First, the origin and introduction background of sweet potato.
Sweet potato (POMOEA BATATAS), also known as sweet potato, sweet potato, sweet potato, sweet potato and so on. It belongs to the genus Ipomoea of Convolvulaceae. As a perennial herb, there is only one cultivated species, which is suitable for growing in places with warm climate, abundant sunshine and soft and dry soil. Its origin is in tropical America, and cytogenetic analysis shows that it is wild. When the ancient American Indians dug underground roots, they first discovered the tuberous roots of wild sweet potatoes, and then replanted them through the roots and domesticated them into cultivated crops. In ancient tombs in Peru, the root tuber of sweet potato cultivated artificially 8,000 years ago was found, which shows that sweet potato has been cultivated in America for 8,000 to 10000 years. 1492 After Columbus discovered the New World. Brought sweet potatoes to Spain from Cuba and Dominica; In this way, sweet potato went from America to the whole world. After European navigators arrived in the Philippines in the16th century, sweet potato came to Asia. From Manila to Acapulco, Mexico, a "galleon trade" has been established between the east and west coasts of the Pacific Ocean.
152 1 After Magellan sailed around the world to the Philippines in, Spanish colonists began to establish the Philippine-Mexican route, and relied on this route for galleon trade. From 1565 when the San Barbro set out from Cebu to 18 15 when Magellan returned from Acapulco, the galleon trade lasted for 250 years, and the voyage was rare in history: due to the lack of spices and gold in the Philippines, the local products could not meet the requirements of the colonists. For the needs of colonial rule, Spain, based on the galleon the galleon trade, Silk, porcelain, handicrafts, etc. It was shipped to Manila by American businessmen from the southeast coast of China, and then shipped to Acapulco on the west coast of North China by Spanish businessmen in galleons. On my way home, I returned to Manila with American silver money, and Spanish businessmen went to buy goods shipped by China businessmen. In this way, Manila has become a transit point for China-Mexico trade. The products of China and Mexico have been fully exchanged here, which has set off an unprecedented climax of Asian-American cultural exchange. It is called the Pacific Silk Road. It is in this historical background that American sweet potato was brought to the Philippine Islands by sailors of sailing trade, and was widely planted under local climatic conditions, and then gradually spread to southeast areas such as Maluku Islands and Jiaotoe Islands, and spread to Japan and nearby islands at the beginning of17th century.
Second, the introduction and spread of sweet potato
Sweet potato was introduced to China at the end of16th century, shortly after it came to Southeast Asia. So far, the academic circles have different views on the ways of communication, and there are four clear views: Fujian communication theory, Guangdong communication theory, Zhoushan communication theory and Yunnan introduction theory.
(A) Fujian introduced the theory
This statement refers to the spread from Luzon Island in the Philippines to Fujian. This statement is well-documented and recorded in many local chronicles and celebrity notes. Qiao Yuan's prose collection "Ode to Sweet Potato" is included in Nan Shi Shu Min 150? Sweet potato, which mentioned that "during the Wanli period, Fujian people went abroad." Sandy land on barren land can be planted. Conducive to the poor to provide for the elderly. In the Qing Dynasty, Zhou Lianggong quoted He's "Sweet Potato Fu" in Xiao Minji, and mentioned that sweet potato, as a reserve crop, is easy to grow and has a high yield, which plays an important role in the poor: the treatment of manure will increase, and the roots of rainwater will be full, that is, it will not lose its diameter without manure treatment in drought. Spring people's Jin is not a dollar, two Jin of noodles can be full, so children and beggars can be full, and chickens and dogs can eat the same. Li's Notes on South Fun also recorded:' There are many potatoes in eastern Guangdong, and they were born in the mountains. ..... whose skin is red or white, as big as a child's arm and his fist is bent, is called sweet potato, which is sweet and can be eaten. It's called potato rice, and it's Gu Mi's assistant. There are four kinds of taro, such as rice and sweet potato. Sweet potato came from Luzong recently and is the easiest to grow. Leaves can be used as fat pigs, and roots can be brewed, diced, steamed and stored, which is called potato food. Zi Zhan said that people in the sea live long and eat sweet potatoes instead of grains. Sweet potato tastes especially sweet, but I cherish my humble opinion. Taro tastes like a jade plate. "Wu Lianxun and others also said in Volume 39 of Zhangzhou County Records that sweet potato was first introduced into Zhangzhou from the Philippines:" Sweet potato, commonly known as sweet potato, was planted in Luzon, hence its fragrance. ……
When Zhang people first got this kind, they thought it was a secret. The latter type is growing. "In Zhang Yunan's Essays on Gong Yu, Hainan, vol. 1" A Brief Introduction to the Governance of Yinghuan? It is recorded in the increasing number of China people in Little Luzon; "Sweet potato, QuDaJun is luzon. Value is the easiest to grow, leaves can fertilize fields, roots can make wine, and roots can also be used as food. Recently, I heard that Guangdong has many dry fields and is afraid of drought in winter. I grow this thing for my food. " A Ming Tan Qian's "What is Zaolin" Rong Zhi? "Sweet Potato" said, "Zhu potato has been planted in the wild since the Song Dynasty, and it is eaten by foreigners without planting it. During the Wanli period, Fujian people came back from moving vines, planted them, and became prosperous in a few days. There are similar conclusive records in historical materials from many different sources. So it is enough to rule out the possibility of copying by the ancients. It can be seen that the fact that sweet potatoes spread from Luzon to Fujian through the exchanges between China and the Philippines is quite reliable.
The earliest record of sweet potato introduced into Fujian can be found in Zhu Shushu, edited by the Ministry of Culture and Culture in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, in which it is mentioned that 1584 potato seeds were introduced into Jinjiang from Quanzhou by sea, and the book says: "Shen Jia and Yi Shi were in the west (from 12 to 13 years in the Wanli period, that is, 1584 to. There is an island called Nan 'ao, and Wenling (Quanzhou) berths the ocean channel, and the seeds are brought back to Jinjiang. However, this record is still sketchy. First of all, it is only mentioned that sweet potatoes were introduced into Fujian, but it is not stated that the origin is Luzon, so it is still not established. Secondly, only individuals grow sweet potatoes, which are not promoted locally, so it can only be regarded as individual experimental planting, not real species introduction.
[Philippines] World Journal 20051October 20th