Wang Shangyi, born in 1955, is a doctoral student in historical geography in Peking University. He is currently the president and professor of taiyuan normal University and the director of the Institute of Historical Geography and Environmental Change of taiyuan normal University. He has long been engaged in the research and teaching of historical geography. He has published many academic papers in Journal of Geography, Geographical Research and other publications, such as The Change and Capture of Zhaoyu Ancient Lake in Taiyuan Basin, The Relationship between Yellow River Flood and Land Use in the Middle Reaches of Han Dynasty, Historical Changes of Taihang Mountain Eighth Road, The Rise and Fall of Wantong City, and Changes of Mu Us Sandy Land. So far, 9 monographs and more than 30 papers have been published. In 2002, he was named "Excellent Expert in Shanxi Province" and enjoyed special allowance from the State Council.

Commemorating the history of Taiyuan's capital is essentially a study of the social development history of ancient human beings in China, which is related to the origin of the Chinese nation and the development history of ancient culture in China. This is an important scientific research topic for social scientists, historians and experts in cultural relics and archaeology. I am writing this article at the risk of being overwhelmed, hoping that local scholars will discuss it so as to promote the development of the study of ancient history and historical geography in China.

Mainly talk about three issues:

First of all, Taiyuan had a profound historical origin before its capital was established.

(1) A human history of 6.5438+0.8 million years was discovered in Shanxi.

(B) Shanxi is the cradle of the Chinese nation

Second, Taiyuan has a history of 4470 years.

Third, Yao is from Taiyuan.

The heavy historical origin of Taiyuan before the capital was established.

(1) A human history of 6.5438+0.8 million years was discovered in Shanxi.

According to the research of biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy, the birth of human culture is usually classified as the early Paleolithic period 6.5438+0.3 million years ago, which is equivalent to the early Pleistocene and middle Pleistocene in geology. At present, nearly 200 ancient human cultural sites or sites have been discovered in China, and there are 157 sites in Shanxi, which shows that Shanxi is one of the important bases for studying the development history of early human society in China.

Xihoudu site is the oldest known Paleolithic site in China. 1959 the institute of vertebrate paleontology and paleoanthropology, Chinese academy of sciences is investigating? At the river site, animal fossils were found in the staggered gravel layer under the bump of the descendants in Xihoudu Village, Ruicheng County, Shanxi Province. 1960 Several stones with artificial traces were found here. 196 1 and 1962, Wang Jian made two excavations in this site, and obtained a large number of ancient vertebrate fossils, 32 stone products, antlers with scratches, burnt bones, horns and teeth. The geological age is early Pleistocene, and the paleomagnetic dating is about 6.5438+0.8 million years.

A number of black, gray and gray-green ribs, horse teeth and antlers were unearthed in the cultural layer of Xihoudu, which were proved by laboratory analysis to be burnt. In this way, the history of human use of fire has been greatly advanced, which is the earliest known evidence of human use of fire in China.

The stone tools in Xihoudu are primitive in production technology and types, but they have made progress in the whole process of stone tool production. The owner of stone tools can choose quartzite, pulse-like quartz and basic eruptive rock with certain hardness and toughness as raw materials among numerous gravels. There are three methods used to make stone chips: although the number of tools is small, there are many kinds, and there are three basic forms of blades used: straight, concave and convex, which shows that there is a considerable division of labor in the use of tools. All these show that the stone tools of Xihoudu are not the earliest tools for human beings, and the earliest stone tools used by human beings need to be found in the older Pliocene strata.

It can be said that Shanxi, located on the east bank of the middle reaches of the Yellow River and west of Taihang Mountain, is the birthplace of early human history in ancient China.

(B) Shanxi is the cradle of the Chinese nation

Before the Yellow Emperor tribe, the indigenous people in the Central Plains were Chiyou tribe, and their ancestors were Chiyou. "Everything is wrong" said: "In ancient times, there were few people and many beasts, and the people were invincible. There are saints, wooden nests, to avoid the harm of the crowd, and the people are pleased to be the king of the world, called the nest family. " You Chao, a saint, is from shilou county, a mountainous area in Lvliang. The book "The Legendary Age of China Ancient History" says: "There is a slate mountain, and the Chao family was born." "Geography of Shanxi Province in Greater China" said: "Chao people ruled for 300 years and lived in Shilou." Shilou Mountain, also known as Taiyin Mountain, is the mountain at the junction of shilou county East and Jiaokou County (Guwenyang County) in the middle of Luliang Mountain in western Shanxi.

And Huangdi were originally tribal leaders of Jiang surname and Ji surname in northwest Shennong. The Yellow Emperor crossed the river by boat, defeated the Chiyou tribe and merged with the Yan Di tribe. Huangdi eventually became the leader of the tribal alliance supported by the tribes in the Central Plains. Yan Di Tribe and Huangdi Tribe have lived and prospered in the Yellow River Basin for a long time, forming the main body of the Chinese nation in the future. This is the origin of the Chinese nation being called descendants of the Yellow Emperor.

The Historical Records of the Five Emperors contains: "The Yellow Emperor, the son of Shaodian, is named Gongsun and Xuanyuan. At the time of Xuanyuan, Shennong was in decline, and the vassals invaded and dominated the people, but Shennong was still able to levy. Therefore, in order not to enjoy the levy, Xuanyuan was used to fighting, and the vassals and salty guests followed. Chiyou is the most violent, so you can't cut it. Emperor Yan wanted to invade the princes of the mausoleum, and the princes returned the Xuanyuan with salt. Xuanyuan is a gathering of soldiers in Xiu De, ruling five qi and five arts, comforting ten thousand people and teaching bears to tease them in all directions? Tiger, in order to fight Emperor Yan in the wild of Hanquan. Fight three battles, and then win the battle. Chiyou's insurrection does not require the life of the emperor. So the Yellow Emperor became a vassal and fought against Chiyou in the land of Zhuolu, so he captured and killed Chiyou. The warlord Xian Zun Xuanyuan is the son of heaven, and a generation of Shennong is the Yellow Emperor. " "Spring and Autumn Events" said: "The Xuanyuan family ruled the world with virtue, and there was a hall at the beginning, high and deep, avoiding the wind and rain." "Shan Hai Jing" said: "Some people are dressed in green and called the Yellow Emperor Banshee. Chiyou fought against the Yellow Emperor, who made Ying Long attack the wild land of Jizhou. Ying Long water storage, Chiyou please Fengbo, rainfall division, from the storm. The goddess of the Yellow Emperor called the demon, and when the rain stopped, she killed Chiyou. " "Dragon Fish River Map" says: "The picture of Huanglong, with scaly characters, went out of the river to serve the Yellow Emperor, so that the courtiers wrote it themselves to show the world." He also said, "Before the regency of the Yellow Emperor, the eighty-one Chiyou brothers, together with animals, corpses, human language and bronze heads, ... made sticks, swords, halberds and crossbows, which made the whole world strong and heartless. The people all want to make the Yellow Emperor right, and the benevolence and righteousness of the Yellow Emperor cannot be banned. Chiyou was defeated, but he looked up at the sky and sighed. The Emperor of Heaven sent Xuan Nv to give the soldiers of the Yellow Emperor the power to subdue Chiyou by believing in magic symbols, so as to subdue all directions. " Liezi said, "It has been fifteen years since the Yellow Emperor ascended the throne. He exhausted his intelligence and tried his best to manage the people. Instead, it confuses five emotions. ..... The Yellow Emperor was enlightened, but [easily] complacent. After another 28 years, the world was ruled by major policies, almost like the country of Hua Xushi, and the emperor went on vacation. " The Chronicle of Emperors in Past Dynasties contains: The Yellow Emperor reigned for one hundred years (that is, from 28 13 BC to 27 13 BC). Collapsed in the sunshine of Jingshan Mountain and buried in Qiao Shan.

In a word, Yan Di is from Baoji, Shaanxi, and the Yellow Emperor is a master in Gansu. These two blood-related tribes crossed the Yellow River to Shanxi Province, defeated Chiyou, the leader of the indigenous tribe, and merged Chiyou tribe and Yanhuang tribe into the main body, forming the Huaxia tribe, which is the beginning of the Chinese nation. So Shanxi is the cradle of the Chinese nation. According to Records of Sacrifice to the Suburbs in the History of Han Dynasty, in June of the first year of Ding Yuan (1 16), when Liu Che, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, built the Houtu Temple in He Lin County (now shilou county) of Fenyin (Shiloushan), a wizard excavated an ancient tripod named Xuanyuan Huangdi Baoding and welcomed it into Chang 'an Ganquan Palace. Xuanyuan Huangdi Baoding was buried in Fenyin He Lin County (now shilou county), which is the cultural relic evidence that Shanxi is the birthplace of the Chinese nation.

Taiyuan was founded in 4470.

To study the time when Taiyuan was built, we must first have a major premise, that is, the problem of "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties Dating Project". If this problem is not solved, it will be impossible to study the time when Taiyuan was built. China is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world, but unfortunately, there is no exact date from the Five Emperors, Xia and Shang Dynasties to the first year of the Western Zhou Dynasty, that is, before 84 BC1Gengshen, which makes the history of China's 5,000-year civilization roughly like this. So far, only 84 BC1plus 2003 is known. Therefore, many historians have the potential to study ancient history, especially the national key science and technology project "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties Dating Project" undertaken by China Academy of Social Sciences in the Ninth Five-Year Plan. Only by solving this problem can we accurately explain the time when Taiyuan was built.

We are historical materialists. We can study dynasties according to the Historian of the Warring States Period, the Preface to the History by Kong Anguo, a Confucian scholar in the Western Han Dynasty, Centennial of the Emperor by Huangfu Mi in Wei and Jin Dynasties (AD 2 15-282), Chronicles of Emperors by Cheng in Qing Dynasty, Chronicles of Emperors by Qi, Twenty-four Histories and related ancient books.

Some people will question the source of these materials. Let's put aside the Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin and Huangfu Mi (AD 2 15-282). He was a man who lived in the south (now northwest of Pingliang, Gansu), and it was difficult to eulogize poems. He also wrote A Jing, The Emperor's Century, The Biography of Gao Shi and The Story of Gao Shi. Therefore, Emperor Taizong wrote "Huang Jinshu Fuxi Biography", with about 4,200 words. It can be seen that Huangfu Mi is an influential figure in the ancient history of China.

Huangfu Mi (A.D. 2 15-282) recorded in the Century of the Emperors: "Emperor Yao, Tao, and Qi surname are also. My mother's name is Du Qing. She was born in April in Shan Ling and was named Fang Xun. Let's start with my mother's surname. At the age of fifteen, I assisted Emperor Zhi and was made a vassal of the Tang Dynasty. He was ten feet long and often dreamed of flying into the sky, so he ascended the throne at the age of twenty. Take fire as the wood, Pingyang as the capital, dare to remonstrate with the drum, and the world will be at peace. ..... Twenty-eight years after Shun's regency, Yao and Fang swam back to Yangcheng and collapsed. The same is true of the so-called "eight years in twenty years, Fang Xun has died" in Shangshu. The people lost their relatives and the four seas were silent for three years. Fan Yao ascended the throne for 98 years, 1 18 years old. "

"Historical Records of the Five Emperors" contains: Yao said: "Hey! April: I have been in office for 70 years, so you serve your destiny and practice for your position? " Yue Ying said, "Bede looks down on the throne." Yao said, "Take care of your relatives and those who are alienated and hidden." Everyone said to Yao, "There is compassion among the people, and their name is Yu Shun." Yao said, "Of course, I heard it. What is it? " Yue said, "The blind are all children. Father is stubborn, mother is jealous, and brother is proud. He can be filial and will not be raped. " Yao said, "I'll try."

He also said, "Yao Li was born in 70 years, but he was old in 20 years, so that Shun took charge of the administration of the son of heaven and recommended it to heaven. Yao collapsed in the twenty-eighth year of his reign. ..... Shun said, "Heaven also." After her husband, China became emperor for the sake of Emperor Shun. "

Shangshu Zhonghou said: "Emperor Yao has been in power for 70 years, jing xing has gone out of the wing, the Phoenix has stopped, Zhu Cao was born in the suburbs, and Jiahe has achieved fruitful results, with nectar and liquid, and Liquan has come out of the mountain. Repair the altar river and pheasant, glory from the river, stop the gas, start from the white clouds, return the air, the dragon and horse hold the armor, the red text is green, the altar stops, and the armor spits. "

"quotations from corpses" said: "Yao and Shun won the world, and they all ruled within the four seas, and Dan Zhu and Shang were not involved; As the saying goes, everyone is governed, and everyone is also. " The watchful eye of Andy said, "Yao can make heaven, so he can serve two saints. Two saints, Shun and Yu. " "Shuoyuan" said: "Hejian presents the king:' Yao is interested in the world. A person is hungry and says, I'm hungry. A person is cold and says: I am cold, too. A citizen is guilty and says, I've been trapped, too. Benevolence and virtue are getting wider and wider. Therefore, if you don't reward people, you will persuade them, and if you don't punish them, you will rule by people. If you kill your husband later, it's Yao Dao. "

Huai Nan Zi said: "Yao governs the world, Shun is Stuart, Qi is Sima, Yu is Yu, Hou Ji is Daejeon, and Xizhong is a worker. It guides all people, the fish in the water, the trees in the mountains, the grazing in the valley and the ploughing in the land. The place should be suitable for its purpose, the equipment should be used properly and the purpose should be suitable for its people. Zegao weaves nets, and Lingban cultivates fields. It's easy to have everything and it's easy to work. So there are few traitors and many listeners. For example, playing chess on the ground, round into the room, square high, each from its place. " He also said, "Yao governs the world, and politics and religion are peaceful. He has been in power for 70 years, seeking the unification of the world, and the four mountains are ugly. Yao, who was recommended by Siyue, is a wife and two daughters, and a hundred officials are outside. As soon as we enter the foothills, we won't get lost in strong winds and thunderstorms. It belongs to nine sons and is given to the world with Zhao Huazhi's jade. " He also said: "Yao won the world, not greedy for the wealth of the people, but preferred the theme, thinking that the people would bend, their strength would be multiplied, and they would be less violent." So Yao Nai made a thrifty trip, and in order to make peace, he made clear the righteousness of love. Therefore, the Russian didn't shovel, replaced the rafters with rafters, crossed Bak Yan, made soup, cut rice, toured and taught, and traveled all over the world. Is it not enough support? It is useless to think of the world as a country. Years of decline and ambition have raised the weight of the world and passed it on, but they are still doing it. "

According to the Records of Emperors in Past Dynasties, Emperor Yao "reigned for seventy years."

Emperor Yao and Tao, from their mother's residence, were named, given names, sons and brothers of Emperor Zhi. They first sealed the Tang Dynasty, with fire as the king and Pingyang as the capital, and Yue Yue Zhangda. Jia Zi reigned for 70 years from Jiayin in 2467 BC to Jiazi in 2397 BC. Zen was located in Shun, where he collapsed in 98 and was buried in Yangcheng at the age of 1 18.

According to the above information, the history of Yao Capital in Taiyuan should be 2467+2003 = 4470.

There is a record in Ji Zheng: "Yangcheng County has a tomb of Yao, which has enjoyed a long reputation since the Han and Jin Dynasties. Yao ascended the throne of Yongjia for three years, with a year of 2,720, which is recorded in the Yao tablet. " In other words, it has been 272 1 year since Yao ascended the throne in the third year of Emperor Yongjia in the Western Jin Dynasty (AD 309). From 309 to 2003, it was 1695, and the total number of Yao ascended the throne was 44 16. Although it is 54 years less than Huangfu Mi's "The Age of the Emperor" and other ancient books, it is more sufficient to prove that it was originally built in 4470.

Du Yao is Taiyuan.

Huangfu Mi (A.D. 2 15-282) of the Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties said in "The Century of the Emperors": "Emperor Yao was sealed in the Tang Dynasty and later moved to Jinyang, where he became the son of heaven and made Pingyang his capital. Pingyang is Jinyang today, which is Taiyuan. " This clearly tells us that Yao is from Taiyuan.

The view that Du Yao is Taiyuan will be opposed by many contemporary people. Because, China historians and Shanxi scholars, China and even the world generally recognize that Du Yao is in Linfen, Shanxi. In fact, Linfen is Yao Temple. According to the ancient monument of Wutong in Yao Temple, Linfen, it was built in the third year of Tang Xianqing (658) and is the "Three Saints Temple of Yao, Shun and Yu".

(1) About the name of Taiyuan

Jinyang, Pingyang and Taiyuan mentioned by Huangfu Mi (AD 2 15-282) in "The Century of the Emperor" were actually the capitals of the Tang Dynasty when the lower back ascended the throne. Later, people called it Dragon City, and Pingyang Road can still be seen.

"Imperial Century" said: "Yuzi 'an is the capital of Jinyang. To Jie, move to Anyi. I went to seal my brother for the promotion. "This shows that Taiyuan is not only the capital of Emperor Yao, but also the great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor. Dayu, the son of Zhuan Xu, established the capital of Xia Dynasty. After Jinyang established its capital, Yu Xia called it "Taiyuan". Too, is too high, too old; The original is the original, the beginning and the root. " "The Biography of Jin Shu Ying Zhen" said: "Jun Gao, people are at the beginning of fainting. "Taiyuan is the original birthplace of Archean China human beings. This refers to Taiyuan, the capital of Emperor Yao and Yu Xia. Broadly speaking, Xihoudu site is the oldest known Paleolithic site in China, and its paleomagnetic dating is about 6.5438+0.8 million years ago, which is also the original birthplace of human beings.

Li Jifu, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, wrote the Records of Yuanhe County, saying: "China is called Taiyuan, and Yidi is called the road. According to Jin, Dalu, Taiyuan, Daxia, Jinyang, it is actually one. " Jinyang is the ancient imperial capital of China, which was called Taiyuan in ancient times. Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Hebei and Shandong are ancient regions of China, which are called the Central Plains. There is a so-called thing, thing, thing, thing, that is, Shanxi, Shandong. "Geography of the Warring States and Professional Strategy" says: "Shaanxi is nicknamed Xilu, and Gong Yu is the territory of Jizhou ... Taiyuan, the capital, is called Jinyang."

(2) Why did Emperor Yao and Yu Xia establish Taiyuan as their capital?

1, Fensu Valley is the core of the birthplace of the Chinese nation. The ancestors of the Chinese nation, such as Xuanyuan of Huangdi, Levin of Zhuan Xu, Gaoxin of Di Ku, Yan Di, Boyi and Gonggong, all crossed the river to the east of northern Shaanxi, and Fensu Valley is the most suitable area for early human beings to live, multiply and develop. Thus, the core of the birthplace of the Chinese nation was formed.

2. Jizhou, now Hebei and Shaanxi provinces, is the birthplace of Tang Yao, Yu Shun and Yu Xia. Huangfu Mi (AD 2 15-282) of the Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties said in "The Century of the Emperor": "Emperor Yao, Tao, and Qi surname are also. My mother's name is Du Qing and she was born in Dan Ling in April. Her name is Fang Xun. " Then he said, "Emperor Yao's family was sealed in the Tang Dynasty, and now it is in Tang County, Zhongshan. Yaoshan is in the north and Tangshui River is in the northwest. There is a promising capital in the south and a mountain in the county seat, which is the residence of Yaom Du Qing. Fifty miles apart, Dushan, a bean mountain. There is Dengyao Mountain in the north and Wangdu Mountain in the south, hence the name Wangdu County. "

Shun Di, A Yu, whose name is Zhong Hua, is the grandson of the eighth generation of the Yellow Emperor. He was born in the ruins of Yao (now Yongji County), so he was also surnamed Yao. He was accepted by Yao Chan and became the King of Tude, Dupban, and he was happy to be called the less. "Records of the Five Emperors" said: Yu Shun's name is Zhong Hua, "Jizhou people are also. Shun Shan, Ze, Tao He Bin, how to finish Shouqiu, just in summer. ……"

Those surnamed Guan are famous for their high literary life and high word density. He is the great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor and the son of the great-grandson of Zhuan Xu. "Historical Records Xia Benji" said: "Yu Xia, whose real name is Wen Ming. Yu's father's name is Gun, Gun's father is Emperor Zhuan Xu, Zhuan Xu's father is Changyi, and Changyi's father is Huangdi. Yu is the great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor and the grandson of Emperor Zhuan Xu. Yu's great-great-grandfather Chang Yi and his father Kun are not allowed to be ministers in the throne. " Yang Xiong's Biography of the King of Shu said, "Yuben Chongshan is a native of Guangrou County, whose place name is Li 'an. "In today's Shanxi Xiangfen, Yicheng, Quwo Chongshan.

3. The key water control project is in Shanxi. "Historical Records Xia Benji" contains: "When Emperor Yao was in power, floods flooded, the mountains were vast and the people were worried. Yao asked for water control, and the minister and Sishan said, "Yes." Yao said, "I'm sorry for ruining my family. April said, "I hope the emperor can judge those who are not as noble as you." "So Yao listened to the words of the four mountains and used a gun to control water. Nine years of water, functional failure. So Emperor Yao asked for help, which made him more obedient. Shun Deng used it, took charge of the emperor's administration and toured the inauguration ceremony. Look at the water control of the gun and die in Yushan. The whole world is just because of Shun's punishment. "Feather mountain is now Lvliang Guling Mountain. Yu, the son of Gun, was appointed as Yong, and he was given the post of water control to continue his career. " "Historical Records Xia Benji" said: "Danger rises in Jizhou. Jizhou: It contains both hukou and beam gap. Taiyuan and Yueyang have been built. Qinhuai exploits, as for Zhang Heng. "Yu arise in Hukou Mountain, Jizhou, and rule to Luliang Mountain. Hukou on the Yellow River in the southwest of Jixian County, Shanxi Province is a famous dangerous place with waterfalls made by stormy waves. " Chua's biography says, "Liang and Qi are all in Jizhou Mountain. Liangshan and Lvliang are also in the northeast of Lishi in Shizhou today. "Qishan is fox hill in Jiexiu, Shanxi." Zhu said: "Qishan is in Jiexiu County, Fenzhou." Cai Wen decided to note: "A fox in a mountain is better than water, that is, this is also the case. "During the Warring States Period, Shijiao said in the article Dead Bodies:" The Dragon Gate of the ancients was not opened, and Lvliang was not cut. The river rose over the Mengmen, flooding against the current. There are no hills and hills, so it is called flood. "Longmen, Lvliang, Mengmen and Hukou mentioned by Shijiao are the four key projects of Dayu's water control, all of which are in Shanxi. Experts from China Academy of Social Sciences believe that the "Mengmen" mentioned by Shijiao refers to the ancient pass in the west of Huixian County, Henan Province. It is still in Mengxian County on the north bank of the Yellow River in northwest Henan. Another scholar believes that the Yellow River in Huixian and Mengxian areas of Henan Province can only be "flooded" and cannot be said to be "flooded against the current". It should refer to the Mengmen of the Yellow River west of Jixian County in Shanxi Province and east of Yichuan in Shaanxi Province. In my opinion, neither explanation is correct. In fact, they refer to Mengmen on the east bank of the Yellow River in Liulin County, Shanxi Province, which is the ancient pass of the Yellow River in the east of wubu county, Shaanxi Province. Dayu's water control split the Xiaolong stone wall in the southwest of Dinghu Lake, which is called Mengmen. Before the Xia flood control, the Xiaolong stone wall in the southwest of Mengmen Village connected the stone mountains on the east and west sides of the Yellow River into a natural stone dam, which blocked the way of the Yellow River and formed a lake and sea, so it was called "Dinghu Lake". In case of rain, "the flood is terrible, the mountains are boundless, the tombs are fragrant" and "there are no hills and high hills". Dayu flood control (2243-2230 BC) split the dragon stone wall in the southwest of Mengmen Village, and the river flowed downstream, forming the "Hong Tao of the Yellow River", one of the ten scenic spots in Mengmen. The so-called "Mengmen" is the first gate on the Yellow River where Dayu harnessed water, hence its name.

Judging from the current topography, firstly, Shanxi and Shaanxi in the upper reaches of Hukou Waterfall are rocky valleys along the banks of the Yellow River, and only the banks of the Yellow River with the dragon stone wall are covered mountains and slopes formed by silt. Secondly, on the cliffs and stone walls on both sides of the Yellow River at an altitude of 1000 meters above sea level, there are smooth round caves of different sizes formed by long-term flooding. Third, the pebbles scattered on cliffs and hilltops are river pebbles formed by long-term flooding. Fourth, in the stone wall of Jiaolong, there are thousands of layers of bluestone and water and sand at the top of the Yellow River at an altitude of 1000 meters. After the loess cover at the top of the small slope on the east bank of Hedong was cut off, the bluestone water sand above was more than 50 meters thick, and the height of the sand layer below was temporarily unknown. Xinshe Mountain, Xuexia Village, wubu county, Hexi Corridor, has thousands of layers of bluestone water sand formed by water deposition, just like Zeshan, Xiao Yuan, Hedong. This is an objective fact, independent of human will.

In a word, Shijiao in the Warring States Period said in the article "Dead Bodies": "The Longmen was not opened, and Lvliang was not cut. The river rises above Mengmen, overflowing against the current, and there are no hills, so it is called flood. " The "Mengmen" here refers to the dragon stone wall in Mengmen Village, Liulin County, Shanxi Province. In the Western Zhou Muwang era (reigned before 1009-954), in Xuanwu Dojo, Wudang Mountain, Lvliang, Shanxi Province, a Mengmen Courtyard was built near Dayu Stone at the foot of Wang Zhuang Mountain in Mengmen, and the main hall "Fayuan Temple" was dedicated to Yu and Gun's father. There is also a national first-class cultural relic "Headless Gun" stone statue: the base is 0.98m long, 0.40m wide, 0.92m high 1.25m, with a bust of 0.92m around the knee 1.50m and the word "gun" on the left hip. It was originally taken out from the clay sculpture of the magic gun in Fayuan Temple.

According to the records of Fenzhou Prefecture, there are iron anchors, big iron ropes, iron rings, etc. in the old legend of Lishi Guji Mountain in Shanxi Province. "On the top of the mountain, there is a tablet inscribed by Han and Liu Dan, which can be distinguished in sixty words, saying that it is a matter of water control." In the mountain village of Wenshui County, the tablet "Biography of Yugong Suishan Army" was found, with a length of 1.69 m, a width of 0.7 1 m and a thickness of 0. 16 m. This is a map of Kyushu stone carvings after Dayu's flood control, and it is now kept in the Temple of Wu Zetian. These are the cultural relics of the "Mengmen" in Shijiao.

(3) Historical documents of Taiyuan, Du Yao.

According to the Records of Geography of Hanshu, there are 24 counties in Hedong County, and the names of Linfen and Pingyang are recorded side by side. Pingyang County later translated Yue Du Yao Ye. This is the historical record of Volume 28 of Hanshu. Is Hanshu Han? Notes on Hanshu was written by Ban Gu (AD 32-92) and by Yan Shigu, a doctor in the Tang Dynasty (AD 58 1-645). The difference between Linfen and Pingyang counties here should be clear; Pingyang, the capital of Du Yao, is not Linfen, so it should be clear.

"Geography of the Book of Jin" records: "Pingyang County belongs to Hedong and Wei Lifen, twelve counties with 42,000 households." Among the twelve counties, there are "Pingyang, the old Du Yao Hou Guo"; And Linfen county. This is recorded in volume 14 of the geography of the Book of Jin written by Emperor Taizong.

It is said in Hanshu above that Pingyang, the capital of Yao, is not Linfen, but why do people confuse Pingyang with Linfen? Please read Geography of Sui Shu: "Linfen, followed by Pingyang, Yue Wei, tied with Pingyang County. The first emperor changed the county to Heping and Linfen. " It can be seen that there is no difference between Pingyang before the Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms and the Western Jin Dynasty and Pingyang after the Wei and Jin Dynasties, which leads to the misunderstanding of Du Yao in Taiyuan as Linfen, which is also one of the reasons; Secondly, Linfen has Yao Temple and Yao Temple is misunderstood as Yao Di Palace, which is the second reason. We should respect the statement made by Huangfu Mi in the Wei, Jin and Three Kingdoms in The Emperor's Century: "Emperor Yao was sealed in the Tang Dynasty and later moved to Jinyang, where he became the son of heaven and made Pingyang his capital. Pingyang is Jinyang today, which is Taiyuan. "

(4) Tang Shuyu family and Taiyuan Jinci.

"Historical Records Jin Shijia" contains: "Jin Dynasty entrants are their brothers. When I first met Uncle Yu's mother, I dreamed that I was destined to be a girl, worthy of being Tang. I had a child with the text "Yu" in my hand, so I was troubled by life. King Wen, that is, his father, studied under him and became a famous minister in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Later, Jiang Taigong assisted Zhou Wuwang, who was called "teacher or father". Jiang Taigong was born in Yidie, shilou county, Shanxi, and married as a peach blossom girl. She is from Taohuazhuang, shilou county. Jiang Shuxiang, the daughter of Jiang Taigong and his wife Taohua, is known as Jiang Yi in the world. Jiang Yi is Zhou Wuwang's wife and has two sons, namely Zhou Chengwang and Tang Shuyu.

Historical Records of the Golden Family also said: "Collapse is king (former1123-former 1086, reigned for 37 years). There was chaos in the Tang Dynasty, and the Duke of Zhou destroyed the Tang Dynasty. King and play, why cut tung leaves? He said to Yu Shu, "This is a letter." Wei Shi asked for a date to establish an uncle. Wang Cheng said, I will play with him. Wei Shi said:' The son of heaven is not joking. Words are history books, rituals are results, and music is music. "So he named Yu Shu as a tang dynasty. Tang is in the east of Fenhe River, and Fiona Fang is a hundred miles away, hence the name. Today, the Jinci Temple in Taiyuan was built in memory of the uncle of the Western Zhou Dynasty Tang Guohou. Notre Dame is Jiang Taigong's daughter, Zhou Wuwang's wife and uncle's mother Jiang Shuxiang, also known as Jiang Yi.

"Historical Records Jin Shijia" contains: "Zi Xie is the marquis of Jin." According to legend, Xie, the son of Xie, changed his country name to Jin because of the water in the fief, calling himself the marquis of Jin. "History of Han Geography" says: "There is water in Jin Dynasty in Tang Dynasty, and Shu Xie is Hou Yun in Jin Dynasty."

Because it was written about the mystery of Jinci, it was omitted. However, it is necessary to provide that in the thirty-seventh year of Qing Qianlong, Shanxi Jinshi was born, and Zhu? According to the records in "Several Pillars Monument" and "Monument Remains", the inscription in "Rebuilding the Tang Ancestral Hall in Taiyuan County" said: "The city of summer, the day of Longshan, is the real dew of the Tang Dynasty. Since Ban Gu, Jacky and Du Yu, there has been no disagreement. " There are five real names in Taiyuan County: Daxia, Xuxia, Taiyuan, Pingyang and Dalu.

The inscription says that the time for offering sacrifices is "up to now, Yan has been worshipped for three thousand years". In the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong, in the year of 1772, Tang Shuyu in Taiyuan has a history of three thousand years. The history of Tang Shuyu can be traced back to 1 123 BC to Tang Yao in 2467 BC. Up to 23 1 year from 1772 to 2003, it can be seen that Taiyuan was built in 4575. More than 4470 years in Huangfu Mi 105. That means, Zhu? "Three thousand years" is a rough figure. But he can really show that Taiyuan was not built in 2500.

To sum up, Jizhou Taiyuan is the cradle of the Chinese nation, the birthplace of ancient culture in China and the capital of Yu Xia, Tang Yao, with a history of 4,470 years. But this understanding has yet to be confirmed by future archaeology. I put forward a point, and asked experts and scholars to investigate the correction of the axe to solve the problem.

Jinyang, August 7, 2003

refer to

1. Historical Records, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House and Shanghai Bookstore,198665438+February edition.

2. Hanshu, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House and Shanghai Bookstore,198665438+February edition.

3. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House and Shanghai Bookstore,198665438+February edition.

4. The History of the Three Kingdoms, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House and Shanghai Bookstore,198665438+February edition.

5. The Book of Jin, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House and Shanghai Bookstore,198665438+February edition.

6. Geography of Sui Shu, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House and Shanghai Bookstore,198665438+February edition.

7. New Tang Books, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House and Shanghai Bookstore,198665438+February edition.

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9. Magnolia Taiping, Hebei Education Press,1July, 994.

10. Archaeology of China, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1992,65438+February edition.

1 1. Forty Years of Archaeology in Shanxi, Shanxi People's Publishing House,1July 1994.

12. Report on the National Conditions of China, experts and scholars, China Literature and History Publishing House, August 2002.

13. Wang Shejiao and Zhu: "The Legend of Pingyang in Du Yao and the Origin of Chinese Civilization", China Historical Geography Theory Series No.2, 2000 (55 series in total).

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15. Li Gang: Tracing Archaeological Discovery to Jinyang Culture, Jinyang Academic Journal, No.6, 200 1.

16. Jin: Talking about Taiyuan, 1997 May.

17. Sun Anbang: Historical Origin and Characteristics of Jinyang Culture, No.6 of Jinyang Academic Journal, 200 1.

18. Jin and Kang Yuqing: "Cultural Accumulation and Historical Position of Jinyang Ancient City", Journal of Teachers College of Shanxi University, No.2, 2002.

19. China Cultural Information Network Overseas Edition: "China's Exam-oriented History Hopefully Promotes the Millennium".

20. China Cultural Information Network Overseas Edition: "Taosi Site".

2 1. Yang: "A few ups and downs talk about ancient and modern times", Taiyuan Daily,1997,65438+February.

22. Xie and Zhang Wei: Investigation of Jinyang Ancient City, cultural relics, 1962, No.4 and No.5..

23. Liang Zhihong: Jinyang Site, Query Spring and Autumn, Jinyang Bookstore.

24. "The exact age of the establishment of Jinyang Ancient City".

Editor: The author of this article points out that Taiyuan has a history of 4470 years, and Du Yao is not in Linfen, Shanxi, but in Taiyuan. The author modestly calls it "the statement of one family". The author's "a little view" is now published for reference when experts and scholars study the history of Taiyuan and Shanxi. ■

Author: Wang Shangyi