Italian scholars began to translate and introduce Greek and Arabic mathematical documents as early as 12 ~ 13 century. In Europe, Fibonacci (F Ren bonacc 1 170 ~ 1250) was the first influential mathematician after the dark ages. He also compiled his Latin representative works "Classical Calculations" and "Geometry Exercises" based on Arabic and Greek materials.

The establishment of calculus, together with the invention of analytic geometry, marked the rise of modern mathematics in Europe after the Renaissance. The ideological roots of calculus (especially integral calculus) can be traced back to the works of ancient Greeks, China and Indians. Before Newton and Leibniz finally formulated calculus, it was brewing for nearly a century. The pioneers who made direct contributions to calculus in this brewing period are Kepler, cavalieri, Fermat, Descartes, U, Wallis and Barrow (1. Barrow, 1630 ~ 1677) and many other mathematicians.