The ancients in history adopted the methods of orthography and anti-tangent to phonetic Chinese characters. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, gradually realized the anti-tangent, distinguished the five tones in the upper corner of the public, and rose to four tones respectively [2]. After the introduction of Buddhism, the Chinese character "Qieyun" was born in the Western Regions. The old one passed on fourteen words, which penetrated all the sounds and was called Brahma Book. Then I got thirty-six letters, and the way of phonology began to be prepared [3]. The pseudonym created by the Japanese in the Tang Dynasty may also be one of the earliest phonetic symbols used to spell Chinese characters. In the Ming Dynasty, Koreans created proverbs. In the Ming Dynasty, * * * created a small sutra with * * letters as Chinese phonetic notation. 1605, Italian missionary Matteo Ricci used Latin letters to phonetic Chinese characters for the first time. 1626, based on Matteo Ricci's scheme, French missionary Genig used phonemic letters to annotate Chinese characters. Early Chinese Pinyin was based on Nanjing Mandarin. Later, Chinese Pinyin and Cantonese Pinyin based on Beijing Mandarin appeared. 1867, the Englishman Wade invented Witomar Pinyin, which was based on Beijing Mandarin. 1892, Lu Taizhang imitated the Latin alphabet to create the New Phonetic Alphabet of China, and advocated taking Nanjing pronunciation as the standard of Chinese pronunciation, which was regarded as an advocate of unifying the national pronunciation. 1900, inspired by Japanese katakana, Wang Zhao created the stroke phonetic symbol of Chinese characters, namely "Mandarin chorus phonetic symbol", and advocated Beijing pronunciation as the standard of Chinese pronunciation. The Chinese Pinyin Scheme can be traced back to Zhu 1906' s Jiangsu New Letters and Liu Mengyang 1908' s China Pinyin Scheme. There are also 1926 Chinese Roman characters and 19365438 Latin Chinese characters. The Latin scheme of all these Chinese characters provides the basis for the formulation of Chinese Pinyin. In 1909, Jiang Qian formally named Mandarin as Mandarin,1910/year, and the Qing Dynasty passed the Law on Unification of Mandarin. 19 13, the Republic of China held a "unified phonetic conference", and finally decided that "Guoyin" was based on Beijing pronunciation, and at the same time absorbed the phonetic characteristics of local dialects, and created phonetic symbols (also known as "phonetic symbols") for Putonghua. 19 1928, the Ministry of Education of Beiyang held a preparatory meeting to unify Putonghua. 1924 decided to abolish the national pronunciation, give up entering tone, and establish Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation of Putonghua. 1928, the state * * announced the implementation of the national Roman alphabet phonetic symbol. 1949, Wu wrote a letter, suggesting that in order to effectively eliminate illiteracy, it is necessary to carry out rapid text reform. After replying to Guo Moruo, Mao Dun and others for study, China Character Reform Association was established in June 1949+00, and one of its tasks was to study the scheme of Chinese Pinyin. 1954, the China Character Reform Association was changed to the China Character Reform Committee directly under the State Council, during which more than 600 Chinese phonetic schemes were received. Generally speaking, there are several forms: Chinese character strokes, Latin letters, Slavic letters, mixed forms of several letters, shorthand, and pattern numbers. Finally, it is decided to adopt Latin letters as the symbol system of Chinese Pinyin, so as to facilitate international exchanges and cooperation. The Fifth National People's Congress officially approved and promulgated the Chinese Pinyin Scheme on February 1958+0 1. 1977, the Third United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names decided to adopt Chinese Pinyin as the international standard for the spelling of Roman letters of geographical names in China. 1982 ISO 7098 document (Chinese Roman alphabet spelling) issued by the international organization for standardization, 199 1 year revision. In 2000, the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on National Common Language and Characters was promulgated (200 1 came into effect), which formally established the legal status of the Chinese Pinyin Scheme. Article 18 stipulates that "the Chinese Pinyin Scheme is used as a spelling and phonetic tool for the national common language. The definition and application scope of "Chinese Pinyin Scheme" are given, and it is required to carry out Chinese Pinyin teaching in primary education. Chinese Pinyin uses Latin letters and some additional symbols to express the pronunciation of Chinese. Corresponding to the division of Chinese syllable structure in Chinese Phonology (modern phonology), the formal composition of Chinese pinyin is also divided into three parts: initial, final and tone. According to the provisions of Chinese Pinyin, Chinese Pinyin uses 26 modern basic Latin letters, which are case-sensitive, and the alphabetical order is the same as that of English letters. Among them, the letter V/v is designated as "spelling loanwords, minority languages and dialects" in the scheme. Since the practical function of Chinese Pinyin is limited to spelling Mandarin, no one cares about this rule now. However, the letter V/v, as a key position, has become a universal keyboard alternative representation of the letter ü, which cannot omit two additional symbols. In this sense, Chinese Pinyin still uses all 26 basic Latin letters. It may sometimes be noted that there are two letters printed in Chinese Pinyin, which are slightly different from the common Latin letters, namely, the lowercase ο of the letter A and the lowercase π of the letter G. These two words are mostly used in the monographs and publications of formal Chinese education and teaching Chinese as a foreign language in Chinese mainland, especially in Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools. The reason for this design is mainly because students who are new to pinyin letters will mechanically imitate the glyphs of common printed letters A and G when writing. Most writers or editors of general publications and computer documents turn a deaf ear to this, because with the popularization of English education in Chinese mainland, this kind of worry is really superfluous, even nitpicking, so it doesn't hurt to print it anyway. Moreover, the plan also stipulates: "The writing of letters follows the general writing habits of Latin letters. It can be seen that the Chinese phonetic alphabet and other common basic Latin letters are not two sets of letters. The Chinese Pinyin scheme also uses some additional symbols, mainly tone symbols and two-point symbols on the letter ü. Although the number of combinations between the former and letters is limited, the specific combination with which letter is actually temporary, because a tone symbol represents the change of the whole syllable, or it represents a kind of "suprasegmental phoneme"; The latter is derived from the vowel change letter (Umlaut) in German, which is combined with the letter U to represent a vowel ([y]). There is also an extremely rare additional symbol, which is used on e/z/c/s to form a/? /? /? And it represents a single vowel ([? ]) and three fricative initials zh/ch/sh. [Editor] The consonants at the beginning of each syllable in Chinese can form initials. A total of 2 1 initials are specified in the Chinese phonetic alphabet. However, Chinese syllables begin with more than 2 1 consonant. In the actual language process, semi-vowels, glottis and some nasal sounds may become the dominant sounds of a Chinese syllable. Phonology classifies these consonants into zero initial segments, such as "An", "Ying", "Wen" and "Yuan", which are all zero initial syllables. Because the consonant hearing of zero initial is not obvious, Chinese Pinyin belongs to phoneme Pinyin rather than phoneme Pinyin, and the Chinese Pinyin scheme does not recognize its initial position, and thinks that a syllable with zero initial is a syllable with no initial but a vowel and tone. The initial symbols of 265,438+0 specified in the Chinese phonetic alphabet are arranged as follows: b p m f d t n l g k h j q x zh ch sh r z c s scheme stipulates that the initial consonant zh/ch/sh can be omitted? /? /? . However, these symbols are rarely used or even unheard of because the visual images are not very clear and it is difficult to input them on the general keyboard. According to the distribution and pronunciation methods of consonants, they can be listed as follows (the international phonetic symbols in square brackets are for reference only): stop consonants, fricative sounds, fricative sounds, nasal sounds, marginal sounds, unvoiced sounds, voiced sounds, unvoiced sounds, unventilated sounds, unventilated sounds, and bilabial sounds B [p] p? ] m [m] labial tooth sound f [f] tip of tongue sound d [t] t [t? ] z [ts] c [ts？ ] s [s] n [n] l [l] rolling tongue zh [t? ] ch [t] sh [？ ] r [？ ] flat tongue j [t? ] q [t] x [？ ] tongue root sound g [k] k [k? There are 38 vowels in the Pinyin of Mandarin Chinese. They are: the single vowel I u a ia ua o uo o e ê ie u e (s-) i.

(sh-)er compound vowel AIUI EIUI AOOUIU nasal vowel Anianüan en in ANG ANG ANG Enging, in which there are only/kloc-0 vowels or/kloc-0 vowel bands/kloc-0 nasal consonants, the vowel is called a rhyme belly, and the nasal consonant with it is called a rhyme ending. A vowel consisting of two vowels is a vowel with a large opening. The vowel before the vowel is called a vowel or alto, and the vowel after the vowel is called a vowel. If a nasal consonant has three vowels or two vowels, the middle vowel is rhyme, the first vowel is rhyme, and the vowel or nasal consonant after rhyme is rhyme. Someone once divided vowels into four categories according to their vowels, which are called four calls, namely, open call (A, O, E), row call (I), closed call (U) and pinch call (ü). The vowel table of Chinese pinyin is arranged in this way. According to the scheme of Chinese Pinyin, when initial consonants are added before iou, uei and uen, they are written as iu, ui and un. For example, Niu (Niu), Gui (Gui) and Lun (Lun). [Editor] Tones Mandarin Chinese has four tones. The four tone symbols are: the first tone, (Yin Ping, or flat tone,? 」); The second sound, (rising tone, or rising tone, "ˊ"); The third sound, (Shang Sheng, or Shang Sheng, "ˇ"); The fourth tone, (disyllabic or disyllabic, "ˋ"); There is also a special tone in Chinese, called light tone, sometimes called "five tones", which is not standardized in Chinese Pinyin. Some scholars think that the statement of "the fifth sound" is not accurate. Although light tone can distinguish semantics, tone is usually not listed as one of the "four tones" in Chinese because it is the pitch form of normal stressed syllables. In pitch, light tone only has the characteristics of sound area, and tone also has the characteristics of curved arch. Each Chinese character consists of a syllable, which consists of a vowel and an initial. Tones should be marked in the upper part of vowels, which can be omitted for convenience. The rules for the location of tone marks in Chinese Pinyin are as follows: If there are any,

Mark it on A. If there is no A, but there is O or E, mark it on these two letters. These two letters will not appear at the same time. If there are no O and E, there must be I, U or U. If I and U appear at the same time, it is marked on the second vowel. This applies especially to ui and iu. If I and U do not appear at the same time, mark the vowels that appear.

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