(1) Qin dynasty: a unified autocratic monarchy and centralized state were established, and the system of "three public officials and nine ministers" was established at the same time. The relationship between monarch and minister began to struggle constantly, and the three prime ministers changed to be the first of 100 officials, responsible for state affairs; Yushi is responsible for supervising officials and regulatory books; Qiu is in charge of military affairs, and the three powers are separated, all of which are responsible to the emperor. But at this time, the prime minister has great power, assisting the emperor and commanding hundreds of officials.
(2) Han dynasty: Han inherited the Qin system, and the power of the prime minister was still great. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the system of internal and external dynasties was established and the relative rights were divided. Inner Korea is a decision-making body, composed of secretary-general, middle servant and constant servant. In the Qin Dynasty, the "Three Fairs" became a foreign court, an executive organ, which reported to the Chinese dynasty in advance and strengthened the emperor's control over the political power.
(3) Tang Dynasty: Three provinces and six departments were established, and the governors of all provinces were equivalent to prime ministers, and their powers were further divided. It can not only contain each other, avoid monopoly, but also brainstorm and enhance the correctness of decision-making. The minister's power is subject to the monarch.
(4) Song Dynasty: In the Northern Song Dynasty, there were "two houses and three divisions", which were divided into political and military affairs by Zhongshumen and Privy Council, as well as advisers and three divisions, which dispersed the rights of the prime minister and strengthened the monarchical power. The relationship between monarch and minister was tense from the beginning, and the autocratic power of prime minister appeared many times during the political chaos in the late Song Dynasty.
⑤ Ming Dynasty: The relationship between monarch and minister improved. When Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, abolished the prime minister system, six ministries were in charge of state affairs, followed by the cabinet. The contradiction between kingship and relative power in the relationship between monarch and minister was finally solved, the absolute monarchy was strengthened, and ministers obeyed the emperor in the relationship between monarch and minister.
⑥ Qing Dynasty: The relationship between monarch and subjects became exclusive kingship in Qing Dynasty, and subjects only obeyed the emperor. This was mainly seen in the formulation and implementation of a series of measures and systems to strengthen kingship in Yongzheng period, such as the Ministry of War, the memorial system and the secret storage system, which made the ancient feudal monarchy in China reach its peak, and the dispute over the rights between monarch and subjects ended in a comprehensive victory of kingship.
⑦ Generally speaking, the relationship between monarch and minister is mainly manifested in the struggle between monarchical power and relative power, which is a process in which monarchical power is constantly strengthened and relative power is constantly differentiated and weakened until it disappears. It embodies the characteristics of absolute monarchy.
Views on imperial power:
Observing imperial power depends not only on the system provisions, but also on the actual relationship between imperial power and various political forces. If the aristocratic power is strong, the autocratic power of imperial power will be weakened accordingly. For example, in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the gentry was prominent and the imperial power was correspondingly low.
Qin and Han dynasties formed a powerful imperial power after a powerful centralized movement during the Warring States period; However, it still has early colors, such as the higher status of nobles and soldiers, the separation of Confucian scholars and literati, the prominent aristocratic gate in Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties, and the low imperial power. The imperial examination system in Tang and Song dynasties suppressed the influence of the noble family, and the imperial power was revitalized. The civilian politics of "valuing literature over martial arts" was established, and the literati had a great influence on the tomb. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the rule of Xu Yu and Manchu in the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial power was obviously strengthened, the bureaucratic privileges were compressed, and the autonomy of the literati was weakened and they surrendered to the imperial power.