1. Chicago School has opened up the research road of modern urban communities.
2. Chicago School formed the theory of humanistic city.
3. Chicago School has promoted the perfection of sociological investigation and research methods.
4. Chicago School established the theory of symbolic interaction.
Second, the theory of structure and function: it rose in the 1930s, that is, during the world economic crisis, represented by Parsons and Merton. The focus of structural function theory is how to maintain and constantly repair social equilibrium. According to the theory of structural function, society is a whole first.
1. Parsons believes that any society must have the general conditions necessary to maintain the system if it wants to survive: ① adaptation: (2) Daqu; ③ integration; ④ Dimensional modulus
2. Merton: Social theory and social structure provide more flexible functional analysis methods.
Third, the theory of conflict: the theory of conflict originated from Marx's social thought, and Marx's theory of class struggle is considered to be the earliest, deepest and most thorough theory of conflict.
1. Lewis a? Coase: Functional conflict theory. "Social function of conflict" Social conflict not only has anti-destructive function, but also has positive function.
2. dahrendorf: dialectical conflict theory. Class and class contradiction in industrial society. Dahrendorf believes that "the unequal system we call social stratification is only the derivative of social power structure", which belongs to the conflict theory of social stratification theory.
Fourth, the exchange theory:
1. homans: Exchange theory was founded by American sociologist homans. Both human communication and social communication are exchange behaviors, and the exchange principle of economics can be extended to all social behaviors. The communication between people can be understood as the exchange of rewards, and how a person's behavior depends on the rewards he can get or the punishment he may incur. Defects: only see the psychological aspects of individual exchange behavior, only talk about the construction of social structure by exchange behavior, but not about the influence of social structure on exchange behavior.
2. Blau: "Exchange and Power in Social Life" Exchange is often carried out on the basis of unequal distribution of resources and power.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) symbolic interaction theory: from George? Herbert? Meade represented American sociologists Cooley, Thomas and Meade's symbolic interaction theory in his early days, mainly represented by Herbert? Brummer Owen. Goffman Basic viewpoint: The communication between people is mediated by symbols, and the understanding and enjoyment of symbols is the basis of social communication.
Sixth, the theory of social criticism: the theoretical path advocated by Frankfurt School. There are three aspects to understanding:
1. The Frankfurt School believes that the capitalist system is gradually making people lose their ability to criticize society.
2. The Frankfurt School believes that the same problem exists in the field of social research, especially in positivistic sociology's research orientation.
3. Limitations of Frankfurt School: It failed to find a real solution to the fundamental way out of capitalism, thus falling into pessimism about historical development.
Seven, the representative figures of contemporary sociological theory
1. Alfred Schutz: Deeply influenced by phenomenological philosophy, he founded phenomenological sociology. His representative works include Phenomenology of Social World and Structure of Life World. He emphasized the intersubjectivity of the daily world, which is "ours" rather than "mine". The social world is a system in an objective sense, but a meaning that the subject can enjoy.
2. Michelle? Foucault: madness and civilization, words and things, discipline and punishment, sexual history.
3. Anthony? Giddens: the composition of society, nation-state and violence, current consequences, the third way. Giddens tries to overcome the theoretical dilemma between determinism and voluntarism, and thinks that social structure is produced and reproduced through human actions. On the one hand, social structure really restricts people's behavior, but on the other hand, people can actively act on social structure and respond to it in their daily activities, so his theory is called structural theory.
4. You have two? Habermas: structural transformation in the public sphere, science and technology as ideology, legitimacy crisis and communicative behavior theory.
5. Pierre? Bourdieu: Outline of Practice Theory, Division of Labor, National Elite, Practice and Reflection