Qin dynasty refers to the dynasty established after the Qin dynasty destroyed six countries. The founding period of the Qin Dynasty was 22 1-206, and the founding lasted 15 years, namely, Ying Zheng, Hu Hai, Qin Ershi and Zi Ying, Qin Sanshi. Later, Liu Bang captured Xianyang and perished, and Xiang Yu killed Qin Sanshi Ziying. In fact, the Qin Dynasty was called Qin State before the unification of the six countries. According to records, the State of Qin was recorded in Qin Feizi about 900 years ago. According to the historical records of Qin dynasty, the population of the whole country reached 30 million at that time, and the land area was 3.55 million square kilometers. The Qin Dynasty was the first unified autocratic centralized country in the history of China. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Ying Zheng, the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, destroyed the six countries of Kanto successively, thus completing national reunification. Later, he attacked the Huns in the north and conquered the country in the south. It created the emperor system, the central official system represented by three officials and nine officials, and the county system, completely broke the Shi Qing Shi Lu system since the Western Zhou Dynasty, safeguarded the unity of the country, and strengthened the central government's control over the localities. It laid the foundation for the rule of the ancient unified dynasty in China, so there is a saying that "there are still Qin politics and law in one hundred generations". However, the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty also caused class contradictions and social unrest, which led to the first large-scale peasant uprising in the history of China. 206 years ago, Zi Ying, king of Qin, surrendered to Liu Bang. It was only in 15 that the Qin Dynasty perished. Qin Yuan, a vassal state of Zhou Dynasty, won the surname. According to legend, the ancestor Boyi helped Yu to control water, and was given the surname by Shun Di. The concubine, a descendant of Boyi, once raised horses for Zhou, and with his skill, horses multiplied quickly. Zhou later enfeoffed Qin Valley (now southwest of Tianshui City, Gansu Province) to him, which is the origin of Qin State. 770 years ago, Qin Xianggong was made a vassal for his meritorious service in escorting Zhou Pingwang to Luoyang. After the founding of the Qin dynasty, it occupied the territory of the eastern Zhou royal family in Guanzhong. Later, the King of Qin was unified and the Daqin Empire was established in 22 1 year. In order to strengthen the national unity, the king of Qin adopted a series of new policies in politics, military affairs, economy, transportation, culture and opening to the outside world, which greatly strengthened the national unity and had a considerable impact on future generations. However, his career was completed in just ten years under the cruel oppression of the people, so the rule of the Qin Dynasty was inevitably characterized by harshness and tyranny. Finally, in 2007 10, Xianyang, the capital, was captured by Liu Bang, the Qin Dynasty perished, and the country was founded for fifteen years. [3] Since the Qin Dynasty, China has formed a unified country with the Han nationality as the main body. No matter whether the strongmen are openly separated or foreign invaders establish political power, they will always revert to a unified country with the Han nationality as the main body. The origin of Qin people Qin people are a branch of the Han nationality who moved westward. The ancestor of the State of Qin was the sage Boyi, who was the descendant of Zhuan Xu (Note: Huangdi [5] Lei Zu gave birth to two sons: Xiao Xuan, the second is Changyi; Mysterious arrogance is extremely high; Gao E gave birth to three sons: Di Ku, the father of the great cause; Chang Yisheng has a son named Zhuan Xu, and Zhuan Xu has a female name show; The father of the great cause married the daughter of Zhuan Xu and gave birth to Boyi). Ben is an ancient tribal leader, and Shun Di gave him the surname "Win". At the end of the summer, Chang Fei (the great-grandson of Ruomu, the second son of Boyi) went to Shang Dynasty in the summer and conquered Shang Tang, and was defeated by Mingtiao. Later, from generation to generation, Yin Shang was assisted by Won surname, so there were many Won surnames in history. At the end of Shang Dynasty, Fei Lian (the son of Zhong Sun of Boyi V) and E Lai (the eldest son of Fei Lian and the younger brother of E Lai is Ji Sheng) both served him with material strength. In the latter Zhou Dynasty, the army of Shang Dynasty was defeated. King Wu shot E himself to vent his anger, and Fei Lian ran to Huotai Mountain and won his surname. Arrived, Zhao Fu (note: Fei Lian's second son Ji Sheng gave birth to Meng Zeng, Meng Zeng gave birth to his father, and his father gave birth to Zhao Fu) was Zhou, putting down the chaos of thousands of miles and was sealed in Zhao Cheng. His clan is Zhao Zaofu's nephew and concubine (note: evil will give birth to women's defense, and women's defense will have a high edge, and there will be too many high edges, and too many will give birth to Luo, and Luo will give birth to non-children; Ji Sheng Meng Zeng, Meng Zeng's father, Zhao Fusheng's father. Zhou gave Qin a small piece of land to continue the sacrifice of winning the surname. Later, Qin Xianggong saved Zhou Yougong and became a vassal. At that time, in order to seek Qiang Bing to revitalize the country, many countries began to reform and strengthen their countries. Wei Wen started the world, took the lead in using and writing Six Chapters of Fa Jing as the way to govern the country, and formulated a set of economic policies to develop geographical advantages and reward farming, which made Wei more powerful. In order to change the situation that Qin State was bullied by Chu State and Wei State, ambitious Qin Xiaogong (38 1-338 BC) decided to revive Qin State and reproduce the great achievements of Mu Gong after he ascended the throne in 362 BC (2 1 year old). Qin Xiaogong did not hesitate to reward him, ordered him to collect talents, and issued an order to collect talents to the world: "If there are guests and ministers, you can make a coup for Qiang Qin, and I respect the officials and share the land with them." Under the four questions, there will be brave people. Defender Sun Yang is such a brave man. He came from Wei, helped to carry out political reform and moved the capital to Xianyang (now northeast of Xianyang, Shaanxi). With the rise of great powers, Qin civilians have the hope of changing their identity with military exploits, and soldiers have become the most glorious profession. Anyone who has made achievements in the military can be promoted to a knight, which greatly stimulates the Qin people's enthusiasm for production and the courage to fight for the country. The more prisoners there are, the more capital there is to reward Qin's achievements ... In this cycle, the Qin army becomes stronger and stronger, becoming a teacher of tigers and wolves that makes the eastern countries lose heart. The core ideas of Shang Yang's political reform are: severe punishment, weak people, suppression of business and prohibition of travel. Qin was soon transformed from an obscure weak country in the west into a military power with "imperial edict" and "vassal cooperation". During the short 10 years of Shang Yang's political reform, Qin was ruled endlessly. There are no thieves in the mountains, and the family provides for the people. Qin people are "brave in fighting public wars and afraid of fighting private wars", and they are happy when they hear about fighting. Even Tian Ji, the Emperor of the Zhou Dynasty, gave Xiao Gong a gift and named it "Fang Bo like Qin Shihuang" (the leader of a vassal). All countries came to congratulate him, and Qin became the most powerful and wealthy country at that time. Shang Yang carried out the most successful political reform movement in the Warring States period, but it ended in a car crack. This is of course very unfortunate for Shang Yang personally. But for the development of Qin, the results of Shang Yang's painstaking reform are indelible. Although he died, his method was not defeated, even "the method that all women and children in Qin dynasty said" ("Warring States Policy Qin Ce I"). The reform presided over by Shang Yang is the most comprehensive, systematic and thorough among all countries. Since Shang Yang's political reform carried out the policy of rewarding military service (military service knighthood system), Qin Jun has become more and more brave. Weapons and equipment are constantly improving. The arm is divided into step, car and ride. The number of troops reached "one million soldiers" for a long time, followed by famous military strategists and generals from Wei Liaozi, Bai Qi and Jincon. Qin quickly became the first powerful country in the Warring States Period, which was an important step in the rise of the Qin Dynasty, and gradually made A Qin a central force to realize the reunification of China. In the seventeenth year (the first 230 years), the six countries of Qin were conquered, and the South Korean general Nai Shi Teng led the destruction of Korea, captured Wang An and died. The income from Korea is located in Yingchuan County. In the 19th year of Qin Dynasty (the first 228 years), Wang Jian, a general of Qin State, invaded Handan, the capital of Zhao State, and Zhao Wangqian was forced to land in Qin and Zhaopo, and set up Handan County, Julu County and Taiyuan County. Zhao Gongzi's family led hundreds of clan members to flee to Yecheng. In the twentieth year of Qin (227 BC), the prince of Yan sent Jing Ke and Qin Wuyang to assassinate the king of Qin, and the king of Qin immediately sent Wang Jian to attack Yan. In the 21st year of Qin Dynasty (226 BC), Wang Jian attacked Yan Dou Ji, and Prince Xi retreated to Liaodong, killing Prince Dan and making peace. In the 22nd year of the King of Qin (the first 225 years), Wang Jian's son, Qin Jun Wang Ben, led 65,438+10,000 troops to attack Wei, surrounded Wei's girders and irrigated them with water from the Yellow River Gorge. Three months later, Daliangcheng was breached and Wei Wangjia surrendered. In the same year of Wei's death, Wang Jian led a 600,000-strong army to attack Chu, and An Lushan practiced martial arts, holding out for the twenty-third year of Qin (the first 224 years). Wang Jian led 600,000 troops across the Huaihe River and besieged Shouchun, the capital of Chu, for 24 years (the first 223 years). The morale of the Chu army was low and there was a lack of food and grass, so they withdrew from the front. Wang Jian took the opportunity to pursue, wiped out the main force of the Chu army, occupied Shouchun, the capital of Chu, and captured the king of Chu alive. The Chu people re-established Chang Pingjun as king. Wang Jian led the army to cross the river, pacify Jiangnan and set up Huiji County. In the 25th year of Qin Dynasty (222 BC), Wang Ben captured Liaodong and captured the Prince. Then he captured the city of Dai and captured Zhao Wangjia. Yan and Zhao perished completely, and Qin Dynasty was established in Yanmen County in the 26th year of Qin Shihuang (22 1 year). Wang Ben led the army south to attack Qi, and Qi surrendered without fighting, and Qi perished, Qin destroyed six countries and unified the whole country. At that time, Wei was a vassal. In the first year of Qin Ershi, that is, the first 209 years, Huns abandoned in the Northern Expedition were distributed on the Mongolian Plateau. Since the end of the Warring States period, they have often invaded the south. After the national reunification, Qin Shihuang sent Meng Tian to lead 300,000 troops to fight against the Huns. In the thirty-second year of the first emperor (2 15 BC), Meng Tian recovered the land south of Hetao, which was called "Henan land" at that time, and further expelled the Huns in the second year. Qin started from Yuzhong (east of Lanzhou, Gansu, but there are different opinions) to the north, set up 34 counties in the east of the Yellow River and south of Yinshan Mountain, and built a river on a section of the Yellow River. Qin also restored and connected Yan, Zhao and Qin Changcheng during the Warring States Period, and built the Great Wall of Wan Li, one of the great ancient world projects from Lintao (now Minxian County, Gansu Province) in the west to Liaodong in the east, to protect the northern agricultural areas. Then, Qin moved tens of thousands of people to Hetao. This has played a positive role in reclaiming border areas and strengthening border defense. The Vietnamese who surrendered to China Baiyue were distributed in East China and South China, divided into Fujian, South Vietnam and Xi 'ou. Fujian and Vietnam are now in Zhejiang and Fujian, South Vietnam is now in Guangdong and eastern Guangxi, and xi 'ou is now in southwestern Guangdong, southwestern Guangxi and even southeastern Yunnan. The Yue people "tattooed their hair and hugged their arms" and engaged in fishing and hunting agriculture, relying on mountains and seas. Xi 'ou people are mainly engaged in agricultural production. In the twenty-fourth year of the King of Qin (the first 223 years), Wang Jian led Qin Jun to destroy Chu, continued southward, won part of the land of the Yue people, and set up Huiji County (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). In twenty-six years, Qin Shihuang sent Wei Tu Sui to send 500,000 troops, divided into five armies, to attack Kancheng (now Jingxian County, Hunan Province), Jiuyi (now Ningyuan South, Hunan Province), Panyu (now Guangzhou, Guangdong Province), Ye Nan (now Nankang, Jiangxi Province) and Yugan (now Yugan, Jiangxi Province) for three years. Qin Jun defeated the resistance of Fujian and Vietnam, and set up Minzhong County (now Fuzhou, Fujian) with its land. Qin Jun, who attacked South Vietnam, also occupied Panyu. Only Qin Jun, on the western front, met with stubborn resistance from the Xi 'ou people. In order to solve the difficulty of salary transfer in Qin Jun, Jian Lu led troops to dig a canal between Xiangshui and Lishui (now Xing 'an, Guangxi) to connect the traffic of the Yangtze River and the Pearl River system. In the battle with the Ou people, Xi Ou Jun translated and Qin Jun Commander Wei Tusui died one after another. In thirty-three years, Qin Shihuang sent reinforcements from the people, husbands and businessmen who fled in Neixian County to conquer Western Europe, and built Nanhai County (now Guangzhou, Guangdong), Xiang Jun County (now Chongzuo, Guangxi) and Guilin County (now Guiping, Guangxi) in the hometown of Southern Guangdong and Western Europe and its adjacent areas, and continued to recruit people to defend them. In this way, hundreds of thousands of northern farmers stayed there to live with the Vietnamese and jointly develop the Pearl River Basin. In 22 1 year BC, in the twenty-sixth year of Qin Shihuang, the feudal state ruled by feudal lords ended, and the autocratic and centralized Han nationality unified the country. This is a special event in ancient history. As a unified dynasty, it established a highly centralized political system in a vast ruling area, "the instrument is the same as the quantity, and the book is the same." Qin Ershi and Hu Hai acceded to the throne 2 10 years before their demise. He further aggravated the exploitation and oppression of farmers, taking "those who pay heavy taxes as bright officials" and "murderers as loyal ministers". He asked farmers to pay more rice and straw, and brought their own grain to Xianyang for officials, troops and even dogs, horses and livestock to eat. He continued to build Epang Palace and sent people to defend from afar. The target of corvee recruitment has been further expanded, the sufferings of farmers have reached the extreme, and a large-scale peasant uprising has reached the point of explosive. When the peasants were brewing anti-Qin, the latent remnants of the old nobles in the six countries also took the opportunity to carry out separatist activities. In the thirty-sixth year of the first emperor (2 1 1 years ago), the inscription "The first emperor died and ceded territory" appeared in Dong Jun, which was the symbol of this separatist activity. In July of the first year of Qin Ershi (the first 209 years), a group of 900 people set out for Yuyang (now Miyun, Beijing), but were stranded in osawa Township (now Suxian, Anhui) because of rain, and failed to reach Yuyang garrison as scheduled. Qin law stipulates that "those who exceed the time limit will face the threat of death." So, under the leadership of Chen Sheng and Guangwu, osawa Township raised the banner of the first large-scale peasant uprising in China history. Chen Sheng, namely Chen She and Yangcheng (there are different sayings today, in Henan), was born in a peasant family; Guangwu, a native of Yang Xia (now Taikang), is also a farmer. They are all captains of the garrison. In order to launch an uprising, they wrote the word "Chen" on silks, put it in the belly of the fish, and watched the soldiers buy books for the fish. The rumors were strange. At night, a bonfire is lit in the temple next to the station, making a fox sound and making a sound of "Great Chu Xing, Chen". Then, Chen Sheng and Guangwu killed the Qin Wei who escorted them, led the garrison soldiers, and called on the peasants to fight against Qin in the name of the executed Qin Gongzi Fu Su and the late Chu General Xiang Yan. Farmers nearby joined the uprising. The insurgents split their troops and marched eastward, with the main force marching westward, connecting Luo, Bang, Zhe and Qiao (now Su, zhecheng county and Bo counties in Anhui Province) counties in eastern Henan and northern Anhui. When they advanced to Chen (now Huaiyang, Henan), it was already a huge team of tens of thousands of people. Under the influence of the insurgents, farmers in many counties killed and defended the mausoleum, responding to Chen Sheng; Especially in the old Chu state, thousands of people gathered everywhere. Some old nobles, tourists and Confucian scholars from the six countries who were hiding among the people also took the opportunity to return to China and exerted influence in the peasant army by virtue of their old identities. Zhang Er and Chen Yu even suggested that Chen Sheng send someone to "establish six countries", but Chen Sheng flatly refused. Chen Sheng established himself as the "King Zhang Chu" and divided his forces to attack Qin in three ways: Guangwu was the "fake king" and Xingyang was attacked in the west; Go north to Zhao; Wei ren attacked Wei in Zhoucheng. Wu Guangjun was blocked in Xingyang, and Chen Sheng sent Zhou Wenxi to attack Qin. Zhou Wenjun quickly developed into a city with hundreds of thousands of soldiers who entered Guanzhong (now Lintong, Shaanxi) and approached Xianyang. Qin Ershi quickly sent criminals to repair Mount Li as soldiers, and fought with Shaofu Zhang Han to defeat Zhou Wenjun. Zhou Shi was the prime minister of Wei in Wei Guoli, and sent people to Chen Sheng to meet Wei. The influence of the old aristocracy was very active, which dispersed the peasant uprising team. Chen Sheng, lacking in experience and determination, watched the situation of division form. Bobby Chen is also disunited. Zhang Han's Qin army defeated Zhou Wen in succession, and Zhou Wen committed suicide. Zhang Handong forced Xingyang, and Tian Cang killed all his weapons. When he met Zhang Han, he was defeated and killed. When he entered Chen, Chen Sheng retreated to the lower town (now southeast Anhui) and his father was killed by traitors, and Chen Jun fell. Chen Sheng led the "Cangtou Army" led by Lv Chen to fight bravely, recovered Chen County and executed it. As a pioneer of anti-Qin, Chen Sheng failed to lead the uprising for only half a year, but the anti-Qin wave was aroused by him and continued to impact the rule of Qin (see Chen Sheng and the uprising). After the Chen Sheng Uprising, Xiang Liang, the son of Xiang Yan, a famous Chu soldier, and Xiang Yu, the nephew of Xiang Liang, killed Qin Huiji County Guard in Wu (now Suzhou, Jiangsu) and rose up to respond. Soon Xiang Liang led 8,000 troops across the river to the north, and the team expanded to 670,000, and Lien Chan won. The nobles of Fujian and Vietnam led the public to disagree, followed Qin Fanyang and turned against Qin. Liu Bang, the original curator of Peixian County, and some criminals fled to Shanze, and also attacked Peiling for rebellion, and were incorporated into Liang Jun. Xiang Liang named Chu Huaiwang's grandson King Chu. Later, Xiang Liang was defeated in Dingtao, and Han's army turned to the north and crossed the river to attack Zhao. At this time, Wang Li did not let Meng Tian guard the northern frontier, but also led an army from Shang Jun (southeast of Yulin, Shaanxi Province) to the east, and surrounded the giant Lucheng (now Pingxiang, Hebei Province) where Zhang Er and Zhao Wangxie were stationed. Chu Wang sent and Xiang Yu rescued Zhao, and Liu Bangxi entered the customs. Song went to Anyang and couldn't stay long. Xiang Yu killed Yi Song and led his troops across the Zhanghe River. After fierce fighting, he solved the siege of the giant deer and was promoted to a vassal and general. Later, Zhang Han, the general of Qin, led 200,000 people to surrender to him. Liu bang detoured into Wuguan and arrived near Xianyang. At that time, Qin Ershi had been killed by Zhao Gao, and Zi Ying was demoted as the emperor, known as the King of Qin, and surrendered to Liu Bang. Liu bang captured Xianyang and Qin died. Liu Bang abolished the harsh laws of Qin State, and only agreed on three chapters: "The murderer dies, the wounded are injured, and the thief makes amends", which won the support of Qin people.