Since the late Qing Dynasty, under the occupation of imperialism, several important coastal seaports in China have been directly ruled by foreign countries. 1894 Sino-Japanese War of 1894 (the 20th year of Guangxu), the corruption of the Qing government and the weakness of China were exposed completely. Apart from seizing the privileges of railways and mines and forcing the Qing government to accept political loans, imperialist countries also seized the seaport and divided their spheres of influence in an attempt to divide China first.
Germany first sent troops to JIAOZHOU Bay on the pretext of 1897 1 1 the killing of two German priests in Shandong, and expelled the local China garrison and seized it. The Qing government asked the Germans to retreat, but it was rejected. 1In March, 898, Germany signed the Jiaozhou Bay Concession Treaty, which leased the land with a total area of more than 550 square kilometers and the islands in Jiaozhou Bay to Germany for 99 years. During this period, Germany has the right to formulate laws and regulations to manage the import and export vessels of various countries, including China. This created a precedent for occupying China Harbour in the name of "lease". The treaty also stipulates that the JIAOZHOU bay beach 100 mile is designated as a "neutral zone" and the Germans have the right to pass freely. When the Qing government stationed troops here, it needed to consult with Germany first, so that this area of 6,500 square kilometers was actually managed by the two countries.
After the Germans occupied Jiaozhou Bay, Russia pretended to support the Qing government in urging the Germans to retreat, sailed Russian ships into Lushun Port, and asked for leasing Lushun and Dalian. Forced the Qing government to contract within a time limit, bribed Li Hongzhang and others with huge sums of money, and signed the Sino-Russian Land Lease Treaty in March 1898. Two months later, I signed the "renewal". These two treaties stipulate that Lushun, Dalian and its adjacent waters are leased to Russia for 25 years. In the north of the leased land, a "clearing" was set aside. Without China's permission, Russian troops were not allowed to enter, and the Qing government was not allowed to transfer "vacant land", ports, roads and mines to other countries. In order to ease Japan's opposition to the occupation of Lvda, Russia promised to shrink its forces on the Korean peninsula, withdraw its military and financial advisers there, and not obstruct Japan's industrial and commercial development in Korea.
Britain and Russia have long competed for hegemony in the Far East. After Russia occupied Lvda, in order to resist the expansion of Russian forces, Britain proposed to lease Ahava against Russia. At that time, Ahava was occupied by Japan, and after the Qing government agreed to pay reparations to Japan, Ahava was leased to Britain. As Ahava is located in Shandong, the sphere of influence of Germany, Britain declared that it would not build a railway in Shandong, and would not compete with Germany for profits, and recognized Germany's right to Shandong. 1898 in may, the Qing government paid reparations to Japan, and the Japanese army withdrew from Ahava. In July (May), China and Britain signed the Ahava Special Lease Treaty, which stipulated that Ahava and its adjacent waters, including Liu Gongdao Bay 10, should be leased to Britain for 25 years. Lushun and Ahava were once the bases of Beiyang Navy, facing each other across the sea, and divided into north and south entrances, which were the gateways to guard Beijing and North China. At this time, they fell into the hands of Russia and Britain respectively and became their military bases.
After Germany and Russia requested to lease the northern seaport, France also requested to build a coal warehouse along the southern coast of China, and Russia supported France. 1898 In April, the French minister submitted an ultimatum to the Qing government, which was forcibly accepted by the Foreign Affairs Office of the Prime Minister, agreeing to lease Guangzhou Bay (now Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province, formerly known as Guangzhou Bay French Concession, that is, the French colony, located in Leizhou Peninsula) to France for 99 years, and the scope of the concession was subsequently delineated.
At the request of France, Britain proposed to expand the border of Hong Kong to prevent French troops from going deep into Guangdong. 1In June, 898, China and Britain signed the "Special Provisions on Expanding the Boundary of Hong Kong", which stipulated that the North Kowloon Peninsula (including Mirs Bay and Shenzhen Bay) and more than 200 islands near Hong Kong (collectively referred to as the "New Territories") would be leased to Britain for 99 years. The "New Territories" is 1 1 times larger than the total area of Hong Kong Island and South Kowloon Peninsula occupied by Britain.
Britain occupied the "New Territories" and France demanded the same area of Guangzhou Bay as a lease. It sent warships to land without authorization, occupied the battery and tried to expand the scope. Due to the deliberate delay of France, China and France formally concluded the Guangzhou Bay Concession Treaty in1899165438+10, stipulating that the lease term is 99 years. In this way, France gained an important base in South China, far from Hong Kong, and the two countries competed with each other.
During 1897 ~ 1899, Germany, Russia, Britain, France and other countries occupied important coastal ports in China, set up administrative and garrison troops, established an independent management system, and colonized the local area. Completely divorced from China's administrative system, and used it as a base to expand its power to China. For example, Germany regards Jiaozhou as a German African colony, establishes the Governor's Office and issues a series of decrees. To 19 12, a total of 188 species, covering all aspects from military, economic and cultural to residents' weddings and funerals and daily life. All these are controlled and various taxes are levied. Jiaozhou Bay is also an important base of the German Far East Fleet.