Qin Shihuang, the first emperor in history
The Qin Dynasty was the first unified and centralized feudal empire in the history of our country, and the person who created this great achievement was Qin Shihuang, who was brilliant and famous. * * * Among the feudal emperors mentioned in "Spring and Snow in Qinyuan", one is Qin Shihuang: "I cherish Qin Huang's martial arts very much, but I am a little literary talent, slightly inferior to Tang Zong and Song Zu."
Qin Shihuang 259 BC-2 BC10 years. Born in Zhou Nanwang in 259 and 56 BC, Renyin is a tiger, and the five elements of the Zodiac are water tigers. Ming Lizi, the son of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang, was the founder of Qin Dynasty. Qin Shihuang was born at the end of the Warring States Period. At that time, the Seven Heroes of the Warring States fought for hegemony and fought for years. Realizing the reunification of China has become an inevitable development and urgent need for the development of people and society.
In 246 BC, Wang Xiang of Qin Zhuang died, and Yi Zheng, who was only 13 years old, succeeded him. The real power of the country is in the hands of Lv Buwei, the Queen Mother and eunuchs. They formed a political party for selfish purposes and only used their power. In 238 BC, 22-year-old Li Zheng took charge of the court. That is, in this year, Lv Buwei was relieved of his post as prime minister and appointed Andy and Reese. Then, he adopted the Lian Heng policy of "attacking far and attacking near" and "divide and rule". He sent advisers to bribe the ministers of the six countries, alienate the relationship between monarch and minister, disintegrate the internal training of various countries, and send troops to attack for years. In 230 BC, Korea was destroyed, and it went through the war of 12 BC, and it was wiped out in 22 1 year BC, finally completing the great cause of unifying the six countries. At this point, it was renamed Qin Shihuang.
After the reunification of China, Qin Shihuang thought that the reunification of China was a great undertaking "unprecedented since ancient times, beyond the reach of the five emperors", so he monopolized political, economic and military power from then on. At the same time, Meng Tian, a general, led 300,000 troops to attack the Xiongnu in the north to recover lost territory. In order to prevent the invasion of Xiongnu, the Great Wall built by Qin, Zhao and Yan has been repaired to form the Great Wall of Wan Li, which starts from Lintao in Gansu in the west and ends in Liaodong in the east. Qin Shihuang also gave birth to Vietnam in the south and established four counties, which accelerated the integration between the Han nationality and ethnic minorities. In this way, a powerful multi-ethnic feudal empire with the Han nationality as the main body was established, and Qin Shihuang became the first king in the history of China to unify the whole country.
After Qin Shihuang unified China, he adopted a centralized regime. Politically, he first abolished the enfeoffment system and promoted the county system, dividing the country into 36 counties, which were under the jurisdiction of counties. Central and local officials are personally selected and appointed by the emperor, and they are not hereditary. In order to strengthen centralized rule, he also unified laws, weights and measures, writing and currency. In order to prevent the nobles of the six countries from rebelling, Qin Shihuang ordered the collection of weapons from all over the country, sent them to Xianyang for centralized destruction, and moved the nobles and rich people of the six countries to Xianyang for control and supervision. In 220 BC, Xianyang was taken as a citizen, and Chidao was ordered to be built, one east to the seashore and the other south to wuyue. Also dug a canal connecting Xiangjiang River and Pearl River. Qin Shihuang also visited all parts of the country for many times, with the purpose of "controlling the sea."
In order to strengthen ideological dictatorship, in 2 13 BC, except the History of Qin collected by historians, history books, Confucian classics and works of various philosophers in other countries were burned; In the second year, because the alchemist Hou Sheng and Confucian scholars begged for the elixir of life for Qin Shihuang, they ordered to investigate the crimes of the alchemist Hou Sheng and Confucian scholars and killed more than 430 Confucian scholars in Xianyang. This is a historical event called "burning books to bury Confucianism" by historians, which opened the first literary inquisition in China. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he built large-scale projects, used more than 700,000 migrant workers and spent huge sums of money to build Epang Palace and Lishan Mausoleum. The result is: "At that time, male farming was not enough to spoil, and female spinning was not enough to cover the shape." The people began to resist, Qin Shihuang calmly suppressed, and his rule was in jeopardy.
In 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang fell ill during a tour and died in a sand dune in July.
Historical genius Zhang Heng
1970, the name of a China man was moved to the moon-a crater on the back of the moon was named after him; Seven years later, an asteroid numbered "1802" in the solar system was named after him. He is Zhang Heng, a great scientist, miracle creator, meteorological seismograph creator and astronomer at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
In 78 AD-139, Zhang Heng was born in Wan, western Hubei, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Because he was a river facies in his later years, the world also called him Zhang Hejian. He was born in Zhang Han three years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and belongs to the tiger. Yin-yang and five elements are "earth tigers". Zhang Heng is not only an outstanding astronomer, but also a scholar with profound attainments and great contributions in many scientific fields such as literature, mathematics and meteorology. He is famous for his indifferent life, noble character and upright character.
When Zhang Heng was young, he lived in poverty and studied very hard, even reaching the point of "crossing the river, not staying up all night". He especially likes the works of poet Qu Yuan and fu master Sima Xiangru. When he was young, he traveled to Xi 'an in old Beijing and Luoyang in Kyoto, and studied at Jingshi University Hall. Because Zhang Heng is knowledgeable, the court asked him to be an official several times, but he was unmoved and didn't become an official. At that time, the life of local officials, large and small, was supported by princes and ministers, and the luxury was outrageous. Based on his experience and feelings in two capitals, Zhang Heng spent ten years writing "Fu of Two Capitals", satirizing the times, expressing his heart and feelings.
At the age of twenty-eight, Zhang Heng was the editor-in-chief of Yin Baode, Nanyang Prefecture, and Baode was trained. He also returned to his hometown and devoted himself to astronomy, yin and yang, calendar and other aspects. In A.D. 1 10, Zhang Heng was appointed as a doctor and later promoted to Taishiling, in charge of weather, astrology, calendar and other work. Zhang Heng loved this work very much, which enabled him to engage in in in-depth research in astronomy and made great contributions. During Tai Shiling's tenure, he put forward the concept of "Huntian Theory" and advocated using Huntian Theory to explain the structure of celestial bodies. He believes that "the sky is like a chicken", and heaven and earth are as inseparable as eggshells wrapped with egg yolks. He is also the author of the astronomical work Ling Xian, which draws the first complete star map in ancient China with astronomical terms such as equator, ecliptic, South Pole and North Pole, with a total of 2,500 stars, creating the first armillary sphere driven by copper pot drops in China. In A.D. 132, Zhang Heng invented the "seismograph after the wind" to predict earthquakes. It is made of pure copper, with a round diameter of eight feet, and looks like a statue of Dionysus, which is more than 1700 years earlier than the seismograph created in Europe. Zhang Heng is also a famous mathematician and writer. He is also interested in history and geography. As far as literary creation is concerned, his Four-character Poem is the earliest seven-character poem in the history of China's poetry. The complete seven-character ancient poems from beginning to end have played a pioneering role in the development of seven-character poems and five-character poems.
In AD 133, Zhang Heng was promoted to assistant middle school. Dissatisfied with the power struggle between the consorts and officials in the Eastern Han Dynasty, he was finally pushed out of Beijing by eunuchs and got a job in Hejian State, a fief between Hejian King and Hejian. After Zhang Heng took office, he ruled the country with dignity and rectified laws and regulations. Three years later, he was called an upright official by the court. He died soon after taking office, and an astronomical superstar fell. He made immortal contributions to astronomy and seismology in China.
Medical sage Li Shizhen
Li Shizhen was born in the 13th year of the Ming Dynasty 15 18- 1593, and the five elements of the Zodiac are native tigers. The word East Wall,No. Linhu, Zhou Qiren. Guo Moruo, a famous Chinese medicine practitioner in Ming Dynasty and a late scholar and poet, praised him as a "medical sage". As far as Chinese medicine research is concerned, no one has surpassed him before.
Li Shizhen was born in a family with medicine as a profession, and his grandfather was a local famous doctor. Influenced by his family since childhood, Li Shizhen has a keen interest in plants, insects, fish and other creatures. He saw the sufferings of the people seeking medical treatment, and he was frustrated in the examination room three times. So at the age of 22, he decided to engage in medicine all his life and be a good doctor to treat people. He accumulated a lot of medical knowledge and learned a lot of materia medica. In the year when he failed in the exam at the age of 24, he officially began to practice medicine and expressed his determination to practice medicine all his life with poetry: "Sailing against the current, your heart is stronger than iron; I hope my father is old, and I am not afraid of death. "
Li Shizhen is a diligent thinker who dares to explore. After several years of medical practice, he found many mistakes in traditional herbal books, so he made up his mind to rebuild them. He did not fear the difficulties of mountains and rivers, waded in the water, did not eat cold and heat, climbed mountains and mountains, tasted all kinds of herbs and folk remedies, read more than 800 books in Daxing' anling, studied the records of many scholars, and verified the similarities and differences. Compendium of Materia Medica starts from 1552 and is compiled according to the following formula. After three major revisions and thirteen years, this brilliant pharmacological monograph was finally completed. Compendium of Materia Medica, with 52 volumes and a total of1900,000 words, is an immortal monument in the history of Chinese medicine. This book is divided into sixteen parts: water, soil, gold, stone, grass, grain, vegetables, fruits, wood, eye organs, insects, scales, media, animals and people. There are about 1892 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines collected. Among them, 374 kinds were added by Li Shizhen on the basis of summarizing folk prescriptions. There are also prescriptions 1 1096 and illustrations 1 160.
Compendium of Materia Medica is a magnum opus with rich contents, exquisite materials, scientific classification and orderly structure in the medical history of China. It is more than 100 years earlier than the natural system of Xiaolan Shen, the founder of western plant taxonomy. In the third year after Li Shizhen's death, the book was first published in Nanjing on 1596, which shocked the national medical community. 1606 was introduced to Japan, and 1656 was first translated into Latin in Wigner, with the title Flora of China. Now this book has been translated into many languages abroad, and Li Shizhen's name is well-known and attracts worldwide attention.