The historical evolution of the Song Dynasty can be divided into two stages: the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. The Northern Song Dynasty (960-1 127) was a relatively stable and prosperous period in the history of China. During the Northern Song Dynasty, remarkable progress was made in politics, economy and culture. Zhao Kuangyin, the founding emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty, carried out a series of reform measures, strengthened centralization, promoted the imperial examination system and advocated cultural education, which promoted social development and stability. There were many outstanding cultural figures in the Northern Song Dynasty, such as Su Dongpo and Wang Anshi, whose literary works had a far-reaching impact on later generations.
However, the rule of the Northern Song Dynasty was not smooth sailing. Politically, there are many internal and external factors in the Northern Song Dynasty, such as the Liao-Jin War and party struggle, which led to the turmoil and decline of the Northern Song Dynasty regime. 1 127, the Jin Dynasty invaded the north, forcing the regime of the Northern Song Dynasty to retreat to the south, and the Southern Song Dynasty officially began.
The Southern Song Dynasty (1 127-1279) was a relatively weak period, but it was also a period of cultural prosperity. The Southern Song regime made some achievements in economy and culture. During the Southern Song Dynasty, commerce and handicrafts developed rapidly, the degree of urbanization improved, and science and technology and agriculture also made progress. The Southern Song regime implemented the foreign policy of "harmony is the most important" and maintained a relatively peaceful situation.
However, the Southern Song regime also faced threats from outside. The Jin Dynasty continued to invade the Southern Song Dynasty and finally perished in 1279. This marks the end of the Song Dynasty.
The Song Dynasty contributed a lot to the history of China. First of all, the Song Dynasty carried out a series of political reform measures, strengthened centralization and promoted the imperial examination system, which had a far-reaching impact on the development of China's political system. Secondly, the economic and cultural prosperity of the Song Dynasty provided an important reference for later generations. The development of commerce and handicrafts in Song Dynasty laid the foundation of China's economy, and the outstanding achievements of cultural figures also had a far-reaching impact on China's culture. Finally, the Song Dynasty actively pursued the policy of peace in diplomacy and maintained a certain degree of domestic stability and foreign peace.
In a word, the Song Dynasty is an important dynasty in the history of China, and its historical evolution and contribution to the history of China can not be ignored. The development and achievements of politics, economy and culture in Song Dynasty provided important reference and enlightenment for later generations.