Lipper

Li Bai (70 1-762), the word Taibai, was a romantic poet in the Tang Dynasty and was praised as a "poetic immortal" by later generations. My ancestral home is Ji Cheng in Longxi (to be tested), and I was born in Broken Leaf City in the Western Regions. At the age of 4, he moved to Mianzhou City, Jiannan Province with his father. Li Bai has more than 1000 poems, among which Li Taibai Ji has been handed down from generation to generation. He died in 762 at the age of 6 1. Its tomb is in Dangtu, Anhui, and there are memorial halls in Jiangyou, Sichuan and Anlu, Hubei.

Major achievements

1. Poetry

summary

Li Bai has the highest achievements in Yuefu, Gexing and Jueju. His songs completely broke all the inherent forms of poetry creation, with no one to rely on and many strokes, reaching the magical realm of vagaries and swaying. Li Bai's quatrains are natural and lively, elegant and chic, and can express endless feelings in concise and lively language. Among the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Wang Wei and Meng Haoran were good at the Five Wonders, while Wang Changling and others wrote the Seven Wonders well. Li Bai is the only one who is good at both the Five Odds and the Seven Odds.

Li Bai's poems are magnificent and elegant, and his artistic achievements are extremely high. He eulogized the mountains, rivers and beautiful natural scenery of the motherland, with bold and unrestrained style, elegant and fresh, full of romantic spirit, and achieved the perfect unity of content and art, so he was called the "fallen fairy". His poems mainly described the mountains and rivers and expressed his inner feelings. Li Bai's poems have the artistic charm of "the pen is shaken by the wind and rain, and the poem makes the gods cry", which is also the most distinctive artistic feature in his poems. Li Bai's poems are full of self-expression and subjective lyricism, and the expression of feelings is overwhelming. He and Du Fu are called "Big Du Li" (Li Shangyin and Du Mu are called "Little Du Li").

In Li Bai's poems, imagination, exaggeration, metaphor and personification are often used comprehensively to produce magical brilliance and magnificent artistic conception, which is the reason why Li Bai's romantic poems give people heroic, unrestrained, elegant and immortal.

Li Bai's poems and songs had a far-reaching influence on later generations. Han Yu, Meng Jiao and Li He in the middle Tang Dynasty, Su Shi, Lu You and Xin Qiji in the Song Dynasty, Gao Qi, Yang Shen and Gong Zizhen in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were all greatly influenced by Li Bai's poems.

2. Style

Bold and unrestrained, fresh and elegant, rich in imagination, wonderful in artistic conception, wonderful in language, romantic and clear in artistic conception.

Li Bai lived in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He has a heroic personality and loves the mountains and rivers of the motherland. He traveled all over the country and wrote many magnificent poems praising famous mountains and rivers. His poems are bold, fresh and elegant, with rich imagination, wonderful artistic conception and light language. People call him "Poet Fairy". Li Bai's poems and songs not only have typical romantic spirit, but also have typical romantic artistic characteristics from the aspects of image shaping, material intake, genre selection and the application of various artistic techniques.

Li Bai successfully shaped himself in his poems, expressed himself strongly, and highlighted the unique personality of the lyric hero, so his poems have distinct romantic characteristics. He likes to express himself in a magnificent image, expressing his feelings in his poems without disguise or restraint. For power, he "holds a chrysanthemum and stirs two thousand stones" (one of the two songs "Send Cui Shiyu after Drunk"); Seeing the hard work of the working people, he was "heartbroken like rain". When the country was destroyed and the people perished, he vowed to cross the river to clear the Central Plains. Draw a sword and hit the front column, and the sad song is hard to recover "("South Ben Shu Huai "), so impassioned; When drinking heartily with friends, "two people fall in love, one cup after another." I'm drunk and want to sleep. The Ming Dynasty intends to hold the piano ("Mountain Lovers"), which is so naive and straightforward. In a word, his poems vividly show his bold character and bold image.

Boldness is the main feature of Li Bai's poems. In addition to the factors of ideological character and talent, the artistic expression and genre structure used in Li Bai's poems are also important reasons for his bold and elegant style. Being good at relying on imagination and being subjective and objective are the important characteristics of romantic artistic techniques in Li Bai's poems. Almost every article has imagination, and some even use a variety of imagination throughout. Realistic things, natural landscapes, myths and legends, historical allusions and dreamland have all become the media of his imagination. With the help of imagination, we often transcend time and space, interweave reality with dreams and fairyland, and interweave nature with human society to reproduce objective reality. The images in his works are not the direct reflection of objective reality, but the externalization of his inner subjective world, which is the truth of art.

One of the artistic techniques of romanticism in Li Bai's poems is to skillfully combine personification with metaphor, empathize with things and compare things with people.

Another romantic artistic technique in Li Bai's poems is to grasp a certain feature of things and boldly imagine and exaggerate on the basis of real life. His exaggeration is not only strange in imagination, but also always combined with concrete things, so natural and unobtrusive; So bold, true and credible, it has played a role in highlighting the image and strengthening feelings. Sometimes he combines bold exaggeration with sharp contrast to enhance the artistic effect by increasing artistic contrast.

Li Bai's best genre is seven-character poems and quatrains. Li Bai's seven-character song also adopts the structure of opening, closing, jumping and swinging. The beginning of a poem is often abrupt, such as a sudden surge, while the middle image of the poem is abrupt, often omitting the transitional care, as if there is no trace to follow, and the end of the poem comes to an abrupt end at the emotional climax.

Li Bai's quatrains of five or seven words can better represent the fresh and lively style of his poems. For example, the beauty of "Come to Baidicheng early", "Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou" and "Thinking of a Quiet Night" lies in "only looking at the prospect and spoken language, but there are overtones and foreign flavors that keep people away." (On Talking about Poetry).

3. Language

The language of Li Bai's poetry, some fresh as spoken language, some bold, informal and close to prose, is unified in the natural beauty of "clear water produces hibiscus, natural carving" This is related to his conscious pursuit of natural beauty. He inherited Chen Ziang's literary thought and took it as his duty to restore the tradition of poetry and Sao. He once said, "Since Liang Chen, Yan Bo has been extremely thin, and Shen Xiuwen still pays attention to temperament and must go back to the ancients, not me but who?" (Bai Meng's "Gao Yi") He advocates "halal" and satirizes the ugly girl who is "naive" and learns from Handan. The natural beauty of his poetic language is the result of his careful study of folk songs and his understanding of popular characteristics, which is clear as words, popular and vivid.

4. Representative works

Into the Wine, Difficult Road to Shu, Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream, Thinking of Quiet Night, Looking at Lushan Waterfall, Chivalry, Spring Thoughts, Qiu Ge, etc.

5. Cifu

There is no unanimous conclusion as to whether Li Bai created ci, but there are about 20 works handed down as Li Bai's ci today, whether true or false, such as Bodhisattva Man and Qin Yi E.

As far as its pioneering significance and artistic achievements are concerned, "Li Bai's Ci" enjoys a high position in the history of Ci. This position is just like the position of ancient Greek mythology in western art. As an unattainable norm, Li Bai's ci has become an eternal idol in people's hearts. Li Bai has made great contributions to the formation of the text mode and the creation mode of ci.

In fact, from the collection of flowers in the late Tang and Five Dynasties, Li Bai will never be forgotten in all the anthologies and collections of Tang and Song Ci, and at least one sentence should be mentioned in the preface and postscript. As the first great poet in the history of literature, although the copyright of only a few poems is often questioned, no one has ever expressed any dissatisfaction or criticism to him. If the world's first poet is selected, Li Bai will undoubtedly be elected as the "King of Ci" by unanimous vote.

6. Calligraphy

Shangjietie is a cursive script with four words and four lines written by Li Bai, and it is also the only authentic calligraphy handed down from generation to generation. Paper, 28.5 cm long and 38. 1 cm wide. The cursive script has 5 lines and 25 words. The secretary uses the word "Taibai". Quoting the title of "Qinglian Han Yi" in the regular script of Emperor Li Hong, Emperor Gaozong of Qing Dynasty, the title of "Tang Li Taibai Shangjie" is engraved on the upper right of the text, and the title is Song Huizong Evonne Bojinshu. , Yan,, Du Ben, Ouyang Xuan,,, Qi Lu, Qing Ganlong and others wrote and watched. There are Zi Gu and Dong Zhai of Zhao in Song Dynasty, Chou He's book of Jia Sidao, Zhang Qian's private seal in Yuan Dynasty and Ouyang Xuan's seal in Ming Dynasty, as well as Xiang, He Qing Biao, An Qi, Qing Neifu and modern collection seal.

7. fence

Li Bai is not only brilliant in literary talent, but also brilliant in fencing. He is "fifteen good swordsmanship" and "swordsmanship self-study". Extraordinary achievements. Li Bai's poems, Pei Minzhi's swordsmanship and Zhang Xu's cursive script are collectively called the three wonders of the Tang Dynasty. Although Li Bai's swordsmanship was not included in the "Three Musts", his swordsmanship was second only to that of Pei Min, ranking second in the Tang Dynasty.

According to statistics, the word * * * appeared 107 times in Li Bai's Poems of the Whole Tang Dynasty, except for "Jiange" which appeared three times as a place name, "Sword Wall" which appeared 1 time, and "Sword" which appeared as a weapon 103 times. Sword with 1 time, Wu Gou with 1 time, Wu Hong with 1 time, Zhan Lu with 1 time, and Mo Xie with 1 time. In total, the word * * * appeared 1 18 times (including Frost and Snow in Wu Gou, Sword in Idle Zhanlu, Sword Flower Hà Thu Unpacking, My Wife's Evil Sword and My Family's Green Ping Sword/times respectively), with a distribution of 65,438 times.

8. Daojing

Since childhood, Li Bai often went to Daitian to talk to Taoist priests about Taoism. Later, he lived in seclusion with a hermit named Dong Yanzi in Minshan and studied hard. They keep many exotic birds and work as animal keepers in the mountains where they live. These beautiful and docile birds are used to breeding and fly to feed regularly, as if they can understand human language. As soon as they heard the cry, they flew down the steps from all directions and even pecked at the grain in people's hands without fear. This incident was passed down as an anecdote, and finally Mianzhou secretariat personally went up the mountain to watch birds eat. Seeing that they could direct the movement of birds, the secretariat decided that they had Taoism, so he wanted to recommend them to take the Taoist exam. However, both of them politely refused. Zhao Kun, a famous strategist at that time, was also Li Bai's teacher. He wrote ten volumes of long and short classics in the fourth year of Kaiyuan (7 16). Li Bai was only fifteen years old. Zhao Kun's strategic works, which studied the similarities and differences of the Six Classics, analyzed the situation in the world, emphasized the way of rise and fall, and managed chaos, aroused Li Bai's great interest. He is bent on making contributions in the future and likes to talk about the way of Wang Ba, which is also influenced by this book.

9. Thoughts

In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the national strength was strong, and most scholars were eager to make contributions. Li Bai prides himself on being an unrivaled talent, boasting of the achievement of "strengthening his wisdom, assisting his wishes, making the Atlantic region big and the sea and county clear", and unswervingly pursuing the ideal of "laughing for profit" and "finally enjoying the country" all his life. He compared himself with Dapeng, Tianma and Xiong Jian: "Dapeng rises with the wind one day and soars in Wan Li. If the wind stops, it can still lift away the raging water. " ("Li Shangyong"). He hopes to be a wise monarch like Jiang Shang and restore the Han Dynasty like Zhuge Liang. Yin's "Reading Zhuge Wuhou Biography", Dong's "Wandering Songs" and "Difficult to Go" (Part II) all reflect his thoughts.

Li Bai felt that relying on his own talents, he could "go out and make friends with the prince in peace, and flee to overlook the bird's nest" (Preface to Send Swallow Garden to Hide the Fairy City Mountain). He cast a strong contempt for those powerful people who enjoy high positions and high salaries by virtue of their family background, showing a proud and unyielding character. He despised the feudal hierarchy, was unwilling to flatter, and disdained to rise and fall with customs. The darkness of reality disillusioned his ideal, and he was suffocated by the shackles of feudal ethical hierarchy. He longed for the freedom and liberation of his personality, so he adopted a wild and uninhibited attitude towards life to get rid of the shackles and strive for freedom. Its manifestation is binge drinking and singing, seeking immortality and learning Taoism. But wine can't relieve worries, and the immortal is more ethereal, so he praised the beautiful nature as the ideal sustenance and the embodiment of freedom "according to the unchangeable habit of my life" (Lushan Ballad). Mount Emei, Huashan, Lushan, Taishan, Huangshan, etc. It is majestic in his works, full of clouds and streams; The rushing Yellow River and the surging Yangtze River swept away everything in the works, showing the poet's unruly character and strong desire to break through the fetters.

This is Li Bai's angry struggle against society and an important embodiment of his rebellious spirit. He opposed Xuanzong's exultation, his belligerence and his exposure that he was not one of his own, which led to the sacrifice of the people's soldiers in vain. Because of Xuanzong's arrogance, the eunuch's power was very hot ... Through the analysis of the political platform and the field observation in Youyan, Li Bai was sensitive to poets, and he and Du Fu were the first poets to reveal the disaster at that time. When the "An Shi Rebellion" broke out, his patriotic enthusiasm was sublimated and he got rid of the contradiction of using Tibetan resources. His rebellious character and spirit have profound patriotic connotation, social significance and characteristics of the times. The third, fifteenth, twenty-fourth and thirty-ninth editions of Antique have profoundly exposed and strongly criticized the social reality.

Li Bai has both lofty and secular side. His ideal and freedom can only be found in the mountains, in the fairyland and in his hometown where he is drunk and dreaming. Therefore, in his poems such as Into the Wine, Songs on the River and Songs of Xiangyang, his dreamlike thoughts of living, eating, drinking and escaping from reality are revealed, which is also representative among upright and upright literati in feudal society.