The Origin and Development of China Dance
In the artistic long river of China dance, Han dance is the only one with its fresh, vigorous and magnificent artistic style. After being trampled by the despotism of Qin culture, Han Jinwu showed the magnificent style of Chinese dance art to the world with her madness.
Different from the elegant rules of music and dance in the pre-Qin Dynasty and the splendid splendor of music and dance in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Dahan's dance style is full of emotional, bold and simple artistic charm, and it glows with the vitality of the Chinese nation after realizing the unified political situation.
In the Han Dynasty, China traditional culture was in a historical period of close contacts among all ethnic groups at home and unprecedented active foreign exchanges. The rich and colorful dance styles and generous compatibility in the Han Dynasty are outstanding manifestations of this cultural atmosphere. For example, the "Bayu Dance" from the ethnic minorities in southwest China was favored by the high-impedance Liu Bang and became the elegant music of the Han court. And popular among the people and the court? Hundred plays? Naturally, there are many acrobatic performances by artists from Central Asian countries. Hanshu? "Wu Di Ji" contains: In the spring of the third year (before 108), Yuan Feng made a corner play and came to see it within three hundred miles. In the summer of the sixth year (before 105), Shi Jingren's perspective reached Shanglin Pingle Hall. ? Corner arrival? What is that? Hundred plays? , the floorboard of the Han dynasty music and dance acrobatics. This acrobatic performance organized by the Palace is not only unprecedented in scale, but also attracts people inside and outside Beijing, even hundreds of miles away, showing the magnificent artistic style and charm of China dance. Not only did the internal music and dance activities show that the monarch and the people were happy together and the world was peaceful, but the emperors of the Han Dynasty also entertained guests from all over the world with grand music and dance. For example, in the second year of Yuankang in Xuan Di, when she married the granddaughter of Liu Wu, the king of Chu, she was very optimistic in Pingping. Big angle? Play music to send the princess away and entertain foreign guests such as Xiongnu messengers (see Hanshu? "Biography of the Western Regions"). Wen and Jing emperor, once? Set up a wine pool and meat forest to entertain guests from all over the world, and make plays such as Bayu, Dulu, Ji Bo in the Sea, Eyeful Fish Dragon and Delicious. ? (same as above)
Liang Wudi is here, and he often comes? Hundred plays? Entertain foreign dignitaries and envoys and show off the prosperity of the Han Dynasty. This shows that not only many folk song and dance programs have appeared in the elegant halls of princes and nobles, but also foreign colorful cultural performances have become court music to entertain state guests and show elegance. In the history of dance in China, the Han Dynasty is another monument of dance development after the pre-Qin music and dance, and it goes down in history with its generous and tolerant artistic style.
The artistic appeal full of realism and individuality, and the original dance style of expressing one's mind and dancing with deep affection have swept away the legacy of pre-Qin missionary politics and nostalgic music and dance at the beginning of the founding of the Western Han Dynasty, which is refreshing. History shows that after Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang put down the rebellion in Qing Bu, there were too many kings in Huainan to stay. Buying wine to Pei Palace, calling the children of old friends to indulge in wine, and sending 120 people to Pei Middle School are the songs of teaching. It's another poem: the wind blows, the clouds fly, I unify the world, glory goes to glory, how can I be a warrior, and garde nationale is a square! ? Your son makes peace with him. Gaozu was dancing, generous and sad, and wept a few lines. ? ("Historical Records? This dance style, with emotion and improvisation, has become a common practice since the early Han Dynasty, and there are many related books. Such as banquets in the Han dynasty, which were widely popular? Dance together? Courtesy ballroom dancing is the custom of inviting guests to dance at a banquet. This kind? Dance together? Social dance has obvious impromptu characteristics, which is both etiquette and self-entertainment. In fact, as early as the battle between Chu and Han, there was the Hongmen banquet? Xiangzhuang sword dance? After the founding of the People's Republic of China, this impromptu and original dance style is not uncommon. For example, in the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Fa, the king of Changsha, was the son of Emperor Jing. Because his mother was not allowed to spoil him, his fief was small and poor. When the king made a pilgrimage to Beijing, Liu Fa blessed the emperor with songs and dances. When dancing, Liu Fa pretended to be timid, and the audience laughed at his clumsy movements. The emperor was also surprised and asked him why he danced this dance, so he decided to answer Heaven. Our country is small and narrow, and there is not enough room for manoeuvre. ? (See Hanshu? From the Biography of the Thirteen Kings of Jing (Emperor), we can see that this impromptu dance style not only has the function of entertaining the people, but also can vent their worries and joys. Hanshu? The Biography of Su Jian (master Su Wu) records that Su Wu was detained for 19 years when he went to the Xiongnu, and after suffering, he was released back to Han in the sixth year of Shiyuan (8 1 year ago). Before the trip, Li Ling, the Han general who surrendered to Xiongnu, gave him a farewell dinner. During the dinner, Li Ling danced and sang: Behind the scenes of Wan Li's visit to Saudi Arabia, you will be excited about the Huns. The road is poor, the arrow is sharp, and the soldiers are destroyed. My mother died, but I want to repay her kindness and return home safely. After singing and dancing. Farewell to Su Wu. Emperor Gaozu preferred Mrs. Miracle, who could sing and dance well, which made Liu Bang very happy. When the plan they abolished with Liu Bang failed, Mrs. Qi was heartbroken. Liu Bang surprised Qi Fu? Chu dance? And individuals? Brother Chu? Harmony can shake off the stagnation in the chest. (See Hanshu? Another example is Liu Dan, the son of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who rebelled and was found to want to send troops but could not. Depressed, he held a banquet in the palace to drink with guests, princes and concubines. During the dinner, Liu Dan celebrated Song Day: Back to the empty city, dogs don't bark, chickens don't bark, and you will know that there is no one in the country! ? While dancing, Mrs. Hua Rongdao sang: The hair has been placed in the canal, the bones have died, the mother has begged for death, and the wife has begged for death. Pei Gui Er Qu, the gentleman lives alone! ? You cried when you lifted your seat. (See Hanshu? From the Biography of the King of Wu to the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, this tragedy was repeated in the Han Palace. However, the role is no longer the prince, but the emperor himself. In the sixth year of Zhong Ping (189), Emperor Ling died, and the young emperor Liu You ascended the throne. Dong Zhuo, a powerful warlord, led an army into Beijing, abolished Liu Bian as the king of Hongnong, changed Liu Xie to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and set up poisonous wine and poison to kill Liu Bian. Liu Bian was deeply moved when he bid farewell to the Queen Tang Ji and the Imperial Secretary in the palace, so he asked Tang Ji to dance and sing to express his feelings of parting from life and death. (see (were? "The Queen" is a bad dance that expresses ambition, expression and heart by dancing, which is really quite different from the aesthetic purport of ancient Greek dance and conveys different aesthetic styles of different nationalities and cultures.
There are also many lively dance styles in the court music of the Han Dynasty, which come from life, express life, permeate and exude a simple artistic atmosphere. For example, in Han Yayue, Liu Bang's impromptu song "Da Feng Ge" was retained (when the emperor was sacrificed at the end of the Han Dynasty, Pei Gong always used the song and dance of Da Feng Ge). In the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu (BC 199), Ling Xing Temple was ordered to be built on earth to worship the God of Hou Ji. Its sacrificial dance "Star Dance" is a kind of dance that simulates farmers' labor movements. According to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty? According to the sacrificial records, sixteen boys were used in this dance? Dancers are like teaching fields, such as weeding, ploughing, bedding, driving away birds and winnowing in spring, which are just right. ? This kind of elegant music, which directly comes from life and expresses life, is probably unheard of, and embodies the straightforward and simple style of China's dance close to society.
The formation of the artistic style of dance style in Han Dynasty is not only related to the infiltration of social culture, but also related to the artistic aesthetic orientation of the rulers themselves. The ideology in the early Han Dynasty was based on the thought of Huang Lao, advocating simplicity but not luxury, which provided a good and relaxed space for the original dance creation and the dance style derived from life. The dance style close to people's livelihood and entertaining the public was undoubtedly similar to that of the rulers. Rest with the people? Therefore, princes and nobles naturally actively promote and are willing to participate. As far as the latter is concerned, it is self-evident that Liu Bangben, the founding emperor of the Han Dynasty, was a civilian. Take the world with a three-foot sword? ("Historical Records? Biography of Gao Zu), reconciliation from the bottom of society? Brother Chu? 、? Chu dance? Knowing the world, there is no lack of bold and straightforward Chu style in words and deeds. The romantic and refreshing temperament of Chu culture is in harmony with Huang Lao-tao's purpose of being spontaneous and returning to nature, which brings out the best in each other (Taoism is the charm of Chu culture in terms of its origin). In the Chu-Han War, Liu Bang took it? Embattled? The tide has gone, shaking and hitting the morale of Xiang Yu's foot soldiers. Shi Zai, Liu Bangsu's favorite? Chu dance? He is particularly good at it? The dance of bending over with sleeves rolled? . This? Roll your sleeves and bend your back? Dance is what Zhang Heng said in his Nanfu? Complaining about Jingxi folding? what's up Chu dance? This dance shows its charm with its soft waist skills. And in his later years, he still loves and gives his feelings to him? Brother Chu? 、? Chu dance? , to vent their worries (see hanshu? Zhang Liangchuan "). Does the magnanimous and magnificent temperament of Han dance owe much to the artistic infiltration of Chu culture? This feature can be confirmed from the dance literature works of many writers at that time (such as Dance Fu, Xijing Fu, Du Nan Fu, etc.). ) In the numerous exquisite and vivid artistic images of a large number of Han Dynasty stone reliefs unearthed at present, we can truly feel the heroic, smart and romantic style displayed and promoted by the dance style of Han Dynasty. Luo yi is in the wind and has long sleeves? (Zhang Heng's Dance Fu)? Skirt like flying bear, sleeves like snow? Beautiful artistic charm of dance (Zhang Heng's Ode to Watching Dance).
The famous China dance.
Singing accompanied by stamping or rhythmic dancing.
Chinese culture and art pay attention to realm. In the early days, Han people sat on the floor and often lit a column of sandalwood when playing the piano. The tinkling sound of the piano, the curling smoke and the faint fragrance dissolve an ethereal breath in your seven strings, just like that sound. Guqin, chess, books, paintings, poems and songs of the Han nationality often bring people into an extraordinary silence? The same is true of China's dance.
Tiaoge —— It's not the "Tiaoge" of "Li Bai was about to go boating when he suddenly heard the singing on the shore", but a stage work created by China classical dancer Sun Ying in 1990s, and won the gold medal of "China Classical Dance" in the first national "Lotus Award" dance competition. After that, "Tage" spread like wildfire and spread quickly. Women's lyric dance, which was widely circulated in the 1990s, started with Zhang Jigang's Daughter River and ended with Sun Ying's Taige.
This is a dance item in the group dance Yan Huang Sacrifice, which is similar to Banpo Zucong, Ding Soul, Chu Yao, Xu Zuyue, Hong Fei Dui Drum, Nishang Yu Yi, Love with Sword, Journey of Warriors and Clouds in Beijing. From O (︶ ︶ ︶ ︶ ︶ ︶ ︶ ︶ ︶ ︶ ︶ ︶ ︶ ︶ ︶ ︶ ︶ ︶ ︶ ︶ ︶ 6507 Thirdly, Mr. Sun Ying also tried to explain the spiritual appeal of "Sun English Classical Dance" through the sequence of historical dance images and historical and cultural spirit.
On the cultural construction of China classical dance, Mr. Sun Ying published two important papers, On China Classical Dance and On China Classical Dance. In these two papers, Mr. Sun Ying, through the review and reflection of ancient dance forms, thinks that the comprehensive restoration of historical dance and the exploration of the historical characteristics of classical dance are the premise and basic project for the formation of the national system of classical dance. Mr. Sun Ying also advocated the establishment of an ancient dance school in the Han and Tang Dynasties, collecting all historical achievements (including the artistic achievements of the brotherly peoples) and finding a way out from the history and culture of China. Only by forming a unique form and style in the world can we gain the artistic life of China classical dance. In response to this proposition, Mr. Sun Ying particularly discussed that the construction of China classical dance should be based on the Han and Tang Dynasties, because the dance in the Han Dynasty was the first development climax promoted by the intersection of Jianghuai and Yellow River cultures; Dance in Tang Dynasty is the second development climax formed by the second confluence of North and South cultures and the exchange between Central Plains (in a broad sense) culture and the western regions on the historical background of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and it has become its heyday. Without exploring and pursuing the norms, styles and aesthetic characteristics of these two fulcrums of ancient dance development, it is impossible to have a classical dance that can represent the artistic style and achievements of ancient dance in China.
In order to realize this "spiritual appeal", Mr. Sun Ying's exploration is embodied in the dance drama "Tongque Geisha" before the group dance "Yanhuang Festival". Some critics said: "Sun Ying's capture of the dance style of the Han Dynasty began with grasping the cultural charm of the Han and Wei Dynasties. At that time, the culture of geisha in Han Dynasty was an official culture, characterized by less fantasy and more reality. Less flashy, more simple; Less exquisite, more solemn; Less static electricity, more flying. However, since Cao Wei's Jian 'an, there have been new changes-from the original combination of wisdom and stupidity, beauty and simplicity? Simple fading, beautiful increase? Trend? The director noticed the characteristics of the alternate evolution of artistic styles in this era, and realized that its style has both the bold and elegant side of Gu Zhuo and the slim, elegant and handsome side "(Zhou Rong commented on the national dance drama Bronze Bird). And Mr. Sun Ying himself in the play's "Self-report of Creation" specifically mentioned that "The Cuckoo" is expected to make some attempts in two aspects: First? Open up the field of China classical dance, make full use of our own cultural resources, create and innovate in the cultural matrix, and create new dances in the future. Combination? Style, opera style, The Silk Road? In addition to style, it formed a dance style in Han Dynasty. ? Secondly, it is the experiment of artistic creation direction, that is, the pursuit of cultural charm and structural depth, characters and language, artistic charm, individuality and characteristics (some ideas, viewpoints and others in the creation of "Copper Que Ji"). In fact, these two aspects are fundamentally unified-Mr. Sun Ying tried to explore the field of China classical dance through a kind of artistic creation with rich cultural flavor and depth, and pursued "classical dance" which can represent the artistic style and achievements of China classical dance.
Su Ya, one of the dancers in "Stepping Songs", an undergraduate student in the Department of National Dance Drama of Beijing Dance Academy, said: "After learning" Stepping Songs "edited by teacher Sun Ying, I have another feeling about classical dance. First of all, "Tage" has a large movement range and the center of gravity moves flexibly. Teacher Sun Ying thinks that the most beautiful part of this dance should be when the center of gravity is out of control during the movement transformation. Second, it's from Tago? Shun? Looking for charm, although the movement is smooth, but still follow? Flat circle, vertical circle, figure-eight circle? The trajectory of movement is still in use? Lift, sink, rush, shit? Action elements of. Thirdly, the novel treatment of footwork in Ta Ge makes up for the shortcomings of rich and poor dance steps in the past; It makes us realize that the control of breathing depth, the grasp of amplitude, the flicker and change of center of gravity are very expressive.
Tai Lihua, a deaf-mute girl, performed the dance "Walking", which is a flowing Chinese painting. An ancient poem sung; A tempting cup of green tea. Tai Lihua should be familiar to everyone, right Is the performance in the Spring Festival Evening? Guanyin bodhisattva? One of the dancers of the Disabled Song and Dance Troupe.
The Perfection and Death of China Dance
In the 2000-year history from the Zhou Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, the dance of the Han nationality has been inherited in an orderly manner and constantly improved, and finally reached its peak level in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. With the demise of the Tang Dynasty, a large number of artists and music and dance works were lost among the people. The rise of the song dynasty, the court? A gift? Let's keep it. The imperial court of the Song Dynasty held sessions according to the rules every year? A gift? During the activity, Gong Ling of Jiao Fang dressed as a doorkeeper, judge, Zhong Kui, kitchen god, land god and other gods, and danced with a mask. ? A gift? With the elements of opera performance at that time. Ming and Qing palaces? Daxie? It continued, but the style was more relaxed. Under the influence of the development of traditional Chinese opera, literary talent? Activities, gradually developed into the form of drama, become? Nuo opera? .
Since the Song Dynasty, with the development of cities and the prosperity of commerce, the guild system has risen. In such a new social soil, folk dance has sprung up suddenly, showing another landscape of dance development. A huge folk dance performance team appeared in the Song Dynasty. Dance team? (or? Social fire? )。 This performance team integrates music, dance, martial arts and acrobatics, and presents performances in the form of * * * teams. This folk dance performance is usually held on New Year's Day, Lantern Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day and Mid-Autumn Festival. At this time, special performance venues appeared in the city? Goulanwashe? . Folk dance activities are generally in? Goulanwashe? Or perform in the square. In folk dance activities, there are many programs with unique skills and superb skills. For example, a crossbar can be placed on a pole several feet high, and fireworks can be inhaled on the crossbar. This effect is amazing. Or catch a golden rooster on a pole a few feet high. At that time, folk dancers, especially those with good looks and high skills, were called to perform in the palace when they met court festivals. The famous folk dance programs in the Song Dynasty are: Tianle Village, a small song and dance that shows farmers' life; Bow gong, a funny dance; Bow to the old man; Dragon boat, showing the ripples of the boat; Bamboo horse, showing the dance on horseback; Ten Zhai Lang, an ironic and funny dance; Dress up as a monk and show Zhong Kui's ghost dance; And dance judgment. In folk dance activities, each? Dance team? Competitive performance, competitive skill level. The dance performance can last all day. Organize folk artists to perform during the festival, and then dissolve after the festival. Dance teaching was handed down by the master with his disciples, which made many folk dances develop.