First, levy lower taxes and reduce corvee. According to relevant historical records, the tax rate levied on farmers during Liu Bang's reign was as low as one thirtieth.
Second, opening up national resources, especially allowing land sales. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the imperial court allowed private mining of iron ore, salt making and land trading (the newly unearthed bamboo slips "Two-year Law" in recent years expressly allowed private transfer of land). This policy greatly stimulated farmers' enthusiasm for production, and at the same time, handicrafts and commerce in the Han Dynasty also developed by leaps and bounds.
Third, avoid foreign wars. Since Chu and Han fought for hegemony, the population concentration in the early Han Dynasty declined. In order to restore the national strength, the emperor in the early Han dynasty has been committed to avoiding a large-scale war with the Xiongnu in the north.
Why did farmers sell their fields when taxes were reduced in the Han Dynasty? Not all farmers rent land from the countryside.
The following is a summary of Qian Mu's political gains and losses in China.
The ideal of frivolous and thin fu was realized in Han Dynasty. During the Warring States period, Mencius said that "collecting tithes is the rule of the king", which shows that the taxes in the Warring States period were more than tithes. In Mencius' view, the tithe of tax is already very good. In the Han dynasty, the tax amount was only "fifteen taxes and one tax". Besides, in fact, as long as you pay half, thirty taxes and one. One hundred stones of millet, as long as you pay a little more than thirty taxes. Even at that time, people said that there was a tax of 10 1% (see Xun Yue's Pre-Han Dynasty). By the time Emperor Wendi was in office, all the land rent was exempted, which lasted for eleven years. This is the only time in the history of China. This is because China has a vast territory and low taxes. Feed a * * *, or burn. However, there was a big problem with the tax system in the Han Dynasty. The land policy at that time was relatively loose. Well-field system in feudal times has long been abandoned, and land to the tiller. The ownership of land belongs to farmers, who are free to use or sell it. When the economy is poor, land can be bought and sold, and mergers are formed. If you ask further, why do farmers sell their fields when taxes are light? Of course, there are other reasons. This has to talk about the population tax and military service tax at that time, which is related to the overall social and economic outlook. This moment is perfect. But after the farmer sold his land ownership, he became a tenant farmer, and the landlord rented a lot of money to the tenant farmer. Some are as high as 50% (that is, five tenths). In this way, the lighter the rent tax, the cheaper the landlord will be. When farmers sell land, they have to pay five tenths of the rent to the landlord, and the landlord only has to pay one thirtieth of the tax. * * * Reducing land rent only benefits landlords, but farmers don't benefit at all. This is about land rent.
The following is a numerical analysis in a time-travel novel.
There are five people in each household, one woman and one worker, covering an area of 100 mu (the mu in Han Dynasty is a small mu with 100 steps, and the calculation formula is: 1 small mu = 0.4 166 large mu = 0.288 1 city mu. However, rations will take up 90 stones (equivalent to 2430 Jin), accounting for 60%. However, 300 yuan is equivalent to 10 stone (270 Jin), renting 5 stones from other places (135 Jin) and giving away 600- 1000 stones (20-33 stones). In other words, the maximum amount available for reproduction is only 8- 16.6%, which is a very low figure. It is often necessary to barely maintain simple reproduction with compressed rations, and the ability to expand reproduction is minimal. At that time, as a commodity, the price of agricultural means of production was much higher than that of agricultural products. For example, at that time, a big shovel was worth more than 100 words, and a cow's head was worth more than 1000 words to more than 3,000 words, even reaching 15000 words. So the level of agricultural production is not high. The life of farmers is also very difficult. Usually can barely maintain production and life. In the event of floods, droughts, diseases, funerals or other accidents, or increasing state taxes, farmers are in danger of bankruptcy, hunger and exile.
What is in front of the world is an overview of a small family with self-cultivation. As for tenant farmers or dependent families, that is, "land to the tiller, see tax fifteen", their production conditions are much worse than those of self-employed. Even for a family of five, the average annual output of two laborers is 4000 Jin. Half of it is land rent, and the remaining 2,000 Jin is not enough for a family to stutter (486 Jin for one person and 2,430 Jin for five people), so we have to plunder the necessary labor, lower our living standards, bear the burden of cattle and horses, feed on cats and dogs, and struggle for a long time on the line of hunger and death.
Why was the Han Dynasty divided into East and West Han? Although the Eastern Han Dynasty was also founded by Liu Bang's son (Liu Xiu), strictly speaking, the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty were two completely different dynasties. Although Liu Xiu, the founder of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was a royal relative, he was a distant relative and did not gain political power through inheritance. There is no difference between the establishment of the whole Eastern Han Dynasty and the establishment of a brand-new dynasty, and there is little connection between the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty in the inheritance of some major policies. But after all, Liu Xiu started with the help of the royal family, so he is still called the successor of the Western Han Dynasty in terms of clan society and national title. It should be noted that both the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty were added by later generations for convenience, and they all called themselves big men at that time. For the sake of distinction, according to the location of their capitals, Liu Bang's Han Dynasty was called the Western Han Dynasty, while Liu Xiu's Han Dynasty, whose capital was relatively east (Luoyang), was called the Eastern Han Dynasty. There is no connection between the two Han dynasties in time. The Western Han Dynasty perished in 8 AD when Wang Mang established a new dynasty, and the Eastern Han Dynasty was established in 25 AD when Liu Xiu proclaimed himself emperor. It was divided by Wang Mang's new dynasty regime, Liu Xuan's new stove regime in "A Hero in the Woodrow" and Liu Pengzi's founding regime of the Red Eyebrow Army.
Why did the Han Dynasty keep fighting? After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Central Plains was at war for years, and the strength of the Central Plains dynasty was weak. Xiongnu is a nomadic people living in the north and south of the desert in northern China. "Living in the north, moving with the vegetation" (Han Shu Xiongnu Biography). Nomadic hunting at ordinary times, engaged in attacking and cutting in wartime. Its cavalry is quick and agile. In a war, "when it is favorable, we will advance, when it is unfavorable, we will retreat, and we will retreat without shame" (Biography of Xiongnu in Han Shu). Its tactics are erratic, gathering and dispersing are impermanent, and it is good at surprise attacks.
Xiongnu fighters stepped into northern Hebei, Shanxi, northwestern Shaanxi and Hetao, Inner Mongolia. Wherever they went, they trampled on crops and robbed people, which not only brought great turmoil and pain to the people, threatened the rule of the Western Han regime, but also destroyed the production culture and hindered social development.
Reveal why Liu Bang, who sacrificed Chiyou in the Han Dynasty, became the rebel leader against Qin after being named Pei Gong. What flag to raise and what route to take at this time are related to its future success or failure. "Sacrificing the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou" shows that Liu Bang should follow the example of the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou. The Yellow Emperor is the head of the Five Emperors and the first emperor to unify the world in China history. Liu Bang's sacrifice to the Yellow Emperor shows that he had the ambition to unify the world from the beginning. Liu Bang has expressed that he wants to be an emperor like the Yellow Emperor. The Zen Enchantment Sutra says: "Gao Zu said:' I heard that there are five emperors in heaven, but there are actually four. "Why?" I don't know what it says. So Gaozu said,' I know what I know, but I have five things for me.' "
"Sacrificing Chiyou" shows that he wants to fight Qin to the end like Chiyou. Chiyou is the leader of Jiuli nationality and an "heartless" oriental vassal. Judging from a large number of historical facts later, Liu Bang has indeed been "killing people without blinking an eye" like Chiyou, whom he admired. From killing Qin to defeating the tyrannical Xiang Yu, it is "killing without forgiveness."
Why is the Han Dynasty divided into the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty? Because they have all changed, one in Chang 'an and the other in Luoyang, but they are all Liu Jianli's regimes, with a new dynasty of follwed in the middle.
The Western Han Dynasty (202 BC-65438 AD+February), also known as the pre-Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, was a unified dynasty after the Qin Dynasty, with fourteen emperors and a puppet crown prince, enjoying the country for 2 10 years.
After Qin's death, Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu after a dispute between Chu and Han. In 202 BC, Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Han, known as the Western Han Dynasty in history, and its capital was Chang 'an. The Western Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system in many systems. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the national policy of "less taxes and relaxation" was implemented. At the end of Qin dynasty, the social economy destroyed by the war recovered rapidly, and agriculture, handicrafts and commerce flourished unprecedentedly, which was called "the rule of cultural scenery" in history.
The Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220) is a unified dynasty after the Qin Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty and the New Dynasty in the history of China. Together with the Western Han Dynasty, it was called the Han Dynasty, and it spread to the eighth emperor 14, which lasted 195 years. Because the Western Han Dynasty is also called the pre-Han Dynasty, and the Eastern Han Dynasty is also called the post-Han Dynasty.
At the end of Xin Mang, the Red Eyebrow Uprising in Greenwood broke out, and Liu Xiu, who was born in the imperial clan of the Han Dynasty, took advantage of the situation. In 25 years, Liu Xiu proclaimed himself emperor and made Luoyang his capital. He still used the title of Han family, spared no effort to support the people and created a "prosperous future". During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the power of Sangong was greatly weakened, and the power of Shangshutai was promoted. During the reign of Emperor Han Ming and Zhang Han, the Eastern Han Dynasty entered its heyday, which is known as the reign of Zhang Ming. In the later period of Emperor Gaozu Zhang, consorts became increasingly domineering. After Emperor Wu ascended the throne, the consorts were wiped out, and the national strength of the Eastern Han Dynasty reached its peak, which was called "Yuan Long through the ages".
Why didn't the Han Dynasty respect The Analects as the Five Classics? The four books and five classics are collectively called Confucian classics. The Four Books refer to Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, and the Five Classics refer to The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Book of Rites, Zhouyi and Chunqiu. The Book of Rites usually includes three rites, namely, Yili, Zhou Li and the Book of Rites. Chunqiu is usually published separately from Zuo Zhuan, Gong Yang Zhuan and Gu Liang Zhuan, which explain Chunqiu, because its text is too brief. The naming of the Four Books began in the Song Dynasty, and the naming of the Five Classics began in Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
The Analects of Confucius is just one of the four Confucian classics. Confucian classics are Daxue, The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and The Doctrine of the Mean, while The Book of Changes, The Book of Songs, The Book of Rites and The Spring and Autumn Annals are the five classics. The Analects of Confucius is a record of the dialogue between Confucius and his disciples, Mencius is a record of the speeches of Mencius and his disciples who were born more than 100 years later than Confucius, and The Book of Rites is a compilation of the feelings of Confucius' disciples after learning Confucius' theory of "ceremony". University and The Doctrine of the Mean are independent chapters in The Book of Rites. In addition, The Book of Changes, The Book of Songs, The Book of Songs and The Spring and Autumn Annals all existed in the era of Confucius, who edited, revised and developed them according to his own theoretical needs and aesthetic vision. Scholars after Confucius and Mencius' annotation of the four books and five classics can be regarded as the interpretation and development of Confucianism by people in different times according to the needs of their times.
The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius are all called the four books, which are the basic teaching materials of Confucianism. For hundreds of years, the "Four Books" have been widely circulated in China, and many of them have become popular aphorisms. The Four Books refer to The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, The Doctrine of the Mean and The University. Among them, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius are collections of speeches by Confucius, Mencius and their students respectively, while Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean are two books in The Book of Rites. Zhu, a famous scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, first linked the two. However, before Zhu, Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi had strongly advocated these books. They believe that "University" is an important work taught by Confucius, which was compiled by Ceng Zi. The Doctrine of the Mean is a book "Confucius teaches the mind", and it is a pen, which is written by Confucius' grandson Zisi. Together with The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, these two books express the basic ideology of Confucianism and are the most important documents for studying Confucianism. It is from this perspective that Zhu compiled four books: The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, University and The Doctrine of the Mean. Because of the four representatives of early Confucianism, Confucius, Mencius, Zeng Shen and Zi Si, they are called "Four Books" for short. Zhu annotated these four books respectively, among which the annotations of Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean were called "chapters and sentences", while the annotations of The Analects and Mencius were called "concentrated notes" because they quoted many other people's sayings. It is worth noting that the order of the four books compiled by Zhu was originally The University, The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and The Doctrine of the Mean, which was arranged in the order of learning from the shallow to the deep. Later generations put The Doctrine of the Mean before The Analects of Confucius because the length of Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean was short. In order to facilitate printing and publishing, it became the order of Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius that prevailed the year before last. Because Zhu Zhu's "Four Books" not only combines the theories of predecessors, but also has its own unique views, which are applicable to the world; Due to the rising status of "Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism" represented by Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi brothers and Zhu, after Zhu's death, the court approved four books with his annotations as official books, which became popular from then on, and resumed the imperial examination in the Yanyou period of the Yuan Dynasty (13 14- 1320), officially. Due to these factors, the Four Books not only became important classics of Confucianism, but also became a must-read for every reader and became a unified standard primary school textbook until modern times. Therefore, some people compare the four books with the Western Bible and think that they are the Eastern Bible.
Why did the Han Dynasty implement the prince system? Of course, the feudal dynasty wanted his family to have a long history and many children, so it set up a prince. Prevent internal family struggles
During the Western Han Dynasty, what measures did Liu Bang take to increase the agricultural labor force by reducing rents? Which emperor ruled in the Eastern Han Dynasty to release handmaiden, find someone to hide in Shanze, and return the land to give refugees a stable place.
Liu Xiu, who ruled the world with Jiu Jitsu, promoted Wushu. In fact, Liu Xiu's reform is to imitate the Western Han Dynasty. In addition to setting up county Chinese studies.
Why couldn't the Han Dynasty slaughter cattle, horses and chickens? Because cows are labor and horses are armaments, the conscription system in the Han Dynasty required soldiers to bring their own weapons, dry food and horses. Sometimes it is illegal not to kill cattle and horses, and even to make wine privately, because brewing needs a lot of food and the army needs food, so people can't make wine privately.