The military system of the First Empire of France was the Regulations on the Operations of the French Army, which was founded by Napoleon.

The main contents are as follows:

The combat effectiveness of an army is formed by many factors, and the advantage of French military power actually comes from the French army system, namely 179 1 French army operational regulations. In human history, there are many great commanders. Among the military victories of commanders in so many different historical periods, one factor remains unchanged, that is, the army he led must have some innate advantages over his enemies. For example, the Macedonian military system and the Roman military system have inherent advantages over their opponents. Throughout the French Revolution and the subsequent Napoleonic period. The combat capability of the French army has been stronger than that of other European countries for a long time, not only because of Napoleon's unparalleled and brilliant outstanding commander in chief. There is also an important factor, that is, under the advocacy and influence of Gibel and Boucel, the new French military thought formally formed in 179 1 led to the emergence of a new tactical system. Moreover, Napoleon's profound understanding and bold and ruthless implementation of this new system led to a series of dazzling rapid conquests, which eventually changed the political outlook of Europe forever. The core of this new tactical system is to adopt a new division of labor system.

Reasons and benefits of adopting the new teacher system

1, the desire to improve the army's battlefield mobility and the determination to pursue the attack ability on the March.

In the whole18th century before the French Revolution, the mobility of the army on the battlefield was not satisfactory, because the soldiers who used flintlock guns on the battlefield had to be arranged in two horizontal lines, and each horizontal line had to be arranged in three lines. The army should maintain a coherent formation in advance, otherwise there will be chaos and gaps, which will make it impossible for enemy cavalry to ride. In fact, it is extremely difficult to maintain a close formation of soldiers on such a wide front, which will inevitably greatly weaken the mobility of the army on the battlefield. Due to the lack of mobility, all offensive actions can't be carried out, because the slow advance disillusions the hope of attacking the enemy's weaknesses on the battlefield. Make all attempts to bypass the enemy's flank difficult to achieve. In the end, the armies of all countries will focus on improving the firing rate of their troops in order to win the battle. In Fedelli, the army's shooting training finally reached its peak. In the end, the two neatly arranged troops faced each other in a rapid volley, and whoever won or lost suffered heavy losses. The French army adopted a column formation. In fact, this column formation is still wide at the front and shallow at the back. The depth of a battalion column is generally 12 columns, but the depth of the front line is at least four times the number of columns. This cylinder is actually a solid dense square. However, this kind of column has the ability to quickly expand into a linear battle formation with a depth of three columns, which means that this kind of mobile column can basically fight in the process of marching. Although the regulations of the French army still require troops to advance in line formation and attack in groups in columns, in practical battlefield applications, troops usually move to the battlefield in multiple columns to approach the enemy, while line formation is used for actual combat with the enemy. The French army adopts this column formation, which makes its infantry move faster than other line formations, and can almost be put into battle on the way. Taking advantage of these advantages, infantry can quickly concentrate their main force on one point on the battlefield, and can also attack the flank and rear of enemy infantry by using the maneuvering speed that linear formation does not have. This tactical reform made the French divide the army into standing divisions composed of infantry and artillery. Each infantry division has at most 16 battalions and no more than 10000 men. When the battle was about to begin, the French army approached the enemy with four divisions, each of which was organized into two columns. There are four battalions in the first echelon and the second echelon of each column. Using this method, the mobility of the French army is greatly improved when it is deployed in a battle formation, and the army can finally be deployed in a battle formation at key locations to make a decisive assault when the enemy cannot respond.

2. Forcing the enemy to accept the desire to fight and the realization of the ideal of establishing a new offensive force.

/kloc-in the 0 th and 8 th centuries, the armies of various countries not only moved slowly to the battlefield, but also took a long time to form a battle formation after arriving at the battlefield. Therefore, apart from luring the enemy into obstacles or forcing the enemy to attack to solve the encirclement of a certain place, no commander will think of fighting an opponent who is unwilling to fight, because attacking the enemy in marching formation is devastating to cavalry. It takes a very long deployment time to attack in battle formation, usually one morning or afternoon. The enemy can take advantage of this gap to retreat calmly and avoid fighting. Now the army is divided into several divisions, which is conducive to forcing opponents to fight. Because the new French army with divisions and columns has much stronger kinetic energy than mobile phones, and because the army can quickly change from columns to linear battle formations with divisions as units, infantry can approach the enemy at the fastest speed when encountering the enemy. Strategically, this achieved the goal of infantry maneuvering against the enemy. Once encountered with the enemy, such troops will make the other side's retreat more dangerous. Long-term war practice has proved that once the armies of both sides enter the battle formation, it is difficult for the side that does not want to fight again to quit the battlefield. Now, if one side doesn't want to end the fighting, it will be more difficult for the other side to quit the battlefield. At the same time, the frontal width of an army divided into several divisions will exceed 25 miles. This means that the possibility of encountering the enemy is greatly increased. An army organized at the division level has the strategic offensive ability to quickly maneuver close to the enemy and quickly launch a battle formation. Therefore, once in contact with the enemy, this army can easily force the enemy to carry out an encounter.

3. Relieved the army's dependence on rear supplies and greatly expanded the scope of military operations.

In the past, the army took centralized action, and the size of the army was like the floating urban population. Because such a huge army can't get enough supplies in any city or village, the army has to carry a lot of vehicles, which seriously weakens the mobility of the army, makes it necessary for the army to fight within the effective supply range of the base, and makes strategic detour a luxury. After the French army adopted the division system, the original 50 thousand people concentrated on using 1 and 2 roads. Now, they are divided into five divisions, each with 1 0,000 people, and they are advancing simultaneously through multiple channels. Determine the number of divisions according to the fastest marching speed required every day. The more divisions there are, the more roads the army will use to March, which will not only make the March faster, but also cover a wider area and facilitate the acquisition of more materials. Because each division can basically solve the supply problem on each road, it does not need to rely on the rear supply and carries a lot of trench, which naturally improves the mobility and flexibility of the army. Now the French army can strategically carry out a wide range of circuitous attacks and flank attacks on the enemy.

4. Diversified tactical actions and enriched military combat means.

Even if a division fights independently, it is not necessary for the whole division to devote itself to fighting. If this division has fought the enemy for a day without too many casualties, or if it can fight the enemy with part of its troops, it can stall the unwilling enemy until other divisions of its own army attack the enemy. Other divisions can attack from another direction, which makes the enemy who is concentrating on fighting that division feel unprepared. For example, if an attack is launched from the enemy's flank and can be quickly deployed into a battle formation, then these divisions can be assembled on the battlefield and occupy an extremely favorable position. The result of a battle in this way will definitely be very different from the frontal battle agreed by both sides in the past. When the army adopts the division-level establishment, encounter wars will occur more frequently and begin to become a combat style that can achieve strategic goals. This kind of encounter can not only bring benefits to the troops expected to encounter, but also provide advantages for the troops at the divisional level. Division-level establishment makes the military system more perfect, and a clear command relationship is determined in advance. Therefore, commanders can conduct more efficient command in combat. The French army divided the army into several divisions, so it was unnecessary to be too cautious when marching, and the marching speed was faster than that of the group army. On the battlefield, these divisions can be assembled together and quickly put into battle with them. Before all columns are deployed into battle formation, French commanders can use the rapid mobility of column formation to let infantry attack around the flank or rear of enemy line formation, or concentrate their main forces on other weak parts of the enemy. In this way, the French infantry is an offensive force in strategy and tactics compared with the opponents who used combat methods in the Seven-Year War. For an army like the French army, fighting has become a realistic strategic goal. In the past, the fighting between armies was basically carried out on the voluntary basis of both sides. Anxious to attack, the party often has to attack the enemy who has carefully chosen his position and sometimes built trenches. After the army adopts the method of imitation, as long as the enemy does not retreat directly to the rear, the commander can try his best to force the enemy to fight, or fight in an encounter with the enemy without attacking the enemy who has carefully chosen his position. Due to the relatively complete establishment system, the French army not only has strong battlefield maneuverability, but also has formed a perfect command system from battalion commander to group army commander. Therefore, even if the enemy chooses a place in advance, the situation will be different. Because French infantry can concentrate their forces very quickly on the battlefield, it is easy to avoid the enemy's support points and attack their flanks and rear.