Tanner (hippie a. Taine. 1828 ~ 1893) thinks that history, like chemistry, is a precise science and can be handled by analytical reasoning methods in the laboratory. In his view, it is not enough to sum up the facts in historical research. Facts exist only on the surface, but what actually exists is an abstract and universal concept. He argues that the object of historical research is psychological activities, and the purpose of writing history is to try to discover the spiritual power of the nation-state and explain what role the spirit plays. Obviously, he realized the one-sidedness of positivism and thought that historical research should also go deep into the national spirit.