First, the establishment of military industry, mainly including the Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration founded by Li Hongzhang, the Tianjin Machine Manufacturing Army founded by Chonghou, the Fuzhou Shipping Bureau founded by Zuo, and the Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute founded by Zeng Guofan;

Second, the establishment of civilian industries, mainly including the ship investment promotion bureau and Kaiping coal mine founded by Li Hongzhang, Hubei textile layout and Hanyang iron works founded by Zhang Zhidong;

Third, plan coastal defense and establish three navies: Beiyang, Nanyang and Fujian;

Fourth, train modern talents, open new schools and send overseas students, mainly to train translation, military and scientific talents. It is a self-help movement of the landlord class to maintain feudal rule.

Reasons for the failure of Westernization Movement:

First, the Westernization School tried to use some advantages of western capitalism to maintain feudal autocracy without touching decadent feudal autocracy. The contradiction between this means and the foundation makes the Westernization Movement doomed to be impossible.

Second, the class limitations of the Westernization School itself determine that they are not only the founders and operators of modern industry, but also their destroyers and destroyers. Their feudal yamen and bureaucratic system will inevitably lead to the failure of westernization enterprises.

Third, most people in China at that time knew little about westernization, and their thoughts were still in the stage of being bound by ignorance, superstition and feudal ethics.

Extended data:

The International Background of Westernization Movement

Since15th century, the world environment has changed. Western capitalism began to sprout. After long-term labor and accumulated experience, farmers and craftsmen improved their production tools and developed agriculture. Machines began to appear in the textile and metallurgical industries. Not only improves the output. It has changed the relationship between people and divided different classes.

Driven by the opening of new sea routes, the Renaissance, the Religious Reform Movement, the bourgeois revolution and the industrial revolution, by the time of the Westernization Movement, the capitalist world system had been initially completed, and mankind had entered a new era, which was also the necessity of historical development.

Externally, since the industrial revolution, western countries have set off a frenzy of colonial wars, especially Britain after the industrial revolution. In order to establish its own colonial system of the empire that never sets on a global scale, Asia naturally became the target of British colonial expansion. After successfully occupying India, Britain took China as its next target.

From 65438 to 0840, Britain launched the Opium War and the Colonial War against China. 1856 provoked the second opium war. At the same time, Russia in the north, France and the United States in the west also began to invade China, and China was once threatened by serious external security.

The main features of this new period are integration and modernization. Pay attention to a unified world market, and scattered and backward countries will inevitably integrate into the whole. Modernization means that capitalism replaces feudal autocracy, which is a historical necessity. This is also the reason why the Westernization Movement tried to modernize. Under the trend of globalization, China is passively involved.

At that time, China did not experience long-term accumulation and bourgeois revolution, but China's Westernization Movement was inseparable from the world trend.