In 7000 BC, Palestinian Jews established Jericho, and urban civilization first appeared on the earth. Perhaps the earliest wheel was born at this time.
Jellicoe is the first city in the world, also known as the cradle of world civilization.
In 4700 BC, the Badali culture in Egypt entered the bronze age, and the tools for carrying heavy objects were rollers, crowbars and sledges, such as those used in the construction of pyramids in Egypt.
In 3500 BC, Sumer, Babylon, Cuba, gave birth to a wheeled car, which was made by putting the wheels under a mat.
In 3000 BC, Mesopotamia and Egypt began to popularize bronzes, bronze agricultural tools and bronze tools (such as chisels) used to build pyramids, which were widely used at this time.
In 2800 BC, Reddy (wood), the original tool of cultivated land, appeared in the Central Plains of China.
In 2800 BC, the bronze ware making technology was introduced to the surrounding areas of China, and bronze knives made of tin bronze appeared among nomadic people in the western regions (now Majiayao cultural site in Dongxiang, Gansu, China).
In 2686 BC (the third to sixth dynasties in Egypt), primitive wooden plows and metal sickles pulled by cows began to appear.
Forging is often used to make copper tools.
In 2500 BC, Europe and Asia began to use two-wheeled and four-wheeled wooden carriages. Two-wheeled chariots were found in ancient Egyptian tombs around BC 1500.
In 2500 BC, Iraq and Egypt cast bronze metal ornaments by lost wax method.
In 2400 BC, mechanical equipment such as wrist ruler, bronze scalpel and pulley appeared in Egypt.
In 2070 BC, the Chinese nation began to appear, and it is said that Dayu was also in this period to control water.
In 2000 BC, a cold forged copper knife and chisel was preserved in Qijia Cultural Site in Wuwei, Gansu, China.
Lathes for cutting down trees have appeared in Egypt and other places.
China Zhongyuan began to manufacture vehicles (wheels) with circular plates as running parts.
In BC 1700, near Baghdad, West Asia, the Obeid civilization entered the Iron Age.
In BC 1600, bronzes were officially introduced into the Central Plains, and China began to polish bronzes and jade articles with natural abrasives.
In BC 1400, hot forged iron-edged copper cymbals were preserved in Gaocheng, Hebei Province, China and Pinggu County, Beijing.
From 1400 BC to 1300 BC, Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Shang Dynasty with archaeological support appeared, and China entered the writing age.
In BC 1400, Fang Ding, the heaviest bronze ware in the late Shang Dynasty, was preserved in the Yin Ruins in Anyang, China.
Gold foil preserved after recrystallization annealing in China, Henan, Anyang and Yinxu.
The ivory ruler appeared in China.
In BC 1400, the Hittite Kingdom, an ancient country in Asia Minor, began to use iron.
In BC 1300, China began to use copper plows.
China used grinding method to process bronze mirrors.
In BC 1200, a hand mill for grinding millet appeared in Syria.
In the process of building and loading materials, the civilizations in the two river basins have used simple tools such as levers, rope rollers and horizontal grooves.
Pulley technology spread to Assyria, and Assyrians made arrows in castles.
Winches appeared in Egypt and were originally used to extract ore from mines and water from wells.
Fluid machinery such as water bell, siphon, blower box and piston pump first appeared in Egypt.
In BC 1000, iron-making technology was introduced from India to ethnic minorities near the Central Plains, and plows with iron plows appeared in western countries of China (South Vietnam and Chu).
BC 1000, China invented the blower for smelting and casting bronze.
In 770 BC, China began casting bronzes by lost wax method.
Malleable cast iron and cast steel appeared in central China.
The clepsydra is widely used to measure time in China.
The Gregorian calendar was born (Caesar in 48 BC, which was revised by Caesar and called Caesar calendar), and Roman civilization determined the solar calendar and the twenty-four solar terms.
In 770 BC, the ancient copper mine site in Tonglushan, Hubei Province, China kept the wooden pulley shaft.
China has workshops for manufacturing warships.
In 700 BC, pulleys appeared in China.
In 600 BC, ancient Greece and Rome entered the period of classical culture. During this period, some famous philosophers and scientists were born in ancient Greece, who made outstanding contributions to the development of ancient machinery.
For example, scholar Hiro wrote a book explaining the theory that five simple machines (lever, wedge, pulley, axle and thread) push heavy objects, which is the earliest known mechanical theory book.
In 5 13 BC, China's Zuo Zhuan recorded the earliest cast iron in China-the Ding of the State of Jin.
Woodworking tools in Greece and Rome have been greatly improved. In addition to the commonly used complete sets of woodworking tools such as axe, bow saw, bow drill, shovel and chisel, spherical drill, claw hammer capable of pulling nails and double saw for logging have also been developed.
At this time, long-axis lathes and bicycle beds have been widely used to make furniture and wheel spokes.
Bicycle beds were used until the Middle Ages, which laid the foundation for the development of modern lathes.
In 500 BC, the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Suixian County, Hubei Province, China preserved the most complicated and exquisite bronzes in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period-Ceng Houyi Zunpan and Zeng Houyi chimed bells, totaling 65 pieces in 8 groups, which were cast by clay casting.
At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi compiled a handicraft monograph "Kao".
The world's first coin made by stamping method was born in Rome, which is a great achievement of metal processing and the bud of modern mass production technology.
In 476 BC, a compass made of natural magnets appeared in China-Sina.
China began to cast bronze knife coins by stacking casting.
The steel sword preserved in Yanxiadu Site in Yixian County, Hebei Province, China has quenching texture, and the spear collar has normalizing texture.
The decarburized and annealed white casting pin was retained in Luoyang, Henan, China, and its surface was decarburized into steel.
Gold-plated amalgam objects are preserved in Xinyang, Henan, China.
In 476 BC, a bronze ratchet (25 mm in diameter and 40 teeth) was preserved in Berry Cliff, Yongji County, Shanxi Province, China.
China, the ruins of Wuji Ancient City in Wu 'an, Hebei Province retain iron ratchet wheels.
In 400 BC, the bus company in China invented the stone mill.
In 220 BC, Archimedes of Greece invented the spiral water lifting tool.
Archimedes of Greece put forward the theory of object buoyancy-Archimedes principle.
The ancient Greeks made wheel mills on the basis of hand mills.
The bronze Jian Qin unearthed from the Xi Terracotta Warriors and Horses in China was born around this period.
In 206 BC, a transparent mirror made of bronze appeared in the Western Han Dynasty in China.
In 206 BC, gears appeared in Europe, and the earliest application was to install them on the odometer used by chariots to record mileage.
China, Sichuan, chengdu railway station and Dongxiang keep pulleys.
Rome invented compound pulley on the basis of single roller skating.
Its earliest application was to lift heavy objects on buildings.
In 65438 BC+065438 BC+03 BC, a carburized sword was preserved in the tomb of Liu Sheng, the king of Zhongshan Jing in Mancheng, Hebei, China.
Around 65438 BC+065438 BC+00 BC, the use range of Roman orange peel water lifting tools and bucket waterwheels was expanded, and new fluid machinery such as rollers and Northwater Mill appeared. The former is mainly used for water supply in Roman cities by rotating screws to lift water from low places to high places.
The latter is used to grind grain, and the square impeller is driven by water flow, and the power is less than half horsepower.
In BC 100, a powerful Vite Lu Biya water mill appeared in Rome. The water wheel is driven by downward water flow. By properly selecting the number of teeth of large and small gears, the speed of water mill can be adjusted. Its power was about three horsepower, and later it was increased to fifty horsepower, becoming the most powerful prime Mover at that time.
From the first year of AD to 1700.
In A.D. 1 century, Ciro of Alexandria wrote Aerodynamics, in which the gas rotating ball (the prototype of reactive steam turbine) was recorded.
At the same time, the steam spinning ball (also called Fengshen wheel) invented by Ciro appeared.
As the first device to convert steam pressure into mechanical power, steam spinning ball is also the first device to apply the principle of jet reaction.
In 9 AD, China made a new kind of calipers.
From 25 to 22 1 year, Bilan of China invented the dumper (keel waterwheel).
China Dushifaming Smelting and Casting Blasting Drainage.
Hydraulic turbines (the embryonic form of hydraulic turbines) appeared in China.
In 78- 139 AD, Zhang Heng of China invented the armillary sphere (water elephant), which was driven by water leakage and could indicate the time when the stars appeared.
In the 2nd century, China made treasure knives and swords out of patterned steel-similar to the Damascus Gang.
105 China Cai tuo supervised the production of good paper.
From 220 to 230, drum cars appeared in China.
In 235, China's Ma Jun invented the gear-driven south guide car.
In 265-420, Du Yu of China invented the continuous mill driven by water wheel and the continuous mill for water.
In the 4th century, Mediterranean countries used bolts and nuts on wine presses.
Due to the repression of classical culture in ancient Greece and Rome, the development of western mechanical technology has been stagnant for a long time.
The spread of plagues such as the Black Death plunged the western world into darkness for 400 years.
In the 5th and 6th centuries, China invented the mill.
From 420 to 589, vehicles and ships appeared in China.
In 550-580, China's mother Huai Wen invented steel pouring technology.
From 6 18 to 907, the silver was preserved in Anshapo Village, Xi 'an, China with a peculiar structure.
In 700, Persia began to use windmills.
In 953, China cast a large iron casting-Cangzhou Iron Lion (weighing more than 5,000 kilograms).
104 1 ~ 1048, China Bi Sheng invented movable type printing.
1088, Su Song and Han Gonglian of China made water vehicles with escapers.
1097, China cast four iron men in Jinci, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province-the iron man of the Song Dynasty.
1 127 ~ 1279, China invented the spinning wheel.
1131~1162, China recorded lanterns (gas turbine prototype).
1263, China Xue completed the monograph "The Legacy of Zi Ren" about wood-working machines and tools.
1330, China Chen Chun recorded the cupola (mixer) in Oberto.
1332, China made a cannon out of copper.
Since the Renaissance, Italy, France, Britain and other countries have successively established universities, developed natural sciences and humanities, trained talents, and western mechanical technology began to recover and develop.
/kloc-in 0/350, Italian Danti made a mechanical clock, which was driven by a gear by the fall of a heavy hammer.
1395, a bar lathe appeared in Germany.
1439, Johannes Gutenberg invented the metal letterpress.
1608, Lipski of the Netherlands invented the telescope.
1629, Blanca, Italy, designed a runner (prototype of impulse steam turbine) that rotates by steam impact.
1637, China published Song's scientific and technological work "Tiangong Wu Kai", which recorded in detail the production instruments and technologies in ancient China.
1643, the Italian Torricelli measured the standard atmospheric pressure as 760 mm Hg, which laid the foundation for hydrostatics and liquid column pressure measuring instruments.
1660, Pascal of France put forward the basic law of pressure transmission in still liquid, which laid the foundation of hydrostatics and hydraulic transmission.
From 1650 to 1654, gleeck invented the vacuum pump. 1664, he demonstrated the famous hemispheric experiment in Fort Madre, which showed the power of atmospheric pressure for the first time.
From 1656 to 1657, huygens of the Netherlands invented the simple pendulum mechanical clock.
1665, Levin Hooke of the Netherlands and Hooke of Britain invented the microscope.
1698, savery, England made the first practical mine pumping steam engine-"Friends of Miners".
It was the first to use steam to do work.
A.D. 1700 ~ 1800
170 1 year, Newton of England put forward Newton's cooling law of convective heat transfer.
1705, newcomen of England invented the atmospheric piston steam engine, which replaced the steam engine of savery.
The power can reach six horsepower.
From 1709 to 17 14, Huatuo Heite of Germany successively invented the alcohol thermometer and the mercury thermometer, and established the Fahrenheit temperature scale with the freezing point of water of 32 degrees, the boiling point of 2 12 degrees and the middle part of 180 degrees.
From 17 13 to 1735, Darby in Britain invented the method of making iron with coke.
1735 Darby's son applied coke ironmaking technology to production.
1733, Camille of France put forward the basic law of gear meshing.
1738, Daniel I Bernoulli of Switzerland established the energy equation of inviscid fluid-Bernoulli equation.
From 1742 to 1745 degrees Celsius, Sweden has established a temperature scale with the freezing point of 100 degrees and the boiling point of 0 degrees.
1745, Linnaeus, Sweden reversed two fixed points and became a centigrade scale.
/kloc-In the middle of the 8th century, Frenchman lavoisier and Russian lomonosov put forward the theory that combustion is the oxidation of matter.
1755, Euler of Switzerland established the motion equation of viscous fluid-Euler equation.
1764, Hargreaves of Britain invented the vertical, multi-axis and manual Jenny spinning machine.
1769, Watt of England obtained the patent of independent practical condenser, thus completing the invention of steam engine.
This steam engine was put into operation in 1776, and the thermal efficiency reached 2 ~ 4%.
Cournot in France made a three-wheeled steam car, which was the first car that could really run.
1772 ~ 1794, the ball bearing was invented by Wallow and Vaughan in England.
1774, Wilkinson of England invented a more precise cylindrical boring machine, which was the first real machine tool-processing machine.
It was successfully used to process cylinder block and Watt steam engine was put into operation.
1785, Coulomb of France explained dry friction with the concept of mechanical engagement, and put forward the friction theory for the first time.
Cartwright in Britain invented the power loom, which completed the transition from handicraft industry to machine industry.
1786, Britain invented the ear cutter.
1787, the first iron ship was built in Wilkinson, England.
1789, France first put forward the concept of metric system.
1799 made a kind of imitation rice (file rice)
1790, St. Thomas of England invented the chain single needle hand sewing machine for sewing boots and shoes, which is the first sewing machine in the world.
From 65438 to 1990s, Bentham invented planer, single-axis woodworking milling machine, planing machine and woodworking drilling machine.
1792, Maudslay of Britain invented the tap and die for processing threads.
1794, a cupola was built in Wilkinson, England.
1795, Brammer of England invented the hydraulic press.
1797, Maudslay of Britain invented a lathe with lead screw, polished rod, feed tool holder and guide rail, which can turn threads with different pitches.
1799, the book Descriptive Geometry was published in gaspard monge, France, which made Descriptive Geometry the projection theoretical basis of mechanical drawing.