Fritillaria Fritillaria It is a perennial herb of Liliaceae. Because its underground scales are flat, disc-shaped, shaped like shells and flat, it is named Fritillaria. It is produced in three northeastern provinces of China, mainly distributed in the Changbai Mountain range of east longitude 123- 135, north latitude 40-48, moist broad-leaved forest belt under the mountain and both sides of the river valley, and the elevation is mostly below1000 m. The artificial cultivation of Fritillaria is mainly produced in Tonghua, Yanbian, Dandong, Liaoning and Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, and the cultivated area exceeds. Due to the high propagation coefficient and excellent product quality, Fritillaria occupies an important position in the national Fritillaria commodity. At present, Shandong, Hebei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Henan, Jiangxi and other 18 provinces and regions have introduced trial planting. Jilin Tonghua Fritillaria cultivation has a long history, large area and rich experience, which has played a positive role in the development of Fritillaria production in China. Bulbs are used as medicine, and the main effective components are alkaloids: sibelium, peimine A and peimine B. In addition, Fritillaria bulbs also contain a lot of starch, sucrose, sterol glycosides, monosaccharides and volatile oil. In recent years, according to the analysis, it is found that the whole grass of Fritillaria contains alkaloids, especially the flower buds. It can be seen that the whole grass of Fritillaria can be used as medicine. The taste is slightly bitter and the nature is slightly cold. Has the effects of clearing away heat, moistening lung, relieving cough and resolving phlegm. Indications: cough due to lung heat, excessive phlegm and chest tightness. At present, most of them are made into Chuanbei powder, Chuanbei tablets and other preparations, which sell well at home and abroad.

I. Morphological characteristics

Plant height is 30-60 cm. Bulbs are oblate and consist of 2-3 scales stacked together. The stem is upright, cylindrical, with smooth and hairless surface and frosting. There are 15-25 leaves, the middle and lower leaves of the stem are often whorled, and the upper leaves are often opposite or completely alternate, sessile; The leaves are lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate to linear, and the top leaves are tendrils. The leaves are 5- 10 (15) cm long and 2-6.5 cm wide, and the apex is not curled or slightly curled. Single flower axillary, 65438+ 0-3 flowers per plant, up to 6 flowers. The corolla is yellow-green, with purple reticular markings, bell-shaped, 6 oblong, with two wheels, about 2.5cm long and 1.3cm wide, and the inner wheel is slightly short and narrow. The nectary fossa is obviously prominent on the back; Stamens 6, anthers yellow, style papillate, stigma 3-parted, lobes 5 mm long. The capsule is obovate, cracked at the top, three-loculed, with six longitudinal wings, and contains 100- 150 seeds (Figure 14-53).

Fig.14-53 Morphological diagram of Fritillaria.

1. Underground light bulb 2. Aboveground stem 3. Flower 4. Flower outline

Second, biological characteristics.

(1) Climate, soil and growth habits of Fritillaria.

Fritillaria Fritillaria has a cold climate, with an annual average temperature of 2-5℃, an average temperature of -20- 17℃ in June, and an absolute low temperature below -37℃. The average temperature in July is 20-23℃, and the annual temperature is around 40℃. The final frost period is in the middle and late May, the first frost period is in the middle and late September, and the frost-free period is about 100- 120 days. The annual average precipitation is 750- 1000mm, concentrated in July, August and September. Fritillaria Fritillaria mostly grows on brown forest soil or mountain chernozem with thick soil layer, loose texture, good structure and rich humus, and the soil water content is about 20_30%.

Fritillaria Fritillaria is an early spring plant, which likes cool and humid climate and is afraid of drought and heat. In early spring, it germinated and unearthed when it was thawed, and entered a vigorous period when the temperature was 13- 16℃. The aboveground growth period is very short, from emergence to withering, from early April to mid-June, only about 60 days; 65438+ 10 From early August to early June, the differentiation and growth of regenerated buds and new roots were completed. It grows rapidly in cooler spring and autumn, grows slowly in summer and sleeps in winter. Therefore, sufficient water and nutrition in spring and autumn are the guarantee to improve the yield of Fritillaria. Fritillaria has strong cold tolerance, and the overwintering buds do not suffer from freezing injury at -37.2℃ in winter. However, summer is afraid of high temperature and drought. When the air temperature is above 28℃ and the ground temperature of the soil layer where bulbs are distributed, that is, 7- 15 cm below the surface, is above 20℃, the aboveground plants wither and the underground bulbs enter a slow differentiation stage. Because high temperature is not conducive to the formation of overwintering buds, it is necessary to plant shade crops. After the beginning of August, the bulbs of Fritillaria began to move again. With the decrease of temperature, regenerated buds, shellfish and new roots grow and develop rapidly. Before freezing, the regenerated buds can reach 1- 1.5 cm long, and the new roots have fully developed, so as to prepare for early emergence in the next spring.

(2) the growth and development of Fritillaria

1. ontogeny of Fritillaria

Fritillaria takes 4-5 years from sowing to flowering and fruiting, and the morphological difference from seedling to adult is significant, which can be divided into the following periods:

(1) Linear leaf stage

One-year-old seedlings only grow a linear leaf, and the apex is often bent into a semi-ring, which is about 5cm long and 0.5- 1 mm wide. The bulblet at the base is about 2mm in diameter and 25mg in fresh weight.

(2) The period of "chicken tongue leaf"

Refers to two or three-year-old seedlings with leaves like chicken tongues. The biennial leaves are over 10cm long, 3mm wide and 4mm in bulb diameter. The three-year-old leaves are10-15cm long and 4-10mm wide. Bulbs are the size of corn kernels and weigh about 0.9 grams fresh. ..

(3) "Siping tou" period

Refers to four or five-year-old plants, which begin to form obvious aboveground stems, about 8-20 cm high, with lanceolate leaves, 8- 10 cm long and 6-8 mm wide, hence the name. Bulb oblate, hazelnut size, diameter1-1.5cm, fresh weight 0.8-1.5g. ..

(4) pole period

That is, the flowering period begins five or six years after birth, the plant height can reach 30-60 cm, and there are 1-3 bell-shaped flowers in the axils of leaves, which are quite like lanterns, hence the name. Bulbs are oblate and disc-shaped, with a diameter of about 1.5-2.5 cm, a fresh weight of 3-6 g, and a large number of shells split, ranging from 10-30. It is the mature stage of Fritillaria. The new bulbs of seven-year-old plants began to decrease, and the weight also decreased accordingly. Nine-year-old plants may not form new bulbs, but only some pods (Figure 14-54).

Fig.14-54 growth and development stages of Fritillaria.

1. An annual plant with seed propagation-"linear leaves" 2-4. 2. Triennial-"Chicken Tongue" 5. Four-year-old plant-"Sipingtou" 6. Five or six-year-old plants-"lantern pole"

2. Annual growth cycle of Fritillaria.

It can be divided into seed emergence stage (sexual reproduction), bulb emergence stage, leaf unfolding stage, flowering stage, fruiting stage, bulb regeneration stage, withering stage, regeneration bud differentiation stage and dormancy stage.

(1) Seed germination stage

The seeds of Fritillaria have the habit of hypocotyl dormancy, and do not emerge when sowing in the same year. After completing the embryo's morphology and maturity, they need to go through a certain period of low temperature to break the dormancy of hypocotyls and emerge in the middle of April of the following year. The temperature required for eclosion is about 3-5℃.

(2) Bulb emergence stage

Generally from late March to early April, the temperature required for seedling emergence is 2-4℃.

(3) blade opening period

Usually in early April to mid-April, when the temperature is 3-5℃.

(4) Flowering period

Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae has formed obvious stems, leaves and buds in the process of overwintering bud differentiation, so it grows by buds after emergence, and buds appear when leaves are spread. At this time, the stamen has four pollen sacs, and many pollen mother cells are developed in the anther chamber. However, the ovule in pistil has inner and outer integuments and has developed into megasporocyte or binuclear embryo sac. Until early May, when the temperature reached 10- 14℃, flowers began to bloom, the pollen sac burst and pollen was released. The ovule in pistil is in the primary tetranuclear embryo sac stage. As far as flowers are concerned, pistils develop later than stamens. The flowering period is 7- 15 days.

(5) fruiting period

It takes about a month from flowering to fruiting to fruit ripening, and it ripens in the first half of June. At this time, the daily average temperature is about 17- 19℃.

(6) bulb regeneration

Five-year-old plants have a new axis structure since seed propagation. After the main stem died, it was regenerated from 1-2 buds on the side of the main stem. Generally, regenerated buds have 6 buds. After germination in spring, the innermost 2-3 buds gradually thicken into new bulbs. The outermost two plump bud leaves were consumed before germination, and the third and fourth bud leaves turned into brown films to wrap the new bulbs. By the end of April or the beginning of May, the mother bulbs are exhausted and become empty shells, and new bulbs grow further until the aboveground parts wither. Bulbs over four years old have two regenerated buds, which can form two new bulbs respectively.

The determination of dry matter accumulation in different organs of a single plant, such as leaf area, showed that the growth of new bulbs was closely related to leaf area. According to the determination on May 15, when the leaf area per plant of Fritillaria reached 84. 1cm2, the weight of a single new bulb increased from 43% on May 5 to 67%, and it increased by 24% in May 10. In the later stage, due to the formation of fruits, the stems become lignified.

(7) withering period

When the average temperature reaches about 20℃ in early and mid-June, the aboveground parts of plants enter the withering stage respectively. Generally, plants under four years old will return to seedlings when the ground temperature is 18℃ for two consecutive days, and lantern poles will return to seedlings when the ground temperature is 20℃ for two consecutive days. The growth and development of Fritillaria is mainly affected by climate, but also restricted by other factors such as soil moisture.

(8) Bud regeneration and new root differentiation

After overwintering, the axillary bud primordium formed in the first year has differentiated into 4-6 bud leaves and several young leaves from spring germination to leaf withering. In mid-June, the main stem was elongated and differentiated into several young leaves. At this time, the ground temperature was 18-2 1℃, and the flower primordium differentiation was completed in early July (Figure 14-55). In July,

Fig. 14—55 flower bud differentiation of Fritillaria.

On June 25th, 1.6, the longitudinal section of the updated bud showed that the updated bud was still a vegetative bud in June of the following year. The longitudinal section of the regenerated buds in early July of the following year showed that the regenerated buds began to transform into flower buds in early July of the following year. 15 The inner and outer perianth and stamen primordium were formed in the middle of July 4th. At the beginning of May, the longitudinal section of flower bud showed that the second flower primordium appeared. In late June, the longitudinal section of flower bud showed that stamens had differentiated into anther flowers. Since September, the new bud has been higher than the bulb, and two flowers were formed in mid-September, and the pistil was elongated in late September. 165438+1In early October, the regenerated buds were taller than bulbs1.5-2 cm; Perianth is more than 5 mm long; Stamens, anthers 3-6 mm long and filaments 0.05 mm; Very long. Pistil 2.4-5 mm long, stigma 3-lobed, style not elongated.

The regenerated buds differentiated into flower primordium and formed a new axillary bud primordium in late August. As early as the end of June to the beginning of July, axillary buds were formed on the regenerated buds, and leaf bud primordium was formed in late September (figure 14-56).

Fig. 14—56 the morphology of updated buds before freezing.

1. Bud leaf 2. There are three left. Flower primordium 4. Mother bulb 5. Aboveground stem 7. Eight axillary buds. Underwater shells.

Bulbs began to grow new roots in September, which were 2-5 cm long before freezing, laying the foundation for the growth in early spring of the following year.

(9) dormant period

165438+1From mid-October to mid-March of the following year, the soil was frozen and the plants were dormant.

(III) Dynamic accumulation of effective components

The content of effective components in Fritillaria in different years, different growth periods and different organs is different. According to the research results of Wang Junxiang and Li Shudian of Jilin Agricultural University, the change trend of alkaloid content in different organs of Fritillaria is the same as that of Fritillaria thunbergii in the whole growth period. At the same time, the dry weight of mother bulb decreased gradually, and the percentage content of alkaloids also decreased gradually. With the increase of new bulbs, the content of alkaloids is also increasing. The highest content was 0.29% in early May, but the alkaloid content gradually decreased after mid-May. However, the absolute weight of bulbs is increasing, which means that the absolute content of alkaloids also increases with the expansion of bulbs. The alkaloid content of the stem is higher in the young stem, and decreases obviously with the lignification of the stem until it withers. At flowering stage, the total respiration of the organism is the highest in the bud, followed by the initial flowering stage, followed by the flowering stage, but still higher than the new bulb. According to the analysis, the whole plant of Fritillaria contains alkaloids.

The alkaloid content of underground bulb of Fritillaria has little change with the growth years, and the alkaloid content of "Sipingtou" bulb is lower than that of "Denglonggan" bulb. Therefore, it is determined that the suitable harvesting period of Fritillaria is the "lamp pole" period, that is, the 5-6 years old of sexual reproduction is the best harvesting period.

Third, cultivation techniques.

(1) land selection, soil preparation and fertilization

1. Land selection

Proper selection of land is the key to high yield of Fritillaria. The most suitable land for cultivating Fritillaria is loose, moist and fertile humus soil or black oil sandy soil. Fritillaria cultivated in this land has good quality and high yield. Avoid sandy soil, saline-alkali land and low-lying waterlogged land. It's best to choose a place with the lee facing the sun and near the water source for watering. Bean stubble or corn stubble is better as the previous stubble. If sloping land is selected, the slope shall not exceed 10 degree, and drainage ditch shall be dug to prevent the loss of soil and water manure from affecting the growth and yield of Fritillaria.

2. Soil preparation

In general areas, ploughing and airing can be carried out from late April to early May, and then harrowing can be carried out. The looser the soil, the flatter the land, the more favorable it is for the growth and development of Fritillaria, and the easier it is to obtain higher yield.

3. Border cultivation and fertilization

Fritillaria Fritillaria generally adopts border cultivation. The order of making the border is hanging the border rope → digging the border groove → applying base fertilizer → padding the soil.

(1) hanging cup string

On the flat ground, measure the shape of the bed with a rope according to the terrain. The boundary width is 1.2m, and the working road width is 50cm. The height and length of the boundary depend on the terrain. Generally speaking, the bed can be shorter at high places and higher at low places. Generally 15-20 cm or so.

(2) Ditching

Dig out the soil 6-9 cm deep in the bed, turn it over to the working path, and make the bed into a shallow groove.

(3) applying base fertilizer

Fritillaria Fritillaria is a fertilizer-loving plant, so it must be topdressing, otherwise it will affect the yield (table 14-58).

Table 14-58 Effect of basal fertilizer application on Fritillaria yield

Note: The output in this table refers to the seeds with a diameter exceeding 1.5 cm.

The purpose of applying base fertilizer is to increase soil fertility, loosen soil and improve soil structure, so as to facilitate the growth and yield increase of Fritillaria, facilitate harvesting and avoid different shades.

The best fertilization types are decomposed pig manure, deer manure and horse manure, followed by compost, kang soil and decomposed manure. It is forbidden to apply raw manure and lump manure, otherwise the fermentation after application will generate heat, burn the bulbs and fibrous roots of Fritillaria, and lead to rot.

When applying fertilizer, spread manure on the bottom of the dug border ditch, about 3-6 cm thick, and spread it evenly.

(4) Cushion soil

When ditching, the soil placed on the working path will be broken and laid flat on the base fertilizer with a thickness of about 3cm, and then leveled with a rake. Humic soil or compound fertilizer, ammonium humate, etc. can also be added where conditions permit.

(2) Breeding methods

Fritillaria Fritillaria has strong vitality and high reproduction rate. It can be propagated sexually or asexually. Breeding with seeds generally takes about 6 years to harvest; But it can be harvested within 1-2 years by bulb propagation, so bulb propagation method is often used in production.

1. Sexual reproduction

Physiological characteristics of (1) seeds

When the Fritillaria capsule is mature, it splits outward along the fruit seam. Loose seeds are fan-shaped or obtuse triangle, yellow-green when they are just ripe, brown after drying, 0.3-0.4 cm in length and width, and less than 0.1cm in thickness. There are seed wings at the edge, which contain seed kernels, and most of them are occupied by endosperm, which is composed of most parenchyma cells. The 1000-grain weight is about 3g.

When the fruit is ripe, the seed embryo is not fully developed, and there are only a few undifferentiated embryo cells at the top of the seed. Sow the seeds immediately after collection. When the humidity is 30-40% and the temperature drops below 20℃, primitive cells begin to differentiate and gradually form linear embryos. This period lasts about 60-80 days, which is called embryonic post-ripening period. When the soil temperature in the seed layer drops to about 65438 00℃, the linear embryo is full of seeds, and the hypocotyl rapidly elongates to form primary roots. The radicle protrudes from the seed hole at the top of the seed, and the length of the primary root can reach more than 2cm before freezing. Because the embryo of Fritillaria has the physiological dormancy characteristics of hypocotyl, it did not germinate in that year. After a certain low temperature period in late autumn or early spring, it grows when the temperature reaches above 2.5℃ in early April of the following year; On April1May-20, when the temperature reached above 6℃, a linear leaf was unearthed.

(2) Seed propagation method

The seeds of Fritillaria will mature in early and middle June, and should be sown immediately after the seeds are collected and dried, otherwise the germination ability will be reduced or lost. Moreover, the seeds were sown too late to complete morphological maturity, and primary roots could not be produced in that year, and seedlings could not germinate in the next year. The best sowing method is wide row sowing in horizontal border with row spacing of 10cm, which is convenient for field management. Cover soil1-1.5 cm, and cover the seedbed with straw curtains or tree strips after sowing to keep soil moisture; Wind barriers are built around to prevent people and animals from trampling. If there is drought after sowing, appropriate watering or furrow irrigation can be used to facilitate the after-ripening germination of seeds.

The seedling of Fritillaria is weak in covering soil, so the seedbed should be a fertile land with leeward and sunny, good drainage and loose soil, and sandy loam rich in humus is the best. The pH value is slightly acidic or neutral. In order to improve the topping ability of seedlings, whole fruit or sowing in different rooms can also be used, and the row spacing is 10×5cm, and the fine soil is covered with 2cm thick, and then the decomposed leaves are covered with 1-2 cm, which is beneficial to soil conservation. After the emergence of seedlings in the next spring, we should strengthen management and pay attention to weeding and irrigation. In late May, the growth basically ended, and the bulbs entered summer sleep, thus completing the first growth and development stage.

2. Asexual reproduction

(1) The occurrence, formation and growth of oysters.

Most Fritillaria plants reproduce by bulbs, and the coefficient of asexual reproduction of Fritillaria thunbergii, Fritillaria cirrhosa and Fritillaria is very low. Fritillaria Fritillaria can form many small shells on plant bulbs for more than three years. Submerged shells are developed from adventitious buds on bulbs. It usually occurs at the top, back, base and sides of fleshy scales, and can also occur above and below the base of bulbs. Although the site of occurrence is different, they are all formed by the recovery of the division ability of parenchyma cells. Plants that propagate by seeds can generally form pods from bulbs for more than three years, but the number is small, and large bulbs bear more pods. According to the observation of a single bulb, generally speaking, the first appearance of Acropoda is from late May to early June, with a large number, about 10-20, and a large volume. The formation time of scale-leaf shellfish is later than that of the former, with the smallest volume and less number; The appearance time of bulbous basal shellfish is late, usually 7-8, and the volume is slightly smaller; The number of scallops above and below the bulb substrate is small, which appears late, but grows rapidly and quickly exceeds other parts. Because there are developed conductive tissues on the bulb floor, nutrients can be obtained quickly. Shellfish can also be formed on the bud, however, it is formed in the mother body in advance before the bud forms a new bulb, which can be called viviparous shell. It is small in size and few in number.

Growth of Scallop: Scallop grows continuously after formation, and grows rapidly from September, and some scallops germinate into seedlings. At this time, the mussel has three scales, 1 the base of the young leaf sheath is surrounded by fleshy scales, and the center is a growth cone. Some also grow young roots from the bulb floor and sleep after winter. In the spring of the following year, a chicken tongue leaf with a long leaf sheath grew several young roots, which generally lived independently from the mother in early May until the leaves withered.

(2) Planting

From late May to early June, bulbs were dug on the ground of Fritillaria when plants withered to wither, and were divided into three grades according to large, medium and small. Large ones (diameter 1.5cm or more) are processed and used as medicine. The middle (diameter 0.8-1.4cm) and the small (below 0.7cm) are planted separately, and the ground is dug for planting. If they can't plant in time, they should be temporarily stored in wet sand. But it must be planted before the end of August at the latest, otherwise the bulbs will produce new roots and regenerated buds, which are easy to break when planted. Moreover, due to the long stacking time, breathing consumes nutrients, and late planting is not conducive to the formation of new roots, and the overwintering buds are also thin, which will affect the growth of the next year and even affect the yield.

Screening bulbs before planting, picking out diseased bulbs and damaged bulbs, and planting them in three sizes: large, medium and small. The advantage of graded cultivation is that the bulb size is consistent, which is convenient for cultivation management. The growth of the same level of planting is basically the same, which meets the harvesting specifications and is convenient for harvesting and reduces the damage to the development of smaller bulbs. For example, sorghum bulbs with large grains are harvested about three years after planting; Harvest large-grain corn after planting for two years; Large-sized hazelnuts are harvested after planting for one year.

Fritillaria Fritillaria is short and has no branches, which is suitable for close planting. It can not only make full use of the land, but also enhance the drought resistance of Fritillaria, so as to achieve the goal of high yield. Graded cultivation can be reasonably close planted according to the size of seed balls. So the sowing amount depends on the bulb size. Under reasonable close planting conditions, the yield of Fritillaria is directly proportional to the planting amount (Table 14-59). The general planting amount is: small seed stem (sorghum grain size) 125-200 kg/mu, medium seed stem (corn grain size) 200-300 kg/mu, and large seed stem (hazelnut grain size) 300-400 kg/mu.

Table 14—59 Relationship between Different Planting Amount and Yield

Planting methods are horizontal strip planting, with the row spacing of large and medium-sized plants being 5- 10 cm, the row spacing of small plants being 5cm, and the row spacing of small plants being 3-5 cm or wide strip planting, so as to be uniform and prevent the stems from crowding each other.

Sowing: Dig the soil on the upper layer of the border bed to the working channel with a depth of 3-5 cm, spread the stem of small seeds on the border with a spacing of 1- 1.5 cm, and then cover the border evenly with the soil dug on the working channel. The thickness of covering soil is about 4-6 cm according to the planting size. After covering the soil, rake it flat. The middle of the bed surface can be slightly higher to avoid water accumulation, otherwise the bulbs will rot and reduce production. After planting, the bed surface is generally covered with 2-3 cm thick hijab manure. The function of plastic film fertilizer: it can loosen soil, keep soil moisture and improve soil physical and chemical properties in summer; Buffer soil temperature; In winter, it can prevent the soil from freezing and cracking, and protect bulbs from overwintering safely; After the emergence of Fritillaria in the second spring, it can increase soil fertility and meet the requirements of high fertilizer of Fritillaria. Types of pig manure: decomposed deer manure, horse manure and pig manure are better, followed by litter and compost. Humus soil can be used without manure.

After the above procedures for planting Fritillaria are completed, the levels of base fertilizer, bedding soil, Fritillaria bulb, covering soil and covering fertilizer are shown in Figure 14-57.

Figure 14—57 Schematic diagram of cross section of Fritillaria bed

1. Cover manure with 2-3 square centimeters. Covering soil layer is 4-6cm3. Bulbs of Fritillaria. Cushion 3cm5. The basal fertilizer layer is 3-4cm.

(3) Site management

1. Weeding and loosening soil According to the characteristics of Fritillaria, such as short plant, early emergence (late March-early April) and short growth period, it is very important to control weeds in field management. In early spring, before the emergence of Fritillaria (mid-to-late March), clear the fields and pick up debris such as stubble and weeds. After the emergence of Fritillaria, shallow loosening should be combined with weeding to prevent soil hardening. The grass pulls it up when it grows; After the above-ground plants of Fritillaria Fritillaria wither, shovel the grass, but the hoe should be shallow, not too deep, so as not to hurt the underground bulbs. Generally speaking, it is enough to loosen the soil once and weed twice during the growing period; After withering, you can loosen the soil and weed for 2-3 times according to the specific situation.

Herbicide can also be used to kill weeds. According to the experiments of professional research institutes, simazine, atrazine, prometryne, etc. The best application results are dimethyl carbon tetrachloride 75g/ mu and sodium pentachlorophenol 500g/ mu; The control effect of the mixture of metformin 50g/mu and prometryne 50g/mu is over 90%. Before the emergence of Fritillaria in early spring, 50% simazine or 50% atrazine mixed with 200 kg water per mu was sprayed on the ground, and the weeding management during the growth period of Fritillaria could be stopped in combination with the eradication of overwintering weeds. After the plants on the ground of Fritillaria wilted, 50% simazine or atrazine was sprayed on the ground with 200 kg water per mu, and there were basically no weeds (except garlic) in summer and autumn.

2. Irrigation

Fritillaria has a short growth period and fast growth, and the whole growth period coincides with the spring drought stage. In order to ensure the normal growth and development of Fritillaria, and obtain stable and high yield, it can be watered 1-2 times during the spring drought (from mid-May to early June), and irrigation can be carried out where conditions permit. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen field management and loosen the soil appropriately to prevent the floor from cracking. In autumn, if drought affects bulb differentiation, water or irrigate properly to keep the soil moist.

3. Drainage and flood control

Bulbs of Fritillaria Fritillaria are most afraid of water accumulation. Therefore, before the rainy season comes, the drainage ditch should be dug, and after entering the rainy season, it should be checked frequently. If there is water, it should be removed in time to avoid bulb rot.

top application

Fritillaria Fritillaria is a fibrous root plant with shallow roots and short growth time above ground, about two months. In order to promote the growth of bulbs and achieve the goal of high yield, we must pay attention to two links in cultivation: first, the formation period of new bulbs, that is, from the emergence of seedlings to the disappearance of mother bulbs, requires sufficient fertilizer to create good conditions for the development of the root system of mother bulbs and the growth of new bulbs, especially before planting. Second, the new bulb mainly depends on the assimilation products created by plant leaves in the later growth stage. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen field management and topdressing in time from May to increase leaf area, prolong leaf functional period, promote the production of more assimilates and realize high yield of bulbs.

According to the test results, ammonium nitrate, ammonium humate, superphosphate and other quick-acting fertilizers. It can be applied to Fritillaria, and the above fertilizer topdressing has a certain yield increase effect, with the yield increase range of 17-50%. Top dressing with ammonium nitrate 150g/m2 and ammonium humate 200g/m2 can increase the yield by more than 40%. At the same time, it also has a certain influence on the content of effective components, which can increase the alkaloid content by 3- 18% compared with the control.

Topdressing is generally carried out after the emergence of Fritillaria in early spring and before leaf spreading. Shallow ditches are opened between the rows of Fritillaria (one is opened every other row), and fertilizers mixed with soil are evenly applied into the ditches to cover the soil. You can also spread the Fritillaria leaves flat and then coat them with thin bean cake water or 2% calcium superphosphate water.

Planting shade crops

Fritillaria is an early spring plant, which is hardy and likes cool and humid climate. In early June, when the local temperature reached 16- 18℃, the aboveground part of the plant began to wither, and then it turned into the active stage of underground bulbs. During this period, bulbs should complete the differentiation of regenerated buds and the growth of meristem of Fritillaria, so it is necessary to plant shade crops in time to create suitable ecological conditions for a series of bulb differentiation of Fritillaria. Otherwise, bare ground, dry soil and high ground temperature will hinder the normal differentiation of regenerated buds and affect the growth and development in the coming year. At the same time, the bare ground is easy to cause weeds, which will also affect the normal growth and development of Fritillaria. In addition, because Fritillaria is a short-season crop, the aboveground parts have withered from late May to early June, and planting shady crops can economically use the land to achieve the purpose of dual use of food and medicine.

The main shade crops are soybean and corn, followed by pumpkin and perilla, avoiding yellow smoke, hemp and garlic. According to the investigation, in the field of Fritillaria with soybean as shading crop, because soybean has straight roots and few lateral roots, it has little effect on Fritillaria, and its nodules can also increase the content of soil nitrogen, which is beneficial to the growth of Fritillaria. Soybean has lush foliage and strong shading ability, which can effectively control the growth of weeds and create favorable conditions for the normal differentiation of Fritillaria bulb. As a shading crop, corn has a strong shading effect, but because of its large root system, it is not easy to rot, which often affects the emergence and growth of Fritillaria around the rhizosphere, so it is planted on the side bed or working path. Although hemp has strong shading ability and few weeds, its lateral roots are developed, its roots are all over the field, its fertilizer absorption ability is strong, and its water demand is large, which often causes Fritillaria to dry and harden, affecting its growth and development. Its yield is only 33.3% of that of Fritillaria field with soybean as shading crop and 36.7% of that of Fritillaria field with corn as shading crop. Garlic and cabbage are not suitable for shading crops of Fritillaria because of their weak shading ability and many diseases. Experience has proved that Fritillaria with soybean as shading crop is superior to other shading crops in plant height, stem diameter and bulb weight. Its alkaloid content is 20.72% higher than that of intercropping corn, because intercropping soybean can increase the nitrogen content in soil, and nitrogen is an essential element for alkaloid synthesis.

When planting shade crops, for Fritillaria fields that can't be harvested in that year, such as those with seeds or small bulbs, the shade crops can be planted earlier, generally according to the sowing date in the base or a little later. For the Fritillaria fields harvested that year, corn can be planted at the bedside in time, and late beans can be planted on the bed surface after the bulbs of Fritillaria are harvested and transplanted.

Planting method At present, corn is planted near the border, and soybean is planted in 2-3 rows on the border. Hole sowing is the best way. The spacing between corn plants is 30-40 cm, and the row spacing between soybeans is 25-30-40 cm.

Set up a wind barrier

In areas with heavy wind and sand, Fritillaria Fritillaria is vulnerable to spring wind and sand after emergence, especially the plants on the ground in Taneda are often blown off or lodging by the wind.