During the two weeks, the cultures of various countries were rich and colorful, and the status of Zhou royal family was relatively stable from the early stage to the later stage. The five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period, the seven heroes in the Warring States and other countries competed for hegemony and fought in alliance, and the vassal States were active in the political arena, showing a complicated situation. However, as the capital of the emperor where the royal family is located, its culture and development have always been the core of the culture of the vassal state, or the origin of the culture of the vassal state, such as the palace system, funeral system, sacrifice system, marriage system and so on. This is centered on the patriarchal clan system, and the vassal state is the only royal leader, although the ritual system in the late Zhou Dynasty is in the forefront. So when it comes to the culture of other countries, we can't help but mention the two-week royal family, the two-week royal capital and culture.

Zhou is an ancient tribe living in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces in the west of China. According to records, at the end of 12 BC or the beginning of 1 1 century BC, Gu Gong, the leader of the Zhou clan, moved his capital from his father. Therefore, Qi Yi, a city in Joo Won?, became the birthplace of Zhou people and the capital before the demise of Shang Dynasty. The Western Zhou Dynasty was still an important political center of the Zhou people, and it was in ruins at the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty due to Xirong's invasion. During 1976, archaeologists excavated in the northern part of Fufeng and Qishan counties in Shaanxi, and unearthed large palaces, tombs and workshops in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Joo Won? is famous for its large number of bronzes unearthed. The history of bronzes unearthed in Joo Won? can be traced back to the Han Dynasty. According to legend, the famous Damu Ergui, Maogong Ding in the late Qing Dynasty all came from Qishan. Since then, some discoveries have been made. For example, in 1890, 120 pieces of Kezu bronze wares and Zhong Yi's father bronzes were unearthed in Renjia Village, Fufeng. 1933, more than 0/00 pieces of bronzes such as Hanhuangfu Formation and Baixian Formation were discovered in Shangkang Village, Fufeng. 1940, more than 0/00 pieces of bronzes of Liang Qi Formation were discovered in Renjiacun. 1960, 39 bronzes were discovered in Fufeng Qijia. From 65438 to 0975, 37 bronzes were unearthed in dongjiacun, Qishan, including four vessels from Qiu Wei. Inscriptions related to land exchange and compensation are important materials for studying land relations at that time. 1976 Bronzes unearthed in Fufeng Zhuangbai 103 with 74 inscriptions, mainly micro-history family bronzes represented by historical wallboard. According to textual research, these bronzes may have been buried when Dog Rong invaded the nobility and fled at the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty. In addition, more than 65,438+07,000 pieces of Jiabu and Oracle bones were unearthed in a cave in the west wing of Feng Chu's building base, among which more than 200 pieces of Jiabu were engraved, and the most of them were 30 words, which provided important physical materials for studying the social history of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

About 1 1 century BC, Zhou Wuwang eliminated the Shang Dynasty and established the Zhou Dynasty, which was called the Western Zhou Dynasty in history. At the beginning of Zhou Xing, Wang Wen, Zuo Feng and Wu Wang made pickaxes. Therefore, Fengjing and Gaoji, located on both sides of the Fenghe River, became the capitals of Zhou people in the Western Zhou Dynasty, which was built about 300 years ago and was abandoned until Zhou Pingwang moved eastward. Through archaeological excavations, Fengjing site was found in Keshengzhuang, Mawang Village and Wangxin Village, with large buildings and a complete set of underground drainage pipes. Haojing Site is located in garden village, Pudu Village, Luoshui Village and Meiwuling in Doumen Town, Gorkon. Found a large palace ruins, there are two groups of ancillary buildings symmetrically distributed in the north and south. Hundreds of Western Zhou tombs have also been discovered. In addition, Zhangjiapo also found four sacrificial chariots and horses pits, of which the well-preserved one has a four-horse chariot and a two-horse chariot. All chariots and horses are decorated with bronze, and most of them are decorated with seashells, with exquisite craftsmanship and exquisite shape. There are also many cellars and 100 unearthed vessels in the site, and their inscriptions record some historical facts of the Zhou Dynasty. The discovery here not only has important artistic value, but also has important academic value for discussing the social and economic structure of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the production and living conditions at that time.

In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, King Wu made Haojiang his capital. In order to control the East, he considered building Luoyi in the present urban area of Luoyang. Luoyi, also known as Xinyi, Xinyi, Xinyi Luo and Chengzhou, is actually the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty royal family. In Yizhou Du Yi, the king of Wu said to him, "Dan, make Lan Li's life, set up God's blessing and rely on Heaven's room. ..... From Romania to Iraq, I lived in Yanggugu, but it had a summer home. I watch the south too much, I watch the north too much, I watch the river too much, I watch Elo too much, and there is no place far away. " It shows that King Wu has a plan to build the capital of Luoyi. Unfortunately, King Wu died shortly after his demise, followed by the rebellion of the three prison countries and the eastward expedition of the Duke of Zhou. After the Duke of Zhou crusaded eastward, he set out to build Luoyang as the eastern capital. Shang Gao: "The first novel" Da Yi "is in Dongguoluo." According to "Historical Records Luogu", before the construction of Luoyi, the public came to Luoyang to build a house, and Luoyi was chosen in the east of Jianshui and along the banks of Zhuoshui: "I am a Buhe Shuo Aquarius, and I am a Bujian Shuidong, drowning in the west, not eating; I'm trying to get water from the east, but I just want to eat. " During the reign of the king, Luo Yi was finally built. The Chronicle of Zhou Ji Zhou records: "If you become a king, you will be rich, and you will be returned to Luoyi, which is exactly what you want. Duke Zhou resumed divination, died and built it, and lived in Jiuding. " The newly-built Luoyi became a week. "The square is 120 feet, the milk is 70 miles, the south is in Luoshui, and the north is in Mangshan. I thought the world was great. " After the completion of Luoyi, it has become an important base for operating the East and consolidating political power outside Fenghao.

Since the Han Dynasty, the traditional view is that Luoyi, built by Duke Zhou, is divided into two cities, namely, the King City and the City Zhou. With the discovery of the county town of south Han River in A.D. 1950, the location of the king town was determined to be located on the north bank of Luohe and the east bank of Jianshui at the intersection of Luohe and Jianhe in Luoyang. According to the Records of the Later Han Dynasty, the location of Chengzhou was identified as the site of the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties, that is, in Yanshi and Mengjin County, east of Baima Temple in the eastern suburb of Luoyang today. However, a large number of archaeological discoveries in recent decades have caused some scholars to doubt the theory of "king city" and "chengzhou" in Luoyi of the Western Zhou Dynasty. This is mainly because, according to the literature, the ruins of the royal city on the east bank of the Jianhe River are only the ruins of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, not the ruins of the Western Zhou Dynasty. So some scholars put forward the theory of a city in Luoyi in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and speculated that the city site might be on both sides of the Chan River. (Ye et al.: Textual Research on the Site of Luoyi City in Western Zhou Dynasty, huaxia archaeology, No.2, 199 1. )

Although the site of Luoyi City in the Western Zhou Dynasty has not been found, archaeological achievements have been made on both sides of the Chan River, which provides important clues for finding the ancient city of Luoyi and understanding the important political and economic center of the Zhou royal family in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the capital city of Luoyi at that time.

One of the most important archaeological discoveries is the discovery of a large number of Western Zhou tombs on both sides of the Chan River, especially the Beiyao Western Zhou cemetery on the west bank of the Chan River. 475 tombs of the Western Zhou Dynasty were found in Beiyao Cemetery, and 348 tombs were excavated, including tombs of different grades, and some large tombs have tombs of the north and south. There are also many human graves in the cemetery, ranging from a few horses to dozens. Most of this cemetery was excavated before the founding of the People's Republic of China, and a large number of unearthed bronzes were lost abroad. Some important Western Zhou bronzes from Luoyang Ma Po may come from this cemetery. The descriptions of bronzes unearthed in this cemetery can be found in Liu Tizhi's Shanzhai Records, Shanzhai Yi Qi Records, Song Zhai Xu Records, Luo Zhenyu's Zhensongtang Ancient Cultural Relics Collection, Chen's Chronology of Bronzes in Western Zhou Dynasty, and Yin Zhou Bronzes Collection plundered by American imperialists. Luoyang Museum also has a heavy weapon "Wang Yifang Yi" stolen from 1947. Nevertheless, tens of thousands of funerary objects were unearthed in the cemetery. Most of the funerary objects are bronze ritual vessels, including Ding, Gui, Zhu and Wei. The wine vessels are Fang Yi, Jue, Yun, Hu, Heng, Ti Liang and Zun; There are pots, plates, cards and so on. At the same time, many rare new shapes have been unearthed, such as square box, reed with running water, double-sided saddle reed, square saddle reed with animal face pattern, humanoid bicycle handle and so on. Many bronzes unearthed in the North Kiln are also engraved with inscriptions, such as Wang Yungui, Taibao, Hu Gai, Bai Mao, Feng Bojian, Shi Gai, Shu Zao Zun and Hu Guo. The characters involved in these inscriptions are all senior nobles of the Western Zhou royal family, indicating the cemetery. (Luoyang Cultural Relics Team: Tomb of the Western Zhou Dynasty in Luoyang North Kiln, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1999) Judging from the bronzes recorded and excavated, Luoyang is one of the areas where more bronzes were unearthed in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and most of them were bronze ritual vessels, which also reflects that Luoyi in Chengzhou and Haojing in Zhou Zong, as the two major centers of gravity of the Western Zhou Dynasty, are equally important. In addition, more than 350 pieces of primitive celadon were unearthed in the cemetery, among which the celadon jar unearthed in Tomb 202 is a classic among the primitive celadon found in China. (Figure 4 Celadon Series) More than 200 pieces of jade articles were unearthed from the Western Zhou Dynasty tomb in Beiyao, with rich varieties, among which the ritual jade articles represented by Zhang, Bi, Huang and Gui accounted for a certain proportion, reflecting the important position of ritual jade articles in the social life of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

Since 1950s, archaeologists have discovered more than 100 Western Zhou tombs in the east of Chanhe River, such as Baijialu, Xiayao Village, Dongda Temple, Baima Temple, Luoyang Dongguan, Donghua Lake and Tawan. The most prominent feature of these tombs is that there are many waist pits in the tombs, and some have a curved pyramid at one end of the rectangular pit tomb. Most of the funerary objects are bronze or ceramic wine vessels such as a scorpion, a knight and a scorpion, and their burial customs are quite characteristic of Yin tombs. Some funerary bronzes are also engraved with Yin family emblems, which are considered to be the tombs of Yin adherents. Linked to "Yi Zhou Shu Zuo Luo", the Duke of Zhou "captured and moved nine walls", and noted: "Giving people, the scholar-officials also. After nine, it is the land of the week. " According to records, a large number of Yin stubborn people did move to Chengzhou at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty. These graves should be prepared for them and their descendants.

Since 1973, large-scale copper-casting workshops have been found in the north of Luoyang Old Town, west of Beiyao Village and on the banks of the Chan River, which shows that the handicraft industry of the royal family in the Zhou Dynasty has a high level of development. The site covers an area of nearly 200,000 square meters, and the accumulation of Western Zhou cultural layers in the site is generally 1.30-2.00 meters. Important sites discovered include building foundations, kilns, ash pits and more than 100 graves of Yin adherents. A large number of pottery models and fragments of copper melting furnace walls have been unearthed. From Fan Tao's point of view, most of them are extraordinary, including bronze ritual vessels such as Ding, Gui, Zun, Gui, Gui, and a few chariots, horses and weapons. There are also a few inner norms and mother norms. Some internal models of ritual vessels also have inscriptions or carved gluttonous patterns, Yun Leiwen patterns, whirlpool patterns, dragon patterns, Feng Niaowen patterns, cicada patterns, four-leaf patterns and chest nail patterns. From the analysis of the structural components of the broken pottery model, the technological process of making pottery at that time was quite complicated. The research shows that this is a government-run copper casting handicraft workshop controlled by the royal family of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Its scale and variety are second to none in the ruins of bronze workshops in the Western Zhou Dynasty. (Luoyang Museum: Annual Excavation Report of the Western Zhou Site in Beiyao Village, Luoyang, 1974, Cultural Relics No.7, 198 1. Luoyang Cultural Relics Team: 1975- 1979 Excavation of the Western Zhou Dynasty bronze casting site in Luoyang Beiyao, Archaeology 1983, No.5; China Archaeological Yearbook (1990), the bronze casting site of the Western Zhou Dynasty in Luoyang Beiyao, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 199 1 year. )

As the capital of Chengzhou, which is juxtaposed with Zhou Zong, Luoyi played an important role in politics, economy and military affairs in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Politically, it is "standing in the center of the world and running around", that is, He Zun's inscription says: "China is my home, and I am my own person". Militarily, it is also to monitor stubborn people and control military towns in the east and south; Economically, taking Chengzhou as the center, it is convenient to collect tribute from all directions, which is the so-called "tribute road from all sides". When he became king, the famous beast Ding said, "Yin ordered the beast to work in Chengzhou. October and February are late. Stone beasts contribute to Yin. " The establishment of posts is to establish various handicrafts, and the dedication is to present various handicraft products, which embodies the development of Chengzhou royal handicrafts. We believe that with the further development of archaeological work, we will get more information about Chenzhou Luoyi, thus enriching and deepening our understanding of this capital culture.

During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, as Wang Ping moved to Luoyi, the present Luoyang area became a veritable royal seat. According to documents, it has been nearly 300 years since 12, when Pingdong moved to Luoyang, and Zhou moved its capital to Chengzhou. It has been proved that the area around the East Riverside Wangcheng Park in Luoyang City was the seat of the Wangcheng in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. After nearly half a century of research and exploration, the connotation and layout of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty King City have been basically understood. The plane of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty is nearly square, with a length of about 3,700 meters from north to south and a width of about 2,890 meters from east to west. Except for the low-lying city wall in the southeast, the rest are basically well preserved, and there is a moat outside the city. The Xicheng wall runs from the mound in the northeast of Donggangou to the south, near Donggangou Village, crosses Jianhe River to the west in Wangcheng Park along the east bank of Jianhe River, turns south in Qilihe Village, and the southern section of the wall is slightly curved outward to xinglong village. Cheng Nan Wall starts from the west corner of xinglong village in the east, crosses the Jian River and reaches Qujiatun Village in the north. The north wall extends eastward from the north mound of Donggangou Village along the main canal to 200 meters north of the west wall of Tangcheng City. During the Western Han Dynasty, a county town in Henan was built in Zhou Wang, but the scope of the city site has been reduced.

During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the most important archaeological discovery was the discovery of two groups of large rammed earth building foundations in the southwest of the city. A large number of tube tiles, slab tiles and tile tiles of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty were unearthed around the base. According to Zhou Yu's record that "the fight between Iraq and Luo will destroy the palace", it is speculated that this is probably the palace area of the king city. (Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: Archaeological Discovery and Research in New China, 27 1 page, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1984. ) in the ruins of the south of the city, a large area of granary was also found. There are 74 granaries that have been excavated, neatly arranged within the range of 400 meters from north to south and 300 meters from east to west. From the analysis of abandoned granaries, products of various materials, semi-finished products, copper, lead, smelting slag, charcoal and other relics, the vicinity of granaries may be a concentrated area of various government-run handicraft workshops. In the north of the city site, especially in the north of Xiaotun Village and the northeast of Donggangou, a kiln factory was found, which produced all kinds of daily necessities, building materials and funerary wares. It can be seen that this is another handicraft workshop area in the city, and the products produced are specially used for the consumption of urban residents.

Up to now, thousands of Eastern Zhou tombs and chariots and horses pits have been discovered and excavated in the east, northeast and its vicinity. 1Autumn solstice in 9541Spring in 955, 260 tombs of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty were excavated in Zhongzhou Road, Luoyang. It has a ruler effect on the dating of Eastern Zhou tombs in Central China. According to the shape and combination of funerary pottery, these 260 tombs can be divided into seven periods, from the early Spring and Autumn Period to the late Warring States Period, which runs through the whole Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Among them, the bronze ritual vessels and the tombs of chariots and horses are mainly concentrated in the tombs in the Spring and Autumn Period, which reflects the historical fact that the royal family of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty declined to the extreme in the Warring States Period and existed in name only. It is worth noting that the northeast of the city site is an important burial area in the city. Among the tombs found, there are not only a large proportion of bronze sacrificial vessels and bronze swords buried with them, but also many tombs buried with them during the Warring States period. For example, 1957, four adjacent type A tombs were found in the northeast of Xiaozhongtun in Wangcheng. Although the first tomb was seriously disturbed, there are still traces of paintings on the two walls and four walls of the tomb, namely red, black, yellow and white. Among the funerary objects unearthed, there is a white stone tablet with the word "Tian Zi" written in ink, which shows the nobility of the owner's identity. 1974, there was a tomb of the Warring States period on the north side of Kaixuan Road in Xigong, Luoyang in Qing Dynasty. The plane of the tomb is a-shaped, which is also seriously disturbed. There are 359 existing cultural relics, among which "Fan Yang Jin Jian" is a rare treasure. Recently, archaeologists discovered 279 tombs of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and 18 burial pits for chariots and horses at the site of Heluo Cultural Square in the center of Luoyang, that is, within the eastern wall of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, next to the eastern wall. What is even more amazing is the discovery of the "Emperor Riding" controlled by six horses, which plays an extremely important role in studying the history of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and exploring the royal cemetery of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

In addition to the important discoveries in the city, a large number of Eastern Zhou tombs have been discovered in the east and west of the city. In particular, nine extremely large tombs of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty were found in Jincun, located in the northeast corner of the ancient city of Han and Wei dynasties, about 0/0 km east of Luoyang. Among them, a stone reed unearthed from Tomb No.4 was placed in a copper plate with the word "Jun" on its mouth. These tombs were stolen as early as the Republic of China, and a large number of bronzes, lacquered wood, jade, gold and silver wares were unearthed. There are 328 cultural relics unearthed in Jincun, among which 85 pieces are mixed with gold and silver, which is a masterpiece in production modeling and technology. Unfortunately, all these items were lost abroad. However, according to the known information, it is likely to be the royal cemetery of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty during the Warring States Period.

Thousands of Eastern Zhou tombs and many chariots and horses pits have been found inside and outside the Eastern Zhou King City, and a large number of exquisite cultural relics have been unearthed, reflecting the grand occasion of Luoyang as a political, economic and cultural center of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. In addition to the above introduction, in 198 1 year, ding, dou, pot, etc. 15 bronze sacrificial vessels, 16 bronze bell musical instruments, 4 lead kneeling figures and 6 stone chimes were unearthed from the Warring States Tomb on Bayi Road in Xigong District, among which 4 bronze pots were inlaid with red copper to form hunting patterns; 1982, as many as 147 bronzes were unearthed in the tomb pit of the Warring States period on Zhongzhou Road, and a set of 23 bronzes and some exquisite jade and stone tools were arranged in the stone. These unearthed cultural relics can show the elegance of Tiandu City. Among the unearthed bronze ritual vessels, there are many large vessels, and the wrong gold and silver vessels are gorgeous and complicated, showing superb casting technology; Among the unearthed jades, there are jade, ring, yellow, hook, piece ornament, Yu Pei, pole, column and bead, which reflect the characteristics of the times when Li Yu developed to Yu Pei in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Unearthed pottery, many of which are exquisite painted pottery, is also a rare artistic treasure.

Successive archaeological discoveries and excavations of many exquisite cultural relics show us the prosperity and richness of the royal capital and culture in the two-week period, which is an important embodiment of the early civilization development in China. From here, we can not only get a glimpse of the two-week civilization, but also find out the development track of China's early civilization.