Organic agriculture refers to the planting industry that completely or basically does not need synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and feed additives for livestock and poultry, but uses organic fertilizers to meet the nutritional needs of crops or organic feed to meet the nutritional needs of livestock and poultry.
development status
In recent years, the production mode of organic agriculture has been popularized in more than 100 countries, and the area of organic agriculture and the number of growers have increased year by year. The land area managed by organic agriculture in the world has exceeded 22 million hectares. In addition, the area certified as "wild harvested plants" by various certification bodies is 6,543,800 hectares. The market of organic products is expanding not only in Europe and North America (the largest organic market in the world), but also in other countries, including developing countries. About 65,438+0% farmers in western Europe and the United States are engaged in the production of organic agriculture. In America, organic farms are all over the country.
Organic agriculture in China began in 1990s. At present, the organic products in China are mainly plant products, while animal products are quite scarce, and the products collected in the wild are growing rapidly. In plant products, tea, beans and food crops account for a large proportion; Organic tea, organic soybean and organic rice have become the main export varieties of organic products in China. However, the development of organic products with large daily consumption such as fruits and vegetables can't keep up with the demand at home and abroad. After 2003, with the promulgation and implementation of the Regulations on Certification and Accreditation, the certification of organic food was managed by the Certification and Accreditation Administration, and the marketization of organic certification greatly promoted the development of organic food. By the end of 20 10, there were 26 certification bodies engaged in organic product certification, 4,800 organic product certification certificates were issued, and more than 4,000 enterprises obtained organic product certification, covering an area of 2.6 million hectares.
Organic food has great development space in China and greater development potential in the domestic market. At present, the global organic food market is growing at an average annual rate of 20% to 30%, and it is estimated that it will exceed $654.38+00 billion in 2065.438+04.
The sales of organic food in China only accounts for 0.02% of the total food sales, which is 2% different from the domestic consumption of organic food in developed countries by 100 times. With the increase of income and the continuous improvement of living standards of urban and rural people, people pay more attention to their quality of life and physical and mental health, and are eager to get pure natural and pollution-free high-quality food. Developing organic agriculture, producing and developing organic agricultural products and food can meet this requirement. It is predicted that the development speed of organic agriculture in China will remain above 10% during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period. China's organic agricultural products have a broad domestic and international market.
Related definition
1, general definition
Organic agriculture is an agricultural production mode that follows certain organic agricultural production standards, does not use organisms and their products obtained through genetic engineering, does not use chemically synthesized pesticides, fertilizers, growth regulators, feed additives and other substances, follows natural laws and ecological principles, coordinates the balance between planting and aquaculture, adopts a series of sustainable agricultural technologies, and maintains a sustainable and stable agricultural production system. In fact, many farms are planting crops in the same way, but they put forward different concepts.
The word "organic agriculture" first appeared in the book LooktotheLand published by Lord Northbourne in 1940. However, in fact, organic agriculture is the oldest form of agriculture. Before the end of World War II, farmers had no chemicals (synthetic fertilizers and pesticides) extracted from oil, so they had no choice. Later, people found that the technology invented during the war was quite helpful to agricultural production. For example, ammonium nitrate, a chemical used as an explosive, was converted into fertilizer, while organophosphorus compounds used as nerve gas were later used as pesticides.
Step 2 Add a definition
Recently, farmers are turning to organic agriculture, but today's organic agriculture adopts an ecological and systematic approach, including long-term planning, detailed tracking and recording, and a large investment in equipment and auxiliary facilities. Although the scale of this industry is still very small, the number of farmers engaged in organic agriculture in the United States is increasing by about 12% every year, and now the number of farmers engaged in organic agriculture in the United States has exceeded 12000.
Characteristic comparison
1, can provide pollution-free, delicious, safe and environmentally friendly food for the society, which is beneficial to people's health and reduces the occurrence of diseases.
The extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has not only greatly increased the output of agricultural products, but also inevitably caused pollution to agricultural products, leaving hidden dangers for human survival and life. At present, the sharp increase of human diseases, especially various cancers, is closely related to the pollution of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. In some places in the past, there was a phenomenon of "talking about food color change". Organic agriculture does not use chemical fertilizers, chemical pesticides and other industrial wastes and municipal wastes that may cause pollution, so its products are very safe to eat and of good quality, which is conducive to safeguarding human health.
2. It can reduce environmental pollution and help to restore ecological balance.
At present, the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is very low, generally only 20-40% of that of nitrogen fertilizers, and the attach rate of pesticides on crops does not exceed 10-30%, and the rest flows into the environment in large quantities, causing pollution. For example, a large number of chemical fertilizers enter rivers and lakes, causing eutrophication of water bodies and affecting the survival of fish. Pesticides not only kill pathogens and pests, but also increase the resistance of pests and diseases, killing beneficial organisms and some neutral organisms. As a result, pests and diseases are rampant again, the dosage of pesticides is increasing, and the number of pesticide applications is increasing, entering a vicious circle. Switching to organic agricultural production mode can reduce pollution and help restore ecological balance.
3. It is conducive to improving the international competitiveness of China's agricultural products and increasing foreign exchange income.
With China's accession to the WTO, the international trade of agricultural products is less and less controlled by tariffs, but the production environment, planting methods and internal quality of agricultural products are more and more controlled (so-called non-tariff trade barriers), and only high-quality products can break down the barriers. Organic agricultural products are internationally recognized as high-quality, pollution-free and environmentally friendly products. Developing organic agriculture can improve the competitiveness of China's agricultural products in the international market and increase foreign exchange income.
4, is conducive to increase rural employment, increase farmers' income, improve the level of agricultural production.
Organic agriculture is a labor-knowledge-intensive industry and a systematic project, which requires a lot of labor input and a lot of knowledge and technology input, otherwise, especially the problems of pests and diseases are difficult to solve and need a brand-new concept. The price of organic agricultural food in the international market is usually 20-50% higher than that of ordinary products, and some of them are even more than twice as high. Therefore, the development of organic agriculture can increase rural employment, increase farmers' income, improve agricultural production level and promote rural sustainable development.
Development background
Many environmental problems brought about by the development of modern agriculture have attracted more and more attention. On the basis of summarizing and studying Chinese traditional agriculture, Howard, a British plant pathologist, actively advocated organic agriculture in 1930s, and wrote a book "Agricultural Canon" on 1940, advocating the development of organic agriculture and the production of safe and healthy agricultural products-human organic food.
Since 1970s, more and more people have noticed that while modern conventional agriculture has brought high labor productivity and rich material products to human beings, due to the extensive use of agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides, the environment and food have been polluted to varying degrees, the natural ecosystem has been destroyed, and the land productivity has been declining. In order to explore new ways of agricultural development, the concepts and measures of various forms of alternative agriculture such as organic agriculture, biological agriculture, ecological agriculture, sustainable agriculture, regenerative agriculture and comprehensive agriculture came into being. Although the names are different, their purposes are to protect the ecological environment, make rational use of resources and realize the sustainable development of agricultural ecosystem, and organic agriculture is one of them.
The origin of organic agriculture can be traced back to 1909. At that time, Kim, director of the Bureau of Land Management of the US Department of Agriculture, went to China via Japan. He inspected the prosperous history of agriculture in China for thousands of years, and wrote the book Farmers in Four Thousand Years in 19 1 1. The book points out that the secret of the prosperity of Chinese traditional agriculture lies in the diligence, wisdom and frugality of China farmers. This book had a great influence on British plant pathologist AlbertHoward, and put forward the idea of organic agriculture in the book Canon Plus in the early 1930s. Influenced by Howard, in 1940, J. 1. Rodale bought a farm with 25.5hm of land in Kutz, Pennsylvania, and engaged in the research of organic gardening. 1942, Organic Horticulture and Farming (now called Organic Horticulture) was published, and the practice of organic agriculture began. Until the 1980s, some developed countries began to attach importance to organic agriculture, and encouraged farmers to switch from conventional agricultural production to organic agricultural production, and the concept of organic agriculture began to be widely accepted. The emergence and rapid development of organic agriculture is closely related to the impact of modern agriculture on the environment and human beings.
In recent years, driven by the international organic agriculture movement, under the leadership of the State Environmental Protection Administration, with the introduction of organic agriculture and the active participation of agriculture and foreign trade departments, China's organic agriculture (food) industry has gradually developed from scratch and is forming a new environmental protection industry with rapid development. The development of organic agriculture (food) industry in China has played a unique role in promoting the management and restoration of ecologically damaged areas, protecting the rural ecological environment and promoting the sustainable development of rural social economy.
organic food
1, organic agriculture
The concept of organic agriculture was first put forward in France and Switzerland in the 1920s. Since 1980s, with the establishment of some international and national organic standards, some developed countries have begun to attach importance to organic agriculture, encouraging farmers to switch from conventional agricultural production to organic agricultural production, and the concept of organic agriculture has been widely accepted.
Although there are many definitions of organic agriculture, the connotation is unified. Organic agriculture is an agricultural production system that does not use synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and livestock feed additives. Developing organic agriculture can help solve a series of problems brought by modern agriculture, such as serious soil erosion and land quality decline, environmental pollution and energy consumption caused by the extensive use of pesticides and fertilizers, and the decrease of species diversity. This will also help to increase farmers' income and develop rural economy. According to American research, the cost of organic agriculture is 40% lower than that of conventional agriculture, while the price of organic agricultural products is 20%-50% higher than that of ordinary food. At the same time, the development of organic agriculture is helpful to improve the employment rate of farmers. Organic agriculture is labor-intensive agriculture and needs more labor. In addition, the development of organic agriculture can provide more natural and pollution-free organic food for the society and meet people's needs.
2. Organic food
Organic food is a unified formulation of pollution-free natural food in the world at present. Organic food usually comes from organic agricultural production system and all agricultural and sideline products, including grain, vegetables, fruits, dairy products, livestock and poultry products, honey and aquatic products. , produced and processed according to international organic agricultural production requirements and corresponding standards, and certified by an independent organic food certification body. With the gradual improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection, the scope of organic food has gradually expanded, including textiles, leather, cosmetics, furniture and so on.
standard
1, raw materials come from organic agricultural production systems or wild natural products.
2. In the whole production and processing process, products must strictly comply with the requirements of processing, packaging, storage and transportation of organic food.
3. Producers have a perfect tracking system and complete production and sales files in the process of production and circulation of organic food.
4. It must be certified by an independent organic food certification body.
General situation abroad
Worldwide, the current sales volume of organic food is less than 1% of the food sales volume, but the development speed is quite fast and the sales potential is considerable. It is predicted that at the beginning of the 20th century, global organic food sales will account for 5% of all food sales. But there are differences in different regions. In developing countries, the development of organic agriculture is relatively slow, because most people are still solving the problem of food and clothing. However, in many developed countries, organic agriculture has developed rapidly in Europe, America, Japan and other countries, due to people's early understanding of this issue and large investment, coupled with the relevant policy support and encouragement of farmers to carry out organic agricultural production. For example, about 5% of farms in France specialize in producing organic food raw materials. Organic food market accounts for 5% of the whole food market, and infant food is basically organic food; The number of farms engaged in organic food production in other European countries is between 2% and 3%. In the early 1990s, there were 17 16 registered factories specializing in organic food processing. Almost all chain stores in the United States sell organic food, and13 of Americans will buy organic food. 1980, the sales of organic food was $78 million, and it is expected to be $6 billion in 2000, with an annual growth rate of about 20%. The number of farmers engaged in organic agricultural production is increasing at an annual rate of 65,438+0.2%. At present, there are more than 8,000 organic farms in Japan, and the market size of organic food will increase from 30 billion yen in 1990 to about 350 billion yen in 2000, with an annual growth rate of about 30%.
Domestic prospect
The development of organic agriculture in China began in 1980s. 1984, China Agricultural University started the research and development of ecological agriculture and organic food. 1988, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Protection, State Environmental Protection Bureau, started scientific research on organic food, and became a member of the international organic agriculture movement alliance. 1994 10 the state environmental protection agency formally established the organic food development center, and the development of organic food in China was normalized. The 1994 organic soybean developed in Liaoning Province is exported to Japan. Since then, many organic food bases have been developed in various parts of China, and organic agriculture has developed rapidly in three northeastern provinces and some remote mountainous areas such as Yunnan and Jiangxi. In recent years, many foreign trade companies have jointly developed a variety of products, such as organic beans, peanuts, tea, sunflower seeds and honey. At the same time, domestic organic food e-commerce websites have mushroomed, such as representative local commune networks and organic kitchen networks. At present, most organic foods have been exported to Europe, America, Japan and other countries. Generally speaking, the production of organic food in China is still in its infancy, with a small scale and basically facing the international market, and the domestic market is almost zero. There are many advantages and broad prospects for developing organic agriculture in China.
1, China's traditional agriculture has a long history, and it has accumulated rich experience in intensive cultivation, combination of use and nutrition, constant fertility and combination of agriculture and animal husbandry, which is also the essence of organic agriculture. Organic agriculture is a new application of traditional agriculture based on modern scientific knowledge and guided by the scientific principles of biology, ecology and soil science.
2. China has its geographical advantages, diverse agricultural ecological landscapes and different production conditions. Although the main part of China's agriculture still depends on a large number of chemicals in conventional agriculture, there are still many places, mostly concentrated in remote mountainous areas or poor areas, and farmers rarely or completely use chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which also provides a favorable development foundation for the development of organic agriculture.
3. The production of organic agriculture is a labor-intensive industry. There are many rural laborers in China, which is beneficial to the development of organic food and can also solve a large number of rural surplus laborers.
With the approach of China's entry into WTO, China's agricultural products export will be restricted by green non-trade barriers, and the development of organic food can be in line with international standards and open up the international market. At the same time, with the improvement of people's living standards and the enhancement of environmental awareness, the domestic organic food market will develop greatly in recent years, so organic food will have broad development prospects at home and abroad.
Development method
1. We should strengthen the propaganda of organic agriculture through newspapers, television and other media to raise people's awareness of food safety and environment.
2. According to the development momentum of organic agriculture in China, the state should conduct reasonable policy guidance and regulation, formulate a series of development plans and standardize their development, and give farmers some economic support during the transition from conventional agriculture to organic agriculture.
3. Strengthen the research, demonstration and popularization of key production technologies. Because the use of chemical synthetic substances is prohibited in the production of organic food, it is bound to have high requirements on production technology. Only by solving these technical problems through advanced science and technology can organic agriculture develop faster and better.
The planting area of organic agriculture in China is already the second in the world, but why do people in China frown when they talk about organic food and organic certification? In a bad credit environment, it is difficult to win the trust of consumers only by relying on the labels of third-party certification bodies. The reality is that the organic food industry is in a lemon market, and the bad market drives away the good market. How to establish a transparent quality control system that is more conducive to encouragement and supervision has become the biggest challenge and opportunity for domestic brands such as COFCO and local people.