Europe was once famous for its splendid ancient paintings, but since the19th century, it has shocked the world with colorful modernist paintings. Especially in western Europe, after the emergence of Impressionism represented by Manet, Monet, Seurat, Cezanne, Gauguin and Van Gogh, the schools became increasingly complex and attracted people's attention. Fauvism represented by Matisse is recognized as the earliest school of modernist painting in the 20th century, which keeps pace with German expressionism represented by Karhi. Later, subjectivism represented by Picasso, futurism represented by Italian Carla boccioni, abstraction represented by Kandinsky, Dadaism first appeared in Switzerland, surrealism represented by Alp and Klee, etc. Schools have appeared one after another, and the climax of the art movement has been wave after wave, forming a colorful situation. Although these schools appeared before 1945, they continued after World War II. First of all, the founders or backbone painters of these schools are still active in the contemporary era, and excellent works have come out. Such as Matisse, Picasso and others, in the 1950s, still maintained a strong creative enthusiasm.

Picasso's Dove of Peace and the Contradiction among His Oil Paintings "Korean Massacre", "War" and "Peace"

The contents of the war of aggression and praising peace have special significance in his creation. After World War II, a number of new painting schools appeared in western Europe, such as abstract tables, which originated in the United States and later spread all over Europe.

Modernism and fantasy realism were formed in Austria, while pop art sprouted in Britain and originated in France.

Keywords Tahitism, accidental art, conceptual art, Op art, human body art trend of thought, landscape art,

Neo-expressionism and so on. In a word, modernist painting has made new progress, post-modernist painting is in full swing, traditional realistic painting still occupies a place, and a new situation of diversification has emerged.

Surrealism painting

Surrealism is an art school that was differentiated from Dadaism after the First World War.

School, which absorbed Dadaism's anti-traditional concept of automatic creation, but abandoned Dadaism's prejudice of denying everything. Under the influence of Freud's subconscious theory, it emphasizes accidental combination, unconscious discovery and true reappearance of dreams, and integrates the concept of reality with instinct, subconscious and dream experience to achieve an absolutely surreal situation. Its skills are realism, symbolism and abstraction. After 1930s, surrealism rose at this time, and the representatives of France were Ford Lille and Toussaint. Toussaint is an advocate of Dadaism. He once wrote the Mona Lisa with a beard, which is famous for showing contempt for famous paintings worshipped by many people. At this time, he also became an active supporter of surrealism. Italy has Carla and Chirico. In Germany, as well as Early and others, they all created better works. Surrealism painting has made great contributions to revealing the connotation of works and reviving exotic styles when cubism and abstraction prevail, emphasizing modeling priority and ignoring painting content.

Surrealism has two branches, one is absolute surrealism, which is dominated by unconscious actions that are not controlled by consciousness. Although his works are visual to a certain extent, they are close to abstract features, and his creation emphasizes accidental opportunities or automatic actions. The representative figure is Milo of Spain. His paintings are full of fantasy humor, and the fantasy world is quite vivid. Plants, animals and even inanimate objects in his works,

Everyone is full of energy, which seems to be more real than the physical objects around life. Other artists include Ma Song, Mata and others. Another branch is called surrealism. This genre shows mostly recognizable scenes or objects, and pays attention to the detailed description of things. But on the whole, it breaks away from the natural structure of the object, depicts the deformation of the object in a fantasy way, and combines it into something in a dream to create an unconscious image that is not controlled by reason. The representative figures are Spanish Dali and Belgian Magritte, Devall and others. Dali's works often show ferocious dreams or strange quiet atmosphere, and love to use double or hidden images. Magritte's painting world is full of all kinds of illusions about daily trifles. He is good at exaggerating sudden spiritual feelings and creating illusions.

abstract painting

Abstract painting is very popular in Europe. Abstract, or abstract art, is not a society with a declaration and program, but an artistic trend of thought and school that opposes imitation of natural forms and advocates abstract expression. Its characteristic is not to depict specific objects, but to express various emotions through lines, colors, blocks, shapes, composition and other means to arouse the imagination of the audience and enlighten people's thinking. There are two kinds of abstract art: one is to simplify the shape of nature and form a very simple and summarized image.

One is geometric composition that is not based on natural shapes. The earliest abstract painting was created by Kandinsky in 19 10. Before World War II, except Kandinsky, the representative of abstract art was mondriaan of the Netherlands. The abstract art that attaches importance to emotional expression like Kandinsky is called lyric abstraction or thermal abstraction; Mondriaan's abstract art of expressing ideas is called conceptual abstraction or cold abstraction. After World War II, abstraction not only prevailed in Europe, but also developed. 1952, the works summarized by French art critic Tapie for the first time with the word "Tahism" are new styles of abstract art, and Tahi means stains and spots. Tahism, on the other hand, is a painting formed by accidental spots and patches. French artists such as Atlan, Bren, Marttie, Ale, Dubois, etc. Is an abstract painter of Tahitis. At this time, artists who have made outstanding achievements in abstract art, such as David and Nicholson in Britain, and Huo's "Drew Silence" and "Snake" are also abstract works. After the 1960s, he turned to the realistic style. During the period of 1948, Britain, France and the United States held the abstract art exhibition in West Berlin for the first time. German young and middle-aged artists actively explore non-traditional art, breaking down the wall between German art and European and American art formed after fascism came to power, and bringing German art into line with European and American art, among which Valters, Hatton and winter are particularly active, who are outstanding painters of abstract art, and Zhao Wuji (192 1-), a French Chinese painter, should be especially mentioned in contemporary abstract painting in Europe. 195 1 year, he saw klee's works in Switzerland, which aroused the idea that China's ancient hieroglyphics evolved into symbols as artistic concepts, absorbed the tradition of not seeking similarities in Chinese paintings, and made a new breakthrough in his creation in the late 1950s, forming his unique style.

Pop art and other related arts

Pop is the abbreviation of English words, meaning pop art and popular art, 1952, which sprouted in Britain and became popular in Europe and America. Modernist art avoids the pressure of urban civilization and opposes mechanized and dehumanized consumer culture. Pop artists, on the other hand, believe that urban civilization created by the masses is an excellent material for modern artistic creation. Facing the impact of commercial civilization, artists should not only attach importance to it, but also become singers of popular culture. 1956, Hamilton showed "POP" in the exhibition "This is Tomorrow".

What makes today's family so different and colorful? Considered as the first work of pop art, contemporary youth art exhibition was held in 196 1, which showed the powerful impact of pop art. The representative figures of British pop art include Paolo, Tilson, Hornie, Smith and Jones. Representatives of French pop artists should push Reiser. Although pop art is dominated by Britain and the United States, it has a wide range of influence. It is generally believed that accidental art and Assemblage are two branches of pop art, which emphasizes the connection between art and life.

Therefore, we pay attention to the people around us and pop culture. Collection is the art of collecting, reorganizing and giving new meaning to mechanical civilization and waste consumed by everyone. The collection of artists' works often combines existing products, such as cans, plastic bottles, machine waste and so on. Making visible and modular works of art in plane or three-dimensional form, and arranging these in indoor and outdoor environments to produce spiritual feelings, which is environmental art. Combining art with nature, directly relying on the natural landscape instead of the traditional media of plastic arts, or slightly structuring or retouching nature, so as to make people pay attention to nature and gain an unusual aesthetic experience, are the representatives of "Earth Art" in Europe, such as arman and Sheza in France, Shi and Elmaster in Germany, Serrano and Zijida in Spain, and casella in Italy. Some of their works are paintings and some are sculptures, but many times it is difficult to classify them in the traditional way.

Accidental art appeared in the 1960s. It is an art that expresses accidental events or unexpected opportunities, attaches importance to people's behavior process and reveals people's instinctive reactions. It is the continuation and development of collage art and environmental art ... Collage art and environmental art also depend on material materials, while incidental art emphasizes the opportunity of activities. Artistic activities rely on improvisation and often become performances without plots, and the artist's body can also be used as performance materials to integrate his art with life, so it is also called "performing arts". For example, Matthew, a French painter, put on armor to perform painting, and named his performance on canvas "Middle divine retribution". Klein, another French painter, climbed out of the window on the second floor, stretched out his arms, balanced his body, and jumped at the risk of death and injury. This is a "painting" work created with his own body. 1970, the "Zero Society" art organization appeared in France, performing their art everywhere.

Conceptual art is an art gradually evolved from accidental art and environmental art in the 1960s. It rejects the modeling of traditional art, and holds that real works of art are not works of material form created by artists, but a combination of ideas or concepts. Because the audience can't get more information than the meaning of concepts and events from the works of material form, conceptual artists use charts, text descriptions, videos and even their own bodies as media to show the formation, development and variation of ideas, so that the audience can form and complete the shaping of artistic works in their own minds through these. Representative figures include armand, Brown of the Netherlands, manzoni of Italy, Ahnert of Britain, Birkin, Clark, hilliard and others. The earliest conceptual art took language as the medium, and was inspired by the "spring" made by Dadaism artist Toussaint with urinals, and its expression techniques became increasingly rich. For example, armand/KLOC-0 held a solo exhibition in Paris in 1960, and the exhibits were two trucks of garbage; Brown's exhibition is titled "All shoe stores in Amsterdam hold exhibitions of my works".

Body art is an art that is created by the artist's own body or other people's bodies.

Surgery. It developed from a branch of pop art-accidental art, which does not describe events or express artists' feelings. It's just a live record of physical activity without personality. The audience can experience the artist's works by watching the performance. 196 1 year, the French artist Klein asked two female models, all covered with oil paints, to drag and roll each other on the canvas to paint, which was the prelude of European body art. Since then, body art has become popular in Europe. The more bizarre it is, the more it is criticized.

Keywords pop art and its related combination, accidental art, environmental art, earth art,

Performing arts, conceptual arts and body arts all belong to the category of post-modernism. There are many similarities between them, which are sometimes difficult to define because they are mixed together. Just because they appear at a slightly different time or with a slightly different emphasis, their names are often different. These arts are still developing.

Neo-expressionism and other arts

This is an art school that rose in Europe in the 1980s. 1980 first appeared in Germany, causing great shock in European and American art circles. On the basis of past expressionism, new expressionism has absorbed some techniques of post-modernism art schools, such as the hierarchical organization of color gamut painting, the direct expression of minority art and the image of pop art, and conveyed strong feelings with painting language. It is characterized by the pursuit of free expression, free association, and strong frankness and innocence. In fact, it is a counterattack against the weakness of some postmodern art schools that lack individuality and emotion, and it is the development of realistic art under the new historical conditions. The representative figure is bardsley. His works are full of imagination and vivid colors, and even depict characters with their heads down to express their feelings freely. In the form of free fantasy, punk works are good at expressing strong inner activities, and the whole picture is naive. Polk used pop art to integrate painting and sculpture. Imendorf's works give people an illusory feeling on the whole, but pay attention to realism in details. The styles of neo-expressionism are also varied, which can generally reflect the artist's personality.

realistic painting

Europe has a tradition of realism. 19 during the 1930s and 1970s, there was a strong realistic painting trend centered on France, and the representative figure was Courbet of France. Since the 20th century, although modernist painting has gradually become the mainstream, realism has continued to shine. In Britain, there are Blatby, Smith and others who represent realism or social realism. Huo was keen on abstraction at first, but after 1960s, he also turned to realism. He often takes light source and light as the object of description, and vividly depicts characters and props. Fougeron in France is a representative figure of social realism painting school. As far back as 1936, he kept publishing works showing the life and struggle of workers, peasants, soldiers and citizens, such as the oil painting "Streets of Paris 1943", exposing the tragic life during the Nazi occupation.

In 1950s, he lived in a coal mine in Noel province for a period of time, and created a group painting of 12 "Mining Country", which showed the pain, struggle and expectation of workers in harsh environment with deep and severe brushwork. He inherited the traditional techniques of realistic painters such as Courbet, and also absorbed some techniques of modernism, which made his works have a unique style. Until the 1970s and 1980s, he still displayed a large number of works in front of the audience, such as Subway-Work-Sleep (1978). Gerley, a famous painter, was originally a master of abstraction, and he also created realistic works after World War II. In the early post-war period, realistic works depicting war disasters and hating fascist evils appeared in Germany, but they quickly turned to modernist painting. After 1960s, realism set off a revival upsurge, represented by Stark, Imendorf, Kiefel and others. A considerable part of Gross's postwar works exposed the tyranny, corrupt morality and the cruelty and horror of war in the form of cartoons. The realistic content in Dix's works is also obvious.

Among the realistic painters in contemporary Europe, Guttuso (19 12- 1987) has made outstanding achievements. During the period of 1943- 1945, he published sketches and sketches exposing crimes committed during the fascist Nazi occupation. 1946 signed a declaration with Kasina, Corpora and other artists 1 1, and * * * launched a new art front, indicating the persistence of realism and humanitarianism. His works always pay attention to practical problems that people care about and express a profound thought. Such as the occupation of Sicilian wasteland, seminar (1960), Liatti's funeral, etc.

There are many schools of painting in western Europe. In addition, there are abstract expressionism, neo-Dadaism and neo-abstraction. It can be said that there are painting schools in the west and Europe, so it is difficult to introduce them one by one. But the above content is enough to summarize the basic characteristics of contemporary European painting.

(2) Eastern European painting

The painting of the former Soviet Union has a profound tradition, which is modern in impressionism, expressionism and futurism.

When painting rose in western Europe, a kind of constructivism painting appeared in Soviet Russia. Kandinsky, the founder of abstract painting, is a Russian painter. However, after the October Revolution, the Soviet Union criticized formalism, constructivism and other painting schools, and stipulated that socialist realism was the creative method of all literature and art. For a long time, realistic painting became the mainstream of Soviet painting, and other painting schools, especially modernist painting, almost disappeared in the Soviet Union.

At present, the painting in the former Soviet Union is mainly realistic painting, which can be divided into two periods with the 1960s as the boundary. The painting in the former period has different characteristics.

194 1 year, German fascists launched an all-round attack on the Soviet Union, and the Soviet Union entered the period of the National Patriotic War. Artists, without exception, devoted themselves to defending the motherland and created a large number of posters.

Most of the content is to oppose war, defend the motherland, praise heroes, and publicize unity against the enemy. , which is full of lofty patriotism. It has a distinctive color of the times and tenacious fighting capacity. For some time after the war, posters with this theme still occupied a prominent position. Its representatives are Ivanov and Prokoph.

Ivanov created more than 100 posters, and Prokoph's For Peace (1950) and other works were all the rage. In addition, oil paintings reflecting the revolutionary enthusiasm of the Soviet people, especially those with military themes, have also made outstanding achievements. Representative figures include Moiseyenko, Krivonogov and Neprintsev. Historical paintings, genre paintings, including serov's "Farmer Representatives Visit Lenin" (1950),

The season of mowing grass by Plastov (1945) and the grain by the female painter Yablonskaya (1949).

Such works are representative.

After 1960, the paintings in the former Soviet Union were still mainly realistic, but there were new changes in style and style. The outstanding performance is the emergence of strict realism painting school and serious style painting. The strict realism school advocates drawing materials from daily life and expressing the living customs and mental outlook of ordinary people. Representative figures are Korzhev, Tkachev and others. The representative figures of serious style painting are Popkov and so on. Since the 1950s, with the prosperity of Soviet economy and the weakening of democratic atmosphere, there has been a bad atmosphere of beautifying music, whitewashing peace and even flattering in Soviet painting circles, and the works are gorgeous, erratic and empty. At this time, the "60 s generation" painters emerged in the painting world, trying to correct the shortcomings of the times. Therefore, the strict realism and strict style they advocate are all aimed at the above-mentioned bad atmosphere and have obvious militancy.

In the 1970s, a group of artists used the European Renaissance and Russian folk art for reference, created the image of combining reality and ideal, and formed the neoclassical painting craze. For example, Yablonskaya's Evening, Ancient Florence (1973) and Linen (1977) are full of idealization and romanticism, which is the crystallization of her strong interest in classical art, from which she draws nourishment and tries to pursue classicality.

In the 1980s, the society of the former Soviet Union was further opened, western modernist paintings poured in, and Soviet artists also visited and exchanged abroad in large numbers, so modernist art increased day by day in the Soviet painting world, breaking the long-standing situation that realistic painting dominated the world.

The painting of the former Soviet Union has long adhered to the realistic creation method, which has the characteristics of distinctive theme, profound content and rich and colorful style. Such as oil painting, gouache, printmaking, mosaic painting, political propaganda painting, portrait painting, landscape painting, cartoon, illustration and so on. All kinds of paintings have world-famous masterpieces. Moiseyenko is famous for his oil paintings, including Victory (1972) and Song (1980). Kibrik, Shmarinov and Prokoph are all famous printmakers, and their works Ah, this is America (1949) and International News (1968) are world-famous. Deineka's mosaics are also excellent, and the paintings in the Kremlin conference hall are his representative works. Sariyan is famous for his keen interest in painting portraits of intellectuals. Melnikov has a wide interest in art. Besides being good at painting Xiaoxiang, his historical paintings, genre paintings, landscape paintings and large murals are all very distinctive. His main work is In.

Peace on the field (1950), farewell (1975), etc. Many painters in the Soviet Union are illustrators, such as Fewoski, gerasimov, Kibrik and Shmarinov.

For Gorky's Artamonov Family's Career and Tolstoy's War and Peace.

Illustrations once caused a sensation in the painting world and were considered masterpieces.

Contemporary paintings in Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania and other countries are mainly realistic.

The Proletarians by Polish kowalski (1948) and Before Tapping by Hungarian Domanovszky (1954) are all works about workers. Kulie Sevic created a large number of group paintings, such as Warsaw 1945 and Soldiers of Revolution and Peace (1952). He is a world-famous Polish printmaker. Dimitrov Mestola of Bulgaria has been deeply involved in rural areas for a long time, and is good at rural works, such as The Bulgarian Girl (1952). Bulgarian prints are also very distinctive. From 1960s to 1980s, it paid attention to the change and exploration in form, and had a contemporary modeling style. The representative figures of Romanian realistic oil paintings are Babarani and others. After the 1960s, national characteristics became increasingly strong. Czech painting, 1948, after the official promotion of socialist realism, the once active modernist works were greatly reduced. Artists either expose Nazi crimes or show new life, and the ideological tendency of their works is increasingly strong. In the 1970s and 1980s, neo-realism painting prevailed, and the representative figures were Elodek and Fisschalke. These countries, like the former Soviet Union, in the late 1980s, the art of painting went to a diversified road.