In feudal society, the policy of "pro-affinity" was the political behavior of the central dynasty to contact the leaders of border ethnic minorities, and its purpose was to serve the interests of the ruling class. However, it objectively promoted the reunification of the motherland, strengthened the ties between people of all ethnic groups, and promoted the social, economic and cultural development of all ethnic groups in the border areas.
In the history of Xinjiang, there are the following situations: first, the Han princess married the leaders of Xinjiang ethnic minorities, such as the Han Dynasty married Princess Xijun and Princess You Jie to King Wusun; The Sui Dynasty married Hua Rongfei to Wei Boya, the king of Gaochang. In the Tang Dynasty, Princess Ningguo (Tang Suzong), Princess Taihe (Tang Xianzong), Princess Xian 'an (Tang Dezong) and Princess Guo Xiaoning (Rong Wang Liwan) were married to Uighur Wu Ying Weiyuan Khan, Wuyi Chenggong Khan, Chongde Khan and Wu Ying Khan respectively.
Second, the leaders of ethnic minorities married their daughters to the king of Han nationality. For example, the King of Turkey once married his daughter to King Gaochang.
2. The contribution of Porun, an outstanding Uighur figure, to the consolidation and development of the unification of the Tang Dynasty.
Uighur is the distant ancestor of the * * * Er nationality and one of the minority nationalities in the Tang Dynasty.
Porun's father, Tufan Du, was the first Uighur Khan to join the Tang Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty worshipped him as the general of Huaihua and the commander-in-chief of the vast sea.
In 648, Du's nephew killed Du who tried to resist the Tang Dynasty.
In the Tang Dynasty, Borun was appointed as left, viceroy and viceroy Han Hai.
Shiva Leap's achievement lies in her two missions to the Western Regions, helping the Turkic Ashnahulu rebellion in Dingxi, Tang Ping.
Ashnahulu was the commander-in-chief of Yaochi in the Tang Dynasty. In 65 1 year, he openly rebelled against the Tang Dynasty and built Yaquan (now west of tokmak, Kyrgyzstan), calling himself Shabolokhan, in an attempt to seize Tang Zhou and Tingzhou.
In 652, the Tang Dynasty sent troops to conquer, and with the cooperation of 5000 Uighur cavalry, the Tang Dynasty achieved initial victory.
In 657, Pollan took part in another war to conquer Ashnahulu, and was ordered to pursue Ashnahulu to Sheroschuan (now Taras River in Kyrgyzstan).
After several years of putting down the rebellion, the unification of the Tang Dynasty was consolidated and developed, and Bairun was named General Youwei for his merits.
3. The positive role of Lian Xixian, a famous politician in Yuan Dynasty, in the establishment of China historiography.
Lian Xixian is a member of the * * * ethnic group. His surname is Lian because his father, Bruege, once worked as a low-level visiting ambassador.
During the reign of Mongolian Khan in Yuan Xianzong, Lian Xixian served under Kublai Khan.
After Yuan Xianzong's death, his two younger brothers Kublai Khan and Ali Bouguer fought internally to succeed Khan.
This kind of infighting is not only their personal problem, but also the question of which political force the whole country should be unified with.
Lian Xixian supported Kublai Khan's succession, suggested "early succession and unification", and said that "An is against his will, not occasionally."
Because Lian Xixian sponsored Kublai Khan's succession, he was appointed as Ambassador Jing Zhao.
During his term of office, it is beneficial to people's livelihood to pay attention to restraining royal privileges.
Lian Xixian was a famous politician in Yuan Dynasty and a scholar with high cultural quality at that time. He participated in the compilation of Yuan Yingzong, Renzong, Shi Lu and History of Liao, Jin and Song Dynasties, and contributed to the establishment of China's historiography.
4. The contribution of Xinjiang ethnic minorities to China culture in Yuan Dynasty.
In the history of Xinjiang, many scholars wrote or translated in Chinese, and some writers, historians, philosophers and agronomists appeared. Their works are an integral part of the historical and cultural heritage of our great motherland.
Guan Yunshi (* * er), a prose writer in Yuan Dynasty, was born in an official family. His grandfather was a hero of the founding of the Yuan Dynasty, and his father went to Jiangxi to be a politician in Zhongshu Province.
Guan Yunshi's talents are manifold. He is not only a brave military commander, but also a versatile scholar. He is both an expert in Sanqu and a calligrapher.
His main achievement is his Sanqu.
In Yuan Dynasty, Yang collected 36 poems by Guan Yunshi and 30 poems by Taiping Yuefu in Chun Xue.
Guan Yunshi's name occupies an important position in the history of China literature, especially in the history of Yuanqu.
Ma Zuchang, a famous writer in Yuan Dynasty, was a member of the * * * Er ethnic group and a native of Tianshan Mountain in Jingzhou (now Toksun). His ancestors have been an official in the mainland for a long time.
His works mainly include: The Golden Mirror at the Back of the Column, A Brief History of the Millennium, Songting Story, Shi Tian Collection, etc.
An Zang was an outstanding translator in Yuan Dynasty. He lived in Bali (now Jimsar) and had a profound knowledge of Chinese.
At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, in order to meet the needs of the situation, Anzang translated Chinese classics such as Shangshu Wuyi, Zhenguan Dignitary and Shen Jian into Mongolian documents for Yuan Shizu to use.
These translated ancient books of China are of great benefit to the mutual communication of all ethnic groups.
5. The historical achievements of Emin and Zhuo, kings of Turpan County, in opposing separatism and safeguarding the reunification of the motherland.
1720, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty sent troops to quell the separatist activities of Alabotan, the leader of Junggar. Emin and Zhuo took the opportunity to leave Junggar, joined the Qing Dynasty and stationed in Turpan. 173 1, they smashed Alabotham's attack.
1755, Qianlong sent his troops to conquer Davatchi, the leader of Junggar Department, and Emin and Zhuo led 300 soldiers to follow the levy and went to Yili with the Qing soldiers.
1757, separatist activities occurred, and Zhuo Blanie Tun and Huo Ji became brothers. Jarhashan, the general of the Qing army, suppressed the rebellion by appointing Emin and Zhuohe as advisers and Yousubu as leaders and ministers, and many upper-class members of the Er ethnic group were placed in important positions.
In their later years, Emin and Zhuo went to Beijing twice to see Emperor Qianlong.
The greatest achievement of his life was to oppose the separatist activities of Alabotan, Dawaqi, Amur Sana 'a, Man garrick, Bradun and Hoji with practical actions, and to safeguard the reunification of the motherland.
Emin Hezhuo's life is a life of opposing separatism and safeguarding the reunification of the motherland.
In their later years, Emin and Zhuo built a tower and a monument to repay the kindness of the Qing Dynasty and express their devotion to * * * *.
The Sugong Pagoda is related to major events in the history of Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty and has important historical and artistic value.
6. Heroes who defend the reunification of the motherland.
In the history of Xinjiang, the Er nationality has made great contributions to safeguarding the reunification of the motherland, and many people with lofty ideals have emerged who are loyal to serving the country.
Yunus was born in a noble family of * * * Er nationality, and his grandfather was an outstanding man who fought against the big, the small and the outstanding during the Qianlong period.
18 1 1 year, Yunus inherited the title of county king and served as the local civil affairs minister of Kashi Gaer Archimubok.
When they arrived, they verified the evidence of collusion between Shados, Ushur, Amar, Mulasupi and Samusak's son in exile in Central Asian countries, and reported it to the court for legal action.
In order to wipe out the restoration forces of Herzog, Yunus negotiated with Hao Han to extradite Herzog's descendants. Hao Han said that Zhang Geer, a descendant of Hezhuo, had been prevented from invading Kashgar, threatening the Qing court and arousing its anger.
Song Jun, the general of Yili, rebuked him for meddling. In addition, the Shadow Legacy Party claimed that there was no such person as Zhang Geer, so Yunus was accused by the Qing court and was dismissed and imprisoned.
1820, 1824, 1825, Zhang Geer harassed Kashgar again and again with the support of the feudal lords, and the Qing court discovered that it had been cheated. Yunus, as a reformist Burke, was sent to the front line of Kashgar by the Qing court.
There, he united with the people of Zhang Geer and did a lot of work to disintegrate the rebels.
Unfortunately.
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/826, Zhang Geer and the mighty invading army invaded Kashgar, and Yunus died for his country after the city fell.
7. Pacify Isaac's outstanding achievements in Zhang Geer rebellion.
Isaac, a member of the * * * Er nationality, was originally named Kuqa Archimubok. He made many contributions in pacifying the rebellion of Da Zhou and Zhuo, and was listed as one of the 50 heroes who unified Xinjiang by Qianlong.
Isaac inherited Baylor and Akzo Achim Burke.
After the Qing dynasty ruled Xinjiang, the main force was stationed in a few areas in northern Xinjiang.
Zhang Geer Rebellion, four cities in the west of southern Xinjiang fell one after another, and quickly advanced to Aksu, the four cities in the east. Before the arrival of the Qing army, Isaac organized the masses to check the mole, prepared food and ammunition, practiced defense day and night, and organized the army and the people to stop the enemy from crossing the river with Minister Aksu.
Cooperate with the Qing army to "capture fifty or sixty thieves and send two from Zhang Geer to Ahun".
With the Qing army attacking four cities in the west of southern Xinjiang, in a series of battles, Isaac led the soldiers and civilians to raise food and grass, spy on the enemy, and acted as a guide, which played a calming role, especially in the Battle of Katiegai Mountain, and captured Zhang Geer alive.
8.* * * Two ethnic heroines, Milebaniu and Rolbari, defend their country.
1865, with the support of Britain and Russia, the great country Akuta invaded Xinjiang.
During the 12 years when it brutally ruled the vast areas of southern Xinjiang, the local Er people fought bravely against it.
Maitreya Banu and Raú l Barr are two Er heroines who appeared in this period.
Mile Banu was the wife of King Beausire of Hami, and was named Fujin (Mrs.) by the Qing Dynasty.
1873 was captured by the peasant rebels of Hui and Uygur nationalities, then fell into the hands of bandits of Agubai and was imprisoned in Kuqa.
The Akuta bandit gang hijacked Maitreya Banu Fujin, "hoping to keep him in detention."
However, Miley Banu Fujin did not turn back, did not give in to the threats and inducements of Agubo bandits, and brought back a message: "The world is blessed by the emperor, and there is no rebellion." During the hijacking of Melibanu Fujin, the Qing Dynasty ordered local officials to try to rescue him many times, and Mai Hammert, the son of Fujin, also tried to rescue him.
Later, Miley Banufujin returned to Hami.
Because his son was paralyzed since childhood, Fujin, with his outstanding political talent, successfully presided over the government affairs in Hami area in that war-torn year.
Rolbali is the wife of Huojiabaner (a small local leader). At that time, she was in her thirties and lived in Xixiatai, west of Hami.
In order to resist bullying and defend the country, she bravely shouldered the heavy responsibility of patrolling and transmitting information.
Xiao Xiong, the author of Listening to Gardens and Miscellaneous Poems in the Western Regions, once wrote a passage praising Rolbari: "I once saw him riding alone to his neighbor Shabu in his snowsuit.
At that time, the thief's flame was extinguished and there were many wild wolves. The man was still afraid, but he took a short knife and flew to Long song, running back and forth between mountains, mountains and sand for more than ten miles. He was so angry! "The heroic deeds of two * * * Er women fully embody the fearless spirit of unity and shine with the light of patriotism.
9. Turdi Ahong, a famous musician who has made outstanding contributions to the preservation and spread of Twelve Muqams.
Twelve Muqam is a large-scale dance music with a long history, which is deeply loved by people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.
On the eve of liberation, there were only two or three people who could sing twelve Muqams, and the most outstanding one was Tuerdi Ahong.
In order to save this precious cultural heritage, at the beginning of liberation, New China was in a hurry, and the Party put the rescue and sorting out of Twelve Muqams on the agenda.
The Cultural Department of the Autonomous Region twice invited Ahong from Turkey to Urumqi to record and arrange Twelve Muqams.
Later, Beijing Music Publishing House and Ethnic Publishing House jointly published two volumes of Twelve Muqams.
At the age of seventy, Ahong Tuerdi made outstanding contributions to the publication of this masterpiece with full enthusiasm and hard work.
10, * * * Archie Mubok Gademot who made positive contributions to the unification of Xinjiang in Qing Dynasty.
Gademet, a native of Wushi, Xinjiang, once served as Akmubo of Baicheng when Junggar nobles ruled Xinjiang.
During the Qianlong period, the Qing Dynasty unified Xinjiang. He supported reunification and made positive contributions to the reunification of Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty.
After the Qing Dynasty * * * unified Xinjiang, he served as Archimubok in Kashgar in 15. During his tenure, he not only paid attention to the construction of local water conservancy, which was rare among local officials at that time, but also did several useful things.
According to the Chronicle of Hui Autonomous Region Biography of Gadamer, "In the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong, Gadamer proposed: gather all the people to transport thousands of stones to the valley, store the city and help the poor households.
Repair materials to build a military house. "177 1 year, the Tuerhut tribe could not bear the oppression and exploitation of tsarist Russia. Under the leadership of the leader, Wo Baxi, he returned to the motherland and arrived in Xinjiang, which was welcomed by people of all ethnic groups in the Qing Dynasty.
When they moved from northern Xinjiang to the Kalashar Zhuledu grassland, they received selfless assistance from the people of the * * * Er nationality in southern Xinjiang.
Thousands of stone grains were carried by farmers in Xinjiang by horses, donkeys and camels to the Zhuledus grassland in Harqin Banner to help Mongolian herders in trouble.
Kashgar, where Gademei is located, has also undertaken this grain transportation task. Gademet "wrote many times that every grain bag is willing to help Turkut", which enabled Turkut Mongolian herders to establish their homes in Tianshan Mountain.
1 1, Mullah Ballal, a modern Er poet and historian.
Mullah Ballal was born in a poor shoemaker's family in Yining City.
The enlightenment education was completed under the guidance of my father, and then I studied at the only institution in Yining at that time-Ili Jing College.
During the period of 1867, he directly participated in the peasant riots in Yili influenced by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and later wrote a long poem "Jihad on the Land of China".
The long poems reflect in detail the events experienced during the uprising and reveal the contradiction between the upper class and the leaders of the same Sect who seized the leadership in the later period of the uprising, so they have certain historical value; 185 1 year, he assembled a large number of Goesele's poems written before the age of 27 into a collection called Goesele's poems.
Gezeraya's poems are mostly works with love as the theme. In a sense, these love works are also a condemnation of the oppression of feudal tyranny at that time. Later, many works became popular folk songs. As a satire, the long poem "Rapunzel" greatly promoted the creation of fable genre in * * * er's literature. Nuzigum, a long poem, is an excellent novel in German literature, regardless of its theme, content or realism.
In a word, Ballal's life-long creative activities brought his literature into a new stage.