Ancient part
First, China's ancient political system
1, the political system of the Western Zhou Dynasty
(1) Feudal system: Content: During the Western Zhou Dynasty, King Wu granted a certain amount of land and population to the royal family, heroes and the previous generation nobles respectively, so as to establish a vassal state and consolidate the rule of the Zhou Dynasty. During the pilgrimage, vassals have the obligation to defend their territory, follow the battle, pay tribute and report on their work. The king of Zhou is the supreme ruler of the country, claiming to be the son of heaven. The vassals are all vassals of the king of Zhou and must obey his orders.
Function: The enfeoffment system strengthened the local rule of the Zhou Emperor and expanded the ruling area. However, in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, due to the powerful vassal power, the imperial power declined and the enfeoffment system was destroyed, which led to the situation of division and melee in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
(2) Patriarchal clan system: a system that maintains political hierarchy and consolidates state rule by the closeness of paternal blood relationship. The biggest feature is the eldest son inheritance system. That is, the eldest son (in large quantities) inherits his father's suzerain status, and the illegitimate son (in small quantities) is enfeoffed. The eldest son and the enfeoffment sons are brothers in blood, and they are also subjects in politics. Patriarchal enfeoffment system is both external and internal. Patriarchal clan system ensures the monopoly and privileged position of nobles in politics, and is also conducive to the stability and unity within the ruling group.
2. The development of Qin and Qing autocracy under centralization.
During the Warring States Period, after Shang Yang's political reform in Qin State, the national strength became stronger and stronger. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Ying Zheng, king of Qin Dynasty, destroyed Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi successively, and established the first feudal dynasty in China history-Qin Dynasty. The centralization of feudal absolutism from Qin Dynasty to Qing Dynasty was characterized by the supremacy of imperial power, local centralization and centralization in the emperor.
3. What is the influence of centralization?
The influence on the Qin Dynasty: ① It was beneficial to the unification of the country and played an important role in the initial establishment of the territory of the motherland and the formation of the Chinese nation; (2) Conducive to the development of feudal economy; (3) The autocratic rule of the landlord class over the broad masses of working people was established, and the tyranny of Qin led to the deterioration of the people's situation.
Influence on later generations: The centralized and autocratic political system established by the Qin Dynasty was very groundbreaking, which laid the basic pattern of China's feudal political system for more than 2,000 years, which was used by feudal dynasties in past dynasties and was constantly strengthened and improved.
4. The characteristics of the political system from Han Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty (Qing Dynasty): (1) There are two basic contradictions and struggles: one is the struggle between centralization and decentralization; The second is the struggle between imperial power and relative power. In the central government, the relative power is weakening and the monarchical power is strengthening. In the relationship between the central government and local governments, the central government strictly controls local political power and does not allow an independent administrative system to exist. (2) The autocratic imperial power was constantly strengthened and reached its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. (3) Its essence is to strengthen imperial power and maintain autocratic rule.
5. What influence did the strengthening of absolute monarchy have on the development of China society in Ming and Qing Dynasties?
Positive role: it is conducive to the unity and consolidation, social stability, economic development and cultural prosperity of multi-ethnic countries, and provides political guarantee for the emergence of the prosperous era of Kanggan.
Negative influence: the imperial power expanded extremely and became an important factor hindering social progress. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, bourgeois revolution or reform (the glorious revolution in Britain, the American War of Independence, etc. ) occurred in Britain and other western countries, established bourgeois rule and promoted the development of capitalism. The unprecedented strengthening of absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties greatly hindered social progress. Since then, the development of China society has lagged far behind that of the West.
Second, China's ancient economy
1 agriculture
(1), the change of farming methods: slash and burn-stone hoe farming-iron plow Niu Geng (Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period)
(2) The establishment of private ownership of land: In the Spring and Autumn Period, with the emergence of Niu Geng, a large number of private fields appeared outside the mining field. Due to frequent wars, the labor force in the mining area is reduced and the well site system is disintegrating day by day. In order to increase income, the vassal States represented by Lu carried out tax reform, and all public and private fields were taxed on mu, which promoted the transformation of land from state-owned to private. Formed a new feudal land ownership. During the Warring States period, feudal land ownership was established by various vassal states represented by Shang Yang's political reform.
(3) What are the basic characteristics of ancient agricultural economy (small-scale peasant economy) in China?
A, the family is the basic unit of production and life, farmers have a small amount of means of production; Combination of agriculture and cottage industry; C. a self-sufficient natural economy; D, intensive cultivation.
2, handicraft industry
(1) Government-run handicraft industry: It is directly operated by the government and mainly produces military materials such as weapons and daily necessities for the government and nobles. Production is cost-free, and the products are more exquisite.
(2) Main achievements:
technology of metals
Copper smelting:
Shang and Zhou dynasties: prosperity (such as Simu Wuding) Spring and Autumn Period to Qin and Han Dynasties: gilding and inlaying techniques were widely used.
Smelting iron
Iron was made in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, and iron farm tools were popularized in the Warring States period. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, iron was made by drainage and hydraulic blast.
make steel
Late Spring and Autumn Period: Steel Sword, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: Steel Casting Method
Porcelain industry
Shang dynasty: primitive porcelain appeared; Eastern Han dynasty: mature technology, celadon and white porcelain; Tang dynasty: formed two systems: South, Qing and North, and exported them to foreign countries; Song dynasty: porcelain kilns spread all over the country (five famous kilns); Yuan dynasty: blue and white porcelain appeared in Jingdezhen, the center of porcelain making; Ming and Qing dynasties: Jingdezhen, the capital of porcelain, is blue and white porcelain, colored porcelain and enamel.
Silk weaving industry
Five or six thousand years ago: cocoon and silk products appeared in the Warring States period: there were many varieties such as cotton, silk, silk and yarn. Large output and high quality. Han Dynasty: Silk Road in Ming and Qing Dynasties: the heyday of entering the silk weaving center (1)-Suzhou and Hangzhou (2) private silk industry flourished; (3) Silk products are exquisitely made, with satin and treasures.
3. Business
(1) the formation and development of cities;
Western Han Dynasty: There is a "city" dedicated to trade in the city, and the city is strictly separated from the residential area (square). The government has special officials to manage it, and there are strict time limits for opening and closing the market.
Tang Dynasty: The scale expanded, but the market was still divided, and there were still time constraints (some prosperous big cities gradually broke the time and space constraints in the late Tang Dynasty), and specialized commercial organizations appeared, such as counters and shops for currency deposits and loans, and cities where foreign businessmen gathered.
Song Dynasty: Business was unprecedentedly prosperous, market boundaries were broken, time was no longer limited, and it could be operated in the morning and evening.
(2) Major commercial cities and famous commercial groups.
Han Dynasty: Chang 'an, Luoyang, Handan, Linzi, Wan and Chengdu (five capitals)
Tang Dynasty: Chang 'an and Luoyang in the north, Yangzhou and Yizhou (Chengdu) in the south, and Guangzhou as a foreign trade port.
Song Dynasty: Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty and Lin 'an (Hangzhou) in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Yuan: Dadu, Hangzhou, Quanzhou
Ming and Qing Dynasties: Beijing, Nanjing, Suzhou and Hangzhou
Famous business groups: Huizhou merchants and Shanxi merchants (draft number)
(3) What are the characteristics of ancient commerce in China?
A, business continued to develop after it appeared, which was unprecedented in the Song and Yuan Dynasties; B, domestic trade, border trade and foreign trade are prosperous in an all-round way; C, similar to the bank's counter, similar to the bill of exchange flying money and paper money appeared very early; D, the government's control over business is gradually decreasing.
4. The policy of emphasizing agriculture, restraining commerce and forbidding the sea (closing the country to the outside world)
(1) Impact: attaching importance to agriculture and restraining commerce: hindering the development of industry and commerce and strengthening the natural economy are not conducive to the development of commodity economy.
Sea ban policy: positive: resisting foreign aggression to a certain extent. ; Negative: hindering the development of overseas markets, restraining primitive accumulation of capital, and hindering the budding growth of capitalism; It isolated the cultural exchanges between China and the West, hindered the progress of science and technology, and caused China to fall behind the world trend.
Third, the evolution of China's mainstream thought of traditional culture.
1, a hundred schools of thought contended during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
(1) A hundred schools of thought contend: During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a number of social forces aimed at spreading culture and developing academics were formed in society. They are called "Hundred Schools". Representatives of Taoism: Laozi and Zhuangzi, who advocate "governing by doing nothing", believe that the ideal society is a small country with few people. On behalf of Mozi, Mohism advocates "universal love", "non-aggression" and "Shang Xian". Han Feizi, a representative of Legalism, advocated the establishment of a monarchy system ruled by law. The representative figure of Confucian school: Confucius,
(2) Confucius, Mencius and Xun and the formation of Confucianism.
Confucius is the founder of Confucian school. He devoted himself to running a school and writing books, sorting out the Six Classics, and became the founder of the new school and the "most holy teacher" of later generations. The core of Confucianism is "benevolence" put forward by Confucius, which contains people-oriented thought.
Mencius developed Confucius' "benevolence" into "benevolent government" and further put forward the idea that "the people are more valuable than the monarch".
Xunzi also advocated "benevolence and righteousness" and "kingliness" in administration, and put forward the famous viewpoint of "managing ships and benefiting the people"
From the establishment of Confucianism by Confucius to the summary and transformation by Mencius and Xunzi, its system is more complete.
2. Confucianism became orthodox in Han Dynasty.
(1) Dong Zhongshu's Confucianism;
A, in view of the need of centralization, put forward the idea of "unification in the Spring and Autumn Period" and "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone". B, in view of the need to strengthen the monarchical power, put forward the political thought of "divine right of monarchical power" and the corresponding Confucian moral viewpoint. C, in view of the reality of land annexation, further develop the Confucian thought of benevolent government, and advocate limiting land, sparing land and saving labor. D, put forward the "three cardinal guides and five permanents" and advocate filial piety according to the standard of life.
(2) Confucianism became orthodox in the Han Dynasty.
Confucianism became the orthodox thought of the Han Dynasty, and Liang Wudi took three specific measures:
First, fully affirm Neo-Confucianism; Second, hundreds of literary Confucian scholars participated in state affairs;
Third, establish imperial academy, so that all scholars in the world can learn Confucian classics.
After Dong Zhongshu's transformation, Confucianism adapted to the need of strengthening the centralization of absolutism, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty later became the orthodox thought of feudal society.
3. Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties
(1) Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism
Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao thought in Northern Song Dynasty: (1) "Tian Li" is the source of all things; (2) the ethics of human relations and the hierarchy of rank are all "natural laws"; (3) "Benevolence" is innate.
Zhu Thought in Southern Song Dynasty: (1) Theory of Rationality and Qi. Everything in the universe consists of "reason" and "qi", and reason exists before qi. (2) the theory of mind and nature, the mind dominates the temperament, and people should restrain their feelings and let moral reason dominate and guide their behavior.
(B) Wang Yangming's new learning
Ideological proposition: the heart is the reason, the human heart is the origin of all things, and "nothing outside the heart" is a subjective idealistic worldview; Regarding conscience, he thinks that "conscience" is the innate goodness of human beings, and advocates that "there is one family in the world, and China is still one family", which gives full play to the Confucian thought of "benevolence". Its greatest feature is the change from the objective idealism of Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism to the subjective idealism of Yangming's Neo-Confucianism.
4. Confucianism in Ming and Qing Dynasties
The progressive thoughts of Huang Zongxi, Gu and Wang Fuzhi
(1) Politically: Oppose absolute monarchy and advocate "people-oriented".
(2) Economically, we attach importance to handicraft industry and commerce, and advocate "practical application".
(3) Ideologically: Critically inherit traditional Confucianism and build a new ideological system with the characteristics of the times.
Fourth, China's ancient science and technology, literature and art.
1, scientific and technological achievements
The four great inventions contributed to the development of world civilization: papermaking and printing promoted the development of European culture and promoted the Renaissance and religious reform; The application and development of gunpowder in Europe pushed the world from the era of cold weapons to the era of hot weapons, which made the feudal ruling class decline day by day. The use of compass opened up a new route for western Europeans, and the west began to connect the world into a whole dominated by capitalism by colonial conquest.
Western Europe took the lead in entering modern society, and the whole world gradually evolved from ancient times to modern times under its impetus.
2. Chinese characters and calligraphy and painting
The Origin and Evolution of (1) Chinese Characters
Chinese characters originated more than six thousand years ago. In the stage of ancient Chinese characters, the evolution order of Chinese characters is Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscription, seal script and Li Qin. In the official script stage, the evolution order of Chinese characters is official script and regular script. Official script prevailed in Han dynasty. Wei-Jin period is the transition period from official script to regular script. Regular script prevailed in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Official script and regular script are both official fonts. In the official script stage, there are auxiliary characters-cursive script and running script.