elevation again, according to the dangerous situation, the two sides formed a long-term confrontation in Guangwu Mountain (now northeast of Xingyang, Henan Province) and remained deadlocked. At this time, Peng Yue abandoned the land and deprived Chu of food, and Xiang Yu also suffered greatly. So he put Liu Bang's father Taigong on the tripod and said to Liu Bang, "Don't worry now, I'll cook Taigong." (If I don't surrender quickly today, I'll cook your father), but Liu Bang replied, "You and I are both ordered to be brothers in the north, saying,' If I were Weng, I would cook, so I'm lucky to get a piece of it. You and I are courtiers in Chu Huaiwang, and we are sworn brothers, so my father is your father. If you must cook our father, please give me a cake. ) Xiang Yu saw no help and had to give up. On another occasion, Xiang Yu said to Liu Bang: "People of several years old in Hungary are willing to challenge Hanwang and fight with us without suffering the people and their descendants. "(the world has been in dispute and turmoil for several years because of the two of us, and we are willing to challenge you alone and fight it out. Why bother the father and son of the people all over the world? ), but Liu Bang laughed and refused to say: "I would rather fight for wisdom than strength. "("Historical Records of Xiang Yu ").
④ Gap negotiation and peace
In November of the third year of the Han Dynasty (205 BC), when Liu Bang attacked Chu, he sent a counselor to lobby the King of Jiujiang to turn from Chu to Han. According to Ying Bu, there are two counties, Jiujiang (Shouchun, now Shouxian, Anhui) and Lujiang (Shu Xian, now southwest of Lujiang, Anhui), and five farewell my concubine.
Have considerable strength. When Ying Bu returned to Han, Xiang Yu's flank was in critical condition, and Long Qie was sent to attack Jiujiang Army. Liu bang achieved the goal of containing and dispersing the Chu army to the south. Xiang Yu led his army to Peng Yue for the second time and arrived in Suiyang (now southwest of Shangqiu, Henan). Wen Hanjun regained the elevation again and quickly led the troops back to the rescue. The Han army clung to the danger, and the two sides confronted each other in Guangwu Mountain (now northeast of Xingyang, Henan Province). At that time, Han Xin threatened the capital of Chu army in the north. Peng Yue swam in the hinterland, so he had to split his troops and go south to Jiujiang, so that his troops were scattered, he was caught between Scylla and Charybdis, and he was short of food and grass, so he could not fight. According to the battle between Xingyang and Elevation, Liu Bang insisted on not fighting. In August of the fourth year of the Han Dynasty (203 BC), the Chu army ran out of food and Xiang Yu was forced to make peace. Liu Bang also failed to deploy reinforcements from Han Xin, so the two sides concluded a peace treaty to "divide the world" (Historical Records Xiang Yu), divide the gorge (the ancient canal, located in the east of Xingyang, Henan), and return it to Chu in the east and Han in the west. After two years and five months of stalemate between Xingyang and Gaoping, the two armies of Chu and Han stopped fighting.
① Battle of Guling
In September of the fourth year of the Han Dynasty (203 BC), Xiang Yu retreated to the East, and Liu Bang wanted to go to the West. Sean and Chen Ping thought that "the world in the Han Dynasty was too (big) and a half, and all the governors attached it. Chu soldiers stop eating (exhausted), and this day will also be the death of Chu. It is suggested that "it is better to take it because of its opportunity" ("Historical Records of Xiang Yu"). Liu Bang broke his word and suddenly launched a strategic pursuit of the Chu army, rallying the Qi kings Han Xin, Peng Yue and Wei Xiang to encircle the Chu army in the south. In October of the fifth year of the Han Dynasty (202), Liu Bang pursued the Chu army to Guling (now Taikang South, Henan Province). Because Han Xin, the king of Qi, and after the completion of the project, stayed put and did not meet as scheduled, the Chu army was defeated and forced to hold its ground.
(2) the battle under cover
After Liu Bang retreated to Guling, he adopted Sean's suggestion and promised Han Xin, the king of Qi, and Peng Yue, Wang Wei, respectively, "Strike Chu, break Chu, and live in Fuhai and Dongchen; Suiyang north to Gucheng and Peng, Xu ceded land to seal the king. In December of the fifth year of the Han Dynasty (203 BC), 400,000 troops from Han Xin, Peng Yue, Ying Bu and Liu Jia were mobilized. With Han Xin as the supreme commander, 600,000 troops of 200,000 people in the headquarters surrounded 65,438+Wan Chujun in Gaixia (now Lingbi, Anhui, Huaiyang and Lu Yi, Henan). The soldiers of the Chu army eat less and drink less, and they are invincible in many cases. At night, they were attacked on all sides and their morale collapsed. Xiang Yu was frightened and said, "Has Han gained Chu? He Chu has so many people! " So, at night, I began to lament generously and said, "I am eager to pull up mountains and make the world angry, but when it is unfavorable, I will never die." What can I do without dying? "(see Song of the Queen)," The number of songs is the sum of beauty (concubines) "(see Farewell My Concubine). Xiang Wang wept several times, and all around him wept, afraid to look up "(Historical Records of Xiang Yu's Biography).
Liu Wujiang committed suicide.
So Xiang Yu ignored 65438+100000 Chu army and led more than 800 cavalry to break south overnight. It was only after dawn that Liu Bang realized that he had sent Guan Ying to lead thousands of cavalry in pursuit. After crossing the Huaihe River, there were only a hundred riders left in the Chu army. When it fled to Yanling (now northwest of Dingyuan County, Anhui Province), it got lost and asked Tianfu for directions. Tianfu derailed and left. As a result, he was trapped in the swamp, which caused the Han army to fail to catch up. When we arrived in Dongcheng (now Dingyuan County, Anhui Province), there were only 28 riders left. Xiang Yu couldn't get away, but he still said, "It's not a crime to kill me." . Flee to Wujiang River (now the Yangtze River,
Wujiang town, located in the northeast of Anhui county, director Wujiang urged Xiang Yu to cross the river in order to make a comeback, but Xiang Yu said, "God damn it, what can I do?" Besides, 8,000 people crossed the river to the west with Jiangdong's children, and none of them came back today. How can I see them? If you don't say anything, is a person worth it? "God will destroy me, so why should I cross the river? Apart from Ji Xiang, he led 8,000 soldiers from the east of the Yangtze River and set out to cross the river for the Western Expedition. Today, no one came back. Even if my brothers in Jiangdong sympathize with me and make me king, how can I have the face to see them? Even if they say nothing, don't I feel guilty? ) ("Historical Records of Xiang Yu"), consciously ashamed to meet his elders in Jiangdong, refused to cross the river, killed hundreds of Han troops and committed suicide.
The result of seven wars
In the next World War I, Liu Bang wiped out the Chu army and won the final victory. After the downfall of Xiang Yu, Chu gradually calmed down, and finally the original fief of Xiang Yu could not be conquered by Lu. The Han army, headed by Xiang Yu, showed Lu, Lu surrendered and Chu was completely pacified. At the end of the Chu-Han War, Wang Wu Rui of Hengshan and Wang Yingbu of Jiujiang, who belonged to the Chu camp, successively took refuge in Hanwang Liu Bang, but King Linjiang still refused to accept it. In December of the fifth year of the Han Dynasty (203 BC), the Han army attacked Jiangling (now Jingzhou, Hubei Province), the capital of Linjiang, and captured the Linjiang Wang Gongwei established by Xiang Yu. On February 28th, 202 BC, Liu Bang officially proclaimed himself emperor in Dingtao and established the Western Han Dynasty. In BC 196, Zhao Tuo, king of South Vietnam, ascended the throne. At this point, the world is unified.