Mount Qomolangma
brief introduction
The main peak of the Himalayas. Located at the junction of People's Republic of China (PRC), Tibet and Nepal. This mountain is a huge pyramid, which is composed of crystalline rock series. The altitude is 8848. 13m (the latest altitude data is 8844.43m), and it is increasing at the rate of 3.7cm/ year. It is the highest mountain in the world and is called the roof of the world. Mount Everest means the third goddess in Tibetan. In the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (17 17), it was named Zhu Mulang Ma 'alin in Yu Lan Tu. 1855? a target = _ blank href =/lemma-PHP/dispose/view . PHP/2 174 . htm & gt； L] seal l] survey bureau l] British l] presided over, named this peak after the surname of the bureau director S.G. Eiffel. 1952, the People's Republic of China (PRC) government renamed this mountain as Mount Everest. Nepal is called Sakya-Mata. On May 25th, 1960, the People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC) mountaineering team climbed to the top from the north slope for the first time. China Academy of Sciences has also organized many large-scale comprehensive scientific investigations and obtained a lot of important scientific data. 1March, 989, the Everest National Nature Reserve was declared. The protected area covers an area of 33,800 square kilometers. There are very rich rare and endangered species in this area, including 8 species of national first-class protected animals, such as long-tailed langur l] bear l], Himalayan Tal sheep l] money l] and so on. There are more than 600 ice blocks on the top of the mountain, covering an area of 1600 square kilometers, with the longest being 26 kilometers. Whenever the sun rises, the huge peaks are colorful under the red light. In addition, many strange natural landscapes often appear, attracting a large number of domestic and foreign tourists.
location
Mount Everest is the main peak of the Himalayas, with an altitude of 8844.43 meters (data released on June 9, 2005 +65438). It is the highest mountain on the earth, located at 86.9 east longitude and 27.9 north latitude. Because it is in the collision zone between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate, it still grows at the rate of 1 cm per year. Mount Qomolangma is located in the eastern section of the Sino-Nepalese border, with the northern slope in Ding Yue County, Tibet, People's Republic of China (PRC) and the southern slope in Nepal. In Tibetan, it is called "Mount Qomolangma" ("Mount Qomolangma Alin" in the Imperial Map compiled by Qing Emperor Xi[/ in the 16th year (A.D. 17 17)).
Geographical topography
Mount Everest is in the shape of a huge pyramid. It is magnificent, with extremely steep terrain and extremely complicated environment. Snow line height: 5800-6200m on the north slope and 5500-6 100m on the south slope. There are three steep walls (north wall, east wall and southwest wall) between Northeast Ridge, Southeast Ridge and Xishan Ridge. Mount Everest is not only magnificent, but also magnificent. There are many peaks and mountains within 20 kilometers around it. There are more than 40 peaks above 7000 meters above sea level. The famous ones are Luozi Peak (8463 meters above sea level, the fourth highest peak in the world) and Zhuoqiong Peak (7589 meters above sea level), Makaru Peak in the southeast (8463 meters above sea level, the fifth highest peak in the world), Zhang Zifeng in the north (7543 meters above sea level) and Nuzi Peak in the west (7855 meters above sea level). On the periphery of these giant peaks, there are some world-class peaks: in the southeast, there is Jiafeng, the third highest peak in the world (8585 meters above sea level, the boundary peak between Nepal and Sikkim); In the west, there are Feng Kang at an altitude of 7998m, Zhuooyou Peak at an altitude of 820 1 m and Xixiabangma Peak at an altitude of 8012m. It has formed a magnificent scene of peaks reaching the DPRK and peaks surging.
glacier
Between these ridges and cliffs, there are 548 continental glaciers with a total area of 65,438+0,457.07 square kilometers and an average thickness of 7,260 meters. The replenishment of glaciers is mainly formed by the metamorphism of snow in two major precipitation zones: [u-degree ocean] and [/wind zone].
There are 15 mountain glaciers on Mount Everest, with an area of 10 square kilometers. The largest flannel glacier is 26 kilometers long, with an average thickness of 120 meters, and the thickest part is more than 300 meters. These glaciers are of various types, and their upper limit is generally 7260 meters. The replenishment of glaciers is mainly formed by the snow metamorphism in the two major precipitation zones of the Indian Ocean monsoon belt. One of the largest and most famous is the complex valley glacier-Rongbu Glacier. Velvet glacier ice tongue has an average width of 14km and an area of 86.89km2 ..
There are various and magnificent rare ice towers, ice cliffs up to tens of meters, dark and light ice cracks sinking step by step, and dangerous ice collapses [u collapses [/.
climate
The climate of Mount Qomolangma and its nearby peaks is complex and changeable, even in one day, it is often unpredictable, not to mention having sex all year round. Generally speaking, the rainy season is from early June to mid-September every year, and the strong southeast monsoon leads to frequent rainstorms, fog, ice and snow, and unpredictable. 165438+1In mid-October, due to the strong cold current in the northwest, the temperature can reach -60℃, the average temperature is between -40℃ and 50℃, and the maximum wind speed can reach 90/ m. Every year, from the beginning of March to the end of May, it is the spring from the wind season to the rainy season, and from the beginning of September to 10. There may be better weather during this period, which is the best season for mountaineering.
routine
Climbing map
As early as the beginning of19th century, Mount Qomolangma became a place that mountaineers and scientists all over the world yearned for. However, it was not until 1953 that Edmund Hillary and Tenzin in Britain set the first successful record. By the end of 1998, there were 1054 people in the world who enjoyed the unique reputation of being on the top of the world. Through their own efforts, they discovered and created 1 1 mountaineering routes, namely:
The route of southeast ridge: 1952 was discovered by the Swiss mountaineering team, but unfortunately it fell short. It was not until the following year that the British team successfully reached the top along this line.
Northeast Ridge Route: 1960 was initiated by the People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC) team and successfully reached the summit.
Route from Northwest Ridge to North Wall: 1963 was initiated by the US team and was a success.
Southwest wall route: 1975 was initiated by the British Bonin team and reached its peak.
Northwest ridge route: 1979 was discovered by the former Yugoslav team and reached the summit.
Straight to the north wall route: 1980 was initiated by the Japanese team and reached its peak.
Nanzhuling route: 1980 Poland team opened up and reached its peak.
Route from northeast ridge to north wall: 1980 Mesner was the first successful.
Route from southwest wall to northwest ridge: 1982 was initiated by the former Soviet team, and reached the peak along this route.
Route from East Wall to Southeast Ridge: 1983 was initiated and succeeded by the San Francisco Bay Area team.
East wall route: 1988 was initiated by the US-New Zealand international expedition and reached its peak.
In the same year, the joint mountaineering team of China, Japan and Nepal also achieved a feat of crossing the north-south slope and reaching the summit. The heroic miracle of human climbing Mount Everest is constantly emerging.
traffic
The route from People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC) to the mountain is: take a bus from Lhasa along the China-Nepal Highway, pass through Gyangze and Shigatse to Xiegeer, with a total length of 670km, and then go south along the simple highway through Pazhuo District. After driving 1 10km, you will arrive at Rongbu Temple at the end of Rongbu Glacier at the northern foot of Mount Everest, with an altitude of 5 145m.
environmental protection
1989 was listed as an autonomous regional nature reserve near Mount Everest, and 1994 was approved as a national nature reserve by the State Council. The existing protected area covers an area of 35,000 square kilometers, including Nyalam, Ding Jie, Dingri and Jilong counties.
Visitors must apply for a "pass" to enter Mount Everest Nature Reserve. On the back of this "pass", there is such a "notice for tourists": "When hiking in the wild, don't trample on delicate plants, and don't pick any plants. Please take a feasible road. Please pack any kind of garbage out or put it in the designated trash can. "
For visitors to Mount Everest Nature Reserve, all these must be known. If tourists have waste during the tour, they should dig a hole to bury the degradable waste in the soil, burn the combustible waste with fire, and bag the non-degradable waste away. There are trash cans at every accommodation along the Everest Nature Reserve, and even at the Everest mountaineering base camp at an altitude of 5,200 meters, there are two large black trash cans.
Jo-mo glang-ma, also referred to as Mount Everest, is located in the Himalayas on the border between People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC) and Nepal, with snow all year round. It is the highest peak in Asia and the world. In Tibetan, "Qomolangma jo-mo glang-ma ri" means "Mother of the Earth". In Tibetan, Jo-mo "Everest" means goddess, while Lang-Ma "Lang-ma" should be understood as female elephant (in Tibetan, Lang-ma has two meanings: Yanagi Takayama and female elephant). According to myth, Mount Everest is the palace where tshe-ring mched lnga lived. In the west, this mountain peak is usually called Mount Everest to commemorate George Everest, the director of the Indian Survey Bureau, who was in charge of surveying the Himalayas when Britain occupied Nepal. The latest survey of Mount Everest was conducted by the Geographical Society at 1999 using the Global Positioning System. They think that the elevation of Mount Everest should be 8850 meters. At present, the recognized altitude of Mount Qomolangma in People's Republic of China (PRC) was determined by the People's Republic of China (PRC) mountaineering team in 1975, that is, 8848.438+03 meters. However, the outside world also has a variety of sayings such as 8848 meters, 8840 meters, 8850 meters and 8882 meters. Recently, on May 22nd, 2005, the People's Republic of China (PRC) survey team successfully reached the summit of Mount Qomolangma, and accurately measured the height of Mount Qomolangma again. The new height of Mount Everest is expected to be announced in June this year at 5438+ 10. Interestingly, although Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world, its summit is not the farthest point from the center of the earth. This special point belongs to Chimborazo Mountain in South America. The majestic image of Mount Everest has always had an impact on the local area and even the whole world. The fourth edition of RMB 10 yuan has the pattern of Mount Everest on the back.
192 1- The first British mountaineering team led by Lieutenant Colonel Charles Howard Burley began to climb Mount Everest, reaching an altitude of 7000 meters.
1922-The second British mountaineering team reached an altitude of 8320 meters with oxygen supply devices.
1924 —— When the third British mountaineering team climbed Mount Everest, George Mallory and Andrew Irvine disappeared while using an oxygen device to reach the summit. Mallory's body was found at an altitude of 8150m on 1999, and the camera he was carrying with him was missing, so it is impossible to determine whether he and Owen were the first people to successfully climb the summit in the world.
1May 29th, 953 ——34-year-old New Zealand mountaineer Edmund Hillary En: Edmund Hillary, as a member of the British mountaineering team, and 39-year-old Nepalese guide tenzing norgay En: tenzing norgay climbed Mount Everest along the southeast ridge route, which was the first successful mountaineering team ever recorded.
1956- The Swiss mountaineering team headed by Albert Eigler climbed Mount Everest for the second time in human history. (because the record is accurate)
1May 25th, 960-The people of People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC) climbed Mount Everest for the first time. They are Wang Fuzhou, Kampot and Qu. This climb is also the first successful climb from the north slope.
1963-The American expedition led by Norman Dillenforth successfully climbed to the top from the west slope for the first time.
1975- Japanese Junko Tanabe became the first woman in the world to climb Mount Everest from the south slope. That year, the People's Republic of China (PRC) mountaineering team climbed Mount Everest for the second time, and nine members reached the summit. Among them, Tibetan player Panduo became the first woman in the world to successfully climb the summit from the North Slope.
1978-Austrian Peter Haber and Italian reinhold Mesner successfully reached the summit for the first time without using oxygen tanks.
1980-Polish mountaineer Krzysztof Vereker successfully climbed Mount Everest for the first time in winter.
1988- People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC), [u Ben]/The Nepalese joint mountaineering team successfully climbed Mount Everest from the north and south sides for the first time.
196- 15 climbers, including the famous mountaineer rob hall, were killed in the process of climbing the summit, which was the year with the largest number of deaths in the history of climbing Mount Everest.
1998-American Tom Whitaker became the first disabled person in the world to successfully climb Mount Everest.
2000-The famous Nepalese mountaineer Babu Chiri started from the base camp and climbed from the north slope. The successful summit took 16 hours and 56 minutes, setting a record for the fastest summit. 2006 54 38+0- American Vihengmel became the first blind man to climb Mount Everest.
From 2005 to 2005, People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC) No.4 comprehensive scientific research altimeter team successfully climbed Mount Qomolangma and measured the height data of Mount Qomolangma.
On June 9, 2005, the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping announced that the new height of Mount Everest was 8844.43 meters.