According to Sima Qian's Biography of Historical Records of Lv Buwei, Qin Shihuang's mother was the daughter of general Zhao. Before she gave Qin Shihuang, she was a concubine. For political purposes, Lv Buwei gave Zhao Ji, who was pregnant, to an alien (that is, the king of Qin Zhuang). Later, Zhao Ji became pregnant in December and gave birth to Ying Zheng, but in fact she was the illegitimate child of Lv Buwei and Zhao Ji. According to the research results of modern medicine [source request], it is rare to be pregnant for twelve months; At the same time, menopause as a sign of pregnancy will also be suspected by strangers. So it is possible that Sima Qian made mistakes in Historical Records. ) Ying Zheng is an underrated son of protons. He spent his boyhood in Handan, the capital of Zhao. At this time, the aliens have returned to Qin through mediation and recognized Mrs. Huayang as their mother. After many political struggles, he finally won the trust of Huayang. Spent a lot of energy and money to take Evonne and her son back to Qin, and Ying Zheng started his political career in Qin king Palace.
Qin Shihuang, who won the surname, was a famous minister. Born in Zhao, also known as the son of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang (another son of Qin Zhuang). In 246 BC, Ying Zheng, who was only 13 years old, succeeded to the throne of Qin, which was handed over to the Prime Minister and Empress Xuan. In 238 BC, he took advantage of the opportunity of going out to mobilize troops to rebel. He crushed the rebellion in one fell swoop, killed the virus and imprisoned the queen mother. The following year, Lv Buwei was dismissed from his post, and then he was forced to kill Lv Buwei, while Liao Wei and Li Si were appointed.
Since then, Ying Zheng has inherited a series of policies since Qin Xiaogong, carried out reform and innovation, and rewarded farming. Then, Ying Zheng adopted the strategy of Reese and others, bribed the ministers of the six Kanto countries with huge sums of money, alienated the monarch and his subjects, made close friends and attacked. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year 10, Korea, Wei, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Qi were destroyed successively, ending hundreds of years of separatist regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
After Ying Zheng unified the world, he created the title of "Emperor", called himself the first emperor, announced that his descendants would be called II, III and even eternity, and imagined that the rule of the Qin Dynasty would continue from generation to generation. All government affairs of the country are decided by the emperor, and important officials of the central and local governments are appointed and removed by the emperor. The central government implements the system of three public officials and nine ministers. Subsequently, Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system since Shang and Zhou dynasties and implemented the county system. On the basis of the original laws and decrees of Qin, he absorbed some provisions of the laws of the six countries and formulated and promulgated unified laws. The nobles before the Six Kingdoms were moved to Guanzhong and Bashu to prevent their separatist activities.
Economically, the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce was implemented to foster the development of feudal private ownership of land. In the thirty-first year of the first emperor (2 16 BC), landlords and yeomen who occupied land were ordered to declare the amount of land to the government and pay taxes. Their land ownership was recognized and protected by the government, and the national weights and measures system was unified with the weights and measures formulated by Shang Yang as the standard. In order to develop the national land and water transportation, Qin's "half Liang" money was used as the currency, and "cars on the same track" was implemented, and the chidao from Xianyang to Yanqi and the straight road from Xianyang to Jiuyuan (now Baotou West, Inner Mongolia) via Yunyang. Wuchi Road was built in the southwest, and a canal was dug to connect Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River.
In terms of cultural thought, based on the popular characters of Qin State, Biography was formulated and promulgated throughout the country. In 2 13 BC, in order to control his thoughts, Ying Zheng accepted Reese's suggestion and ordered books on Qin history, medicine, divination and tree planting to be burned. Private schools are forbidden. In the second year, alchemists Lu Sheng and Hou Sheng talked about Qin Shihuang's greed and arbitrary punishment behind his back. After learning about Ying Zheng, people were sent to hunt him down. Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng fled in great anger and killed all the more than 460 Confucian scholars involved in Xianyang. These two things are called "burning books to bury Confucianism" in history, which stifled thoughts and seriously damaged culture.
In 2 14 BC, Ying Zheng sent troops to Nanyue, adding four counties: Minzhong, Nanhai, Guilin and Xiang Jun (now Chongzuo County, Guangxi). In the same year, General Meng Tian was sent to attack the Xiongnu in the north, recovered the Hetao area in Inner Mongolia today, and moved to the civil construction city in the mainland. At the end of the first emperor, the number of counties in Qin increased from 36 at the beginning of reunification to more than 40, making Qin's territory reach the sea in the east, Longxi in the west, the Great Wall in the north and Xiang Jun in the south.
During the reign of Ying Zheng, the corvee was heavy and the punishment was harsh. In addition to paying two-thirds of the harvest as taxes, the people have to bear heavy corvee and military service. He recruited more than 700,000 people and built the luxurious Epang Palace and the tomb of Mount Li in the south of Weishui. He also recruited farmers to connect the original Great Wall in the northern part of Qin, Zhao and Yan, extending eastward and westward, starting from Lintao (now Minxian County, Gansu Province) in the west and building a city defense in Liaodong (now northwest of Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province) in the east. This is the Great Wall of Wan Li. It is a great project in ancient China and the crystallization of the sweat and wisdom of the working people in ancient China. At that time, there were more than 654.38+0.5 million conscripts and corvees, and the number of soldiers was insufficient. Even women are taken to transport their salaries. Many people were tortured to death. In order to prevent the people from resisting, he ordered the collection and destruction of folk weapons, and also stipulated that one person should be sentenced to death and his relatives should be executed, which was called "clan punishment"; A family breaks the law and neighbors are guilty of the same crime. This is called "sitting together". People can be accused of breaking the law at any time, sentenced to hard labor, or beheaded, nose cut, The government is ecstatic and profligate. During his reign of 12 years, he made five large-scale cruises, carving stones and praising virtues along the way to show his immortal achievements. In order to live forever, alchemist Xu Fu led thousands of children and men to seek immortality in the East China Sea. It has consumed huge financial and human resources and deepened people's suffering.
As soon as the Qin Dynasty was established, class contradictions began to intensify. Due to the tyranny of Ying Zheng, a small-scale peasant uprising appeared. In 2 10 BC, Ying Zheng made his last cruise, accompanied by Prime Minister Reese, CZ (eunuch in charge of the emperor's official documents) Zhao Gao and his favorite youngest son Hu Hai. He crossed the Qiantang River and arrived in Wuzhong, Huiji County. On the way back, he fell ill in Pingyuan Jin (now southeast of Pingyuan County, Shandong Province). When I arrived at the sand dune (now Guangzong County, Hebei Province), my illness turned to safety. Knowing that he was dying, he quickly ordered Reese and Zhao Gao to draft letters and give them to his eldest son, Fu Su, urging Fu Su to rush back to Xianyang immediately to preside over the funeral. When Reese drafted the imperial edict and submitted it to Ying Zheng for review, Ying Zheng was already dead.
Fu Su was expelled from the capital by Qin Shihuang for discouraging Ying Zheng from entering Confucianism, and was sent to Meng Tian Army in Shang Jun as a supervisor. Zhao Gao has always held a grudge against the Meng Tian family. He was worried about Fu Su's succession and Meng Huo's reuse, so he seized the testamentary edict and conspired with Hu Hai to usurp the throne. He coerced and forced Reese to collude with them, forged a testament, accused Fu Su of not being able to make meritorious service outside, but resented his father and ordered him and Meng Tian to commit suicide. Meng Tian suspected and refused to commit suicide. Fu Su was honest and believed that the imperial edict was true, so he committed suicide and died.
Zhao Gao didn't send out obituary. He put Ying Zheng's body in the car, closed the door and drew the curtain on the car, so that officials thought that Qin Shihuang was still alive and played outside the car every day. While leading the brigade to drive the corpse truck back to Xianyang. Due to the hot weather, the body rotted and stinked. Zhao Gao sent people to kill abalone and ordered each car to be loaded with abalone, so as to confuse the smell of corpse. Then he sent out obituary and made Hu Hai emperor. Qin Shihuang is the floorboard of Ying Zheng, the first emperor in history.
Since ancient times, the evaluation of Qin Shihuang has been mixed. However, throughout Qin Shihuang's life, he has played a great role in promoting the development of China's history, and he is indeed an accomplished emperor in the history of China, and his achievements cannot be lost.
When Qin Shihuang was in power, he annexed six countries and sent troops to explore the north and south. In history, it is said that "a hundred miles of land bows down" and "a thousand miles north". According to the map of the Warring States Period, the territory is almost twice that controlled by the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period. Moreover, Qin Shihuang "set up a county" and paid attention to the rule and system construction of conquered land, unlike other contemporary conquerors such as Alexander of Macedonia or Rome, which only paid attention to conquest but not to system construction; Thus stabilized the unified land rule and laid the foundation for the present Chinese territory. Later generations thought that "his contribution was greater than Qin Huang's Hanwu". Qin Shihuang is ahead of Han Wudi in martial arts, which is unparalleled in history. Today, the English name for China, China, also evolved from the Roman word Chin, which shows the influence of the Qin Empire from one side.
Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin attached great importance to the rule of law. Qin Shihuang inherited this tradition and admired Han Fei, a legalist figure. He once lamented that "if you walk with him, you will have no hatred." Reward and punish generals according to law. Although Qin Shihuang was autocratic and thought that "we rule the world", he still ruled the country according to law in the Qin Dynasty. Chen launched the Guang Uprising because of "the law of criticizing Qin", and his crime was a capital crime, which was supposed to reverse his conviction, but the law forced the people to rebel. Nor is it like the "Zhumen wine stinks and frozen bones" in later generations. Because of serious corruption, officials forced the people to rebel. Later Confucianism advocated the rule of man, but not by law. A word was decided by the monarch, but the wind of rule by man and flattery still exists today.
Qin Shihuang initiated the post station system and built post roads. It laid a technical foundation for the decree access of the huge empire and the resulting county-based imperial power country. "Building a post road and establishing a county" is a necessary condition for China to adopt the advanced county system to replace the western enfeoffment system. At the same time, Rome can't effectively control the occupied areas, and there is only one powerful governor (the governor is in charge of the military and political power of a place, all of whom are nobles, and the grass-roots organizations rely on the original local organizations), which is still similar to the enfeoffment system, which is a very important reason for the later division of the Roman Empire. The county system is a civilian system, and its military and political leaders are appointed by the emperor. According to their political achievements, their military achievements can be raised or lowered and leveled, which leads to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. Professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians, and county bureaucrats effectively protect the rights of civilians (Brazzaville) to participate in the discussion of state affairs (such as Reese and Meng Ao). It's all cloth, only according to the military). Compared with the feudal aristocratic politics, it is undoubtedly a great historical progress. This is the origin of the civil service system and the military system in modern countries.
The Qin Empire established by Qin Shihuang laid the foundation that China's political system was more advanced than that of the West in recent 1700 years. China, the so-called "Han inherited the Qin system", "Since Qin, its system has not changed" and "Hundreds of generations still follow the Qin law and govern", basically followed the Qin system in the political system for two thousand years in the imperial power era.
Li Bai's "Antique" poem: "Qin Wang sweeps Liuhe, he looks at him!" Sang Hongyang's exposition affirmed Qin Shihuang's achievement in unifying China. Zhang Taiyan of the Qing Dynasty also praised Qin Shihuang in his Qin Zhengji written in 19 13.
Because Qin Shihuang promoted the Legalist theory of "ruling the country according to law", and later the rulers of China promoted the Confucian theory with benevolence and the golden mean as the core. Therefore, Qin Shihuang often appears as a negative example in various essays and historical records. Such as Jia Yi's On Qin.
Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor: "The king of Qin was greedy for money, self-motivated, did not believe in meritorious service, did not kiss the gentry, abolished the royal power, established private rights, banned documents to make the law cool, raped before righteousness, and began tyranny.
Jia Yi's "On Qin": One person is in trouble for seven temples, and his body is dead and his hands are dead. What is the joke of the whole world? Be merciless, and the offensive and defensive trends are different.
Qin Shihuang was regarded as a tyrant by many historians, and he would do anything for power [14].
The Great Wall of Wan Li, Qin Chi Road, Lingqu, Epang Palace and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are all huge in scale, and the population of the whole country is under construction. Many documents denounced that many people were killed or injured in the construction process, but on the other hand, it further developed the transportation in various places and made contributions to the future transportation, economy and trade and the integration of various ethnic groups. Therefore, whether Qin Shihuang's achievements are great or too great has always been a point of debate in the history circle.