Wang Fuzhi (16 19 ~ 1692), a word farmer, was named Laizhai, a pot Taoist in posthumous title. He lived in Shichuan Mountain in Hengyang in his later years and was called "Mr. Chuanshan". Outstanding thinkers and philosophers in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, together with Fang Yizhi, Gu and Huang Zongxi, were called "Three Masters in the Late Ming Dynasty". Hengyang, Hunan, Han nationality. During the Chongzhen period of the Ming Dynasty, Wang Fuzhi studied in Yuelu Academy, under the guidance of Wu Daoxing, and studied in the eleventh year of Chongzhen (1638). Wu Daoxing taught Huxiang Family Studies and Zhu Zhidao at school, which influenced Wang Fuzhi's thought earlier and formed the basic thread of saving the world and the people in Wang Fuzhi's Huxiang School system. After the death of Ming Dynasty, in the fifth year of Qing Shunzhi (1648), Wang Fuzhi sent troops to Hengyang to fight the Qing Dynasty, stopped the Qing army from going south, and retreated to Zhaoqing after defeat. He worked as a pedestrian in the ghost palace in Nanming to oppose Wang Huacheng and was jailed several times. When I arrived in Guilin, according to Qu Shi, Guilin fell into a trap and was martyred to hide. He moved from Xiangxi to Chen, Yong, Lian and Shao, fled to Yaodong and crouched in the mountains. Later, I returned to my hometown Hengyang to concentrate on my studies, and built a thatched cottage at the foot of Shichuan Mountain, called "Xiangxi Caotang". He wrote many important academic works here. After the age of 33, Wang Fuzhi began to "live in the valley of the forest and hide everywhere", and even changed his name to Yan Ren to avoid the world until his death. After studying hard and writing hard for forty years, I got a "put my hair in order, it's over" and never shaved my hair again. This is a lonely Geng Jieren, a rare figure among intellectuals in China.

Wang Fuzhi is knowledgeable. He has studied astronomy, calendar, mathematics and geography, especially in Confucian classics, history and literature. Philosophical summary and development of China's traditional materialism. It is believed that "everything in heaven and earth is qi, that is, everything is reason" (Reading Four Books, Volume 10), "qi" is a material entity and "reason" is an objective law. The dialectical essence of the change of qi is illustrated by "biochemical product", and it is considered that "Yin and Yang are opposites, rigid and soft, cold and warm, life and death are opposites and enemies". Emphasize that "the world is just a tool" and "without tools, there is no way" (Book of Changes, Volume 5). Historical evolutionism is based on the relationship between Tao and implement, and opposes conservative and degenerate ideas. It is also believed that "practice is nature, success is success", and human nature changes with environmental customs, so "what has not been achieved can be changed" and education should "develop habits in children". On the relationship between knowledge and action, he emphasized that action is the basis of knowledge, and opposed Lu Wang's view of "taking knowledge as action" and the Zen master's view of "stopping knowing it". Politically, they oppose powerful landlords and think that "enriching the people greatly" is "the destiny of the country", and agriculture, industry and commerce can all generate wealth. In literature, he is good at poetry and works. He has unique views on poetry, including Yi Shi and Preface to the Sunset Red. The book was edited by later generations as the suicide note of Chuanshan. He adhered to the fighting spirit of patriotism and materialism all his life until his death. Among them, the most important ones in philosophy are Zhouyi Zhuan, Shangshu Yi Yin, Reading Four Complete Works, Zhang Zizheng Zhu Meng, Lu Si's Internal and External Chapters, Huangshu, Nightmare and so on. Ink is rare from generation to generation. The book Song of Dayun Mountain is a rare treasure. The thought of Ming Dynasty is a great synthesis of the thoughts of past dynasties. Scholars in the Ming Dynasty criticized the shortcomings of the past ideological circles, some of which were very pertinent.

Wang Fuzhi's thoughts, especially his historical views and political thoughts, are mostly reflected in his two works, Zi Zhi Tong Jian and Song Lun. Thirty volumes of Zi Zhi Tong Jian and fifteen volumes of Song Lun. According to Wang Cai, the son of Wang Fuzhi, recorded in Jiang Zhai Gong Xing Shu, Wang Fuzhi wrote 30 volumes of Zi Zhi Tong Jian and 15 volumes of Song Lun in his later years, which made a difference because of the ups and downs of ancient and modern times. All kinds of papers are heavy and handwritten in regular script. Students who are poor and have no books, pens and paper, and many false old friends, the cause of books is to teach them; Few people hide at home with their children and grandchildren. It can be seen that the writing process of these books is very difficult.

Wang Fuzhi wrote 320 volumes in his life, all of which are recorded in the four libraries, including Zhouyi, Textual Research, Shangshu, Shishu and Chunqiu. In the 28th year of Kangxi (1690), the immortal master Wang Fuzhi said on his tombstone that "Wang Fuzhi, a pedestrian with a legacy of the Ming Dynasty ..... claimed to be an inscription: Liu Yueshi was lonely and resentful, and his life could not be achieved. I hope he can learn the horizontal canal but not succeed in his career. Fortunately, it all belongs to Qiu Zi, who got an eternal jersey. In the 300 years after the Wu Shen era, people took pleasure in stones. " In particular, he warned his son that "headstones should not be built or damaged." The form was originally designed for inscriptions, which are both inscriptions and cannot be copied. If your brother can study hard, don't praise me for ruining me. Decades later, a brief history will show that future generations can hear and don't have to come out. Those who support this point are ignorant. I was awarded this book in September. "

The "Wu Shen era" mentioned in Wang Fuzhi's epitaph was the first year of Hongwu, the founding emperor of Ming Dynasty. In addition, it is emphasized that "the tombstone cannot be built", and if it is built, it will "not increase the loss" and "the person who backs it does not know its heart".

The main idea of Wang Fuzhi's political thought is "obeying the public of the world". Under this theme, he lashed out at "Solitary Qin" and "Low Song", profoundly exposing the practice that Qin Shihuang and emperors of past dynasties regarded the world as private property.