Generally speaking, the equipment of the Qing army is: golden drum to show restraint in advancing and retreating, conch to gather and disperse in the morning and evening, flag to watch, armor to defend the body, and equipment to control the enemy. Soldiers specialize in bows and arrows, shotguns, artillery and rattan cards, while students are long guns, broadswords and knives. In addition to artillery, the navy is used to platoon guns, hook and sickle guns, javelins and rockets. Each knight has 1 horse, 1 armor, 1 bow and arrow, 1 bag, 40 arrows, 1 broadsword. The infantry has 1 sub-armor and 1 broadsword. Archers and archers have 1 pairs of bows and arrows and 30 arrows. The spearmen have 1 spears. Bird gun soldiers have 1 bird gun. The military attache's equipment is stipulated according to his rank, and the number of horses and arrows is different. The equipment of Xiao Qi Battalion, Guard Battalion, Pioneer Battalion and Firearms Battalion is also inconsistent. Generally speaking, the Eight Banners are better equipped than green camp.
At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, there were no examples of equipment used in martial arts in various places. It was often based on the hobbies and habits of military attaché s in the headquarters, so it was difficult for soldiers to specialize in martial arts. Yongzheng five years, ordered the provincial generals "adjust measures to local conditions, formulate appropriate regulations, and always comply with them", since then unified the documents used by the provincial garrison. According to the will of Yongzheng, the Qing government stipulated that the equipment of mainland provinces and coastal provinces varied from place to place. For example, in Shandong Province, bows and arrows, shotguns, cannons, rattan cards, pike and broadsword are all common weapons, and each soldier scores ten points, including three points for bows and arrows, five points for black guns, one point for rattan cards and one point for pike. In addition, the gunman is not allowed to change it without authorization. Every soldier in Shanxi Province scored ten points, including six points for bows and arrows and four points for shotguns. The land battalions in Fujian Province are divided into 20 teams, including 4 archers, 2 archers, Birdman 10, Artillery 1, L Rattan 1, Spearmers 1 and Swordsmen 1.
The manufacture of military weapons is mainly practical, with specified styles, fixed distribution, regular brief reading, timely repair of worn-out or going out to fight, storage of surplus weapons for standby, and legal disposal of privately sold private codes. Weapons are generally manufactured by the Ministry of War, handed over to the Ministry of Industry, and given by name, and a few are owned by themselves. Generally speaking, people are not allowed to manufacture and keep shotguns. Only the Eight Banners can use them, and green camp people are not allowed to manufacture and use them. After the Qing soldiers entered the customs, the development direction of firearms was light to meet domestic needs. For some promising firearms, such as Dai Li's and Wu's explosive bombs, although it surprised Emperor Kangxi, it didn't get real attention and support. Because the rulers of the Qing dynasty paid insufficient attention to the experience of their predecessors and the advanced technology of the West, they fell behind in the manufacture of firearms. The length, size and weight of gun emplacement are different in different provinces, and the manufacturing methods are also different. The weapons of the Eight Banners and green camp were originally made, kept and inspected by special officers, but they existed in name only and were not strictly implemented, which led to the gradual backwardness of military equipment and seriously affected the improvement of combat effectiveness.
The usual training of the Qing army varies from time to time. During the reign of Emperor Taizong Tiancong, he personally led the Eight Banners exercise, which was the beginning of the Qing emperor's reading. Later, the emperor personally visited the school's hunting ground outside the Great Wall every year, and held a big reading ceremony every three years to review the Eight Banners of Beijing Camp in Nanyuan, Yuquan Mountain and Wangjialing. In addition, Beijing camp training has its own customization. For example, the yellow flag, the yellow flag and the white flag are all pro-military, and they take turns to train riding and shooting twice a month and stepping and shooting four times. Eight Banners and Seven Battalions practice shooting six times a month. In spring and autumn, I also practiced walking and riding in armor. The moon moves twice in spring, once together and twice in autumn. In the middle of spring and autumn, I will go to the city to practice singing snails. In addition to practicing shotguns every month, the Han army fired 10 guns per flag in spring and autumn, and tried guns in Lugouqiao for five days. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Four Banners were raised four times and the Eight Banners were raised twice. In early winter, the flags are practicing everywhere.
Green camp's training method is based on the old methods since the Ming Dynasty, with the so-called serial method as the main method. "Although reading at ordinary times is considerable, it is not practical to go into battle." The method is, every year in the early autumn frost, green camp will lead soldiers into the teaching ground and set up a military account. China's army was built in the center of the field, and its foot soldiers stood in an armored array. The Ministry of War Minister ordered a joint exercise. China's army raised the flag, fired three shots, sounded horns, beat gongs and drums, infantry and cavalry lined up and fired muskets. At the same time, he also performed martial arts such as spears, short knives and rattan cards. Usually, there are also small exercises, large exercises, joint exercises, gun tests, patrols, marches and walking systems. Fifty years of Qianlong (1785) "It is not practical to learn the old square garden of two instruments and four elephants by using green camp array, and to imitate the Beijing camp array instead. The prefect issues various standard towns, such as the head of the cultural and sports team, and each battalion regularly holds exercises and performs nine arrays and ten chains every month. " Green camp, which is poorly garrisoned, usually has the least training, and so does the governor's pacesetter, so we should take the time to train. Green camp bird gunner practiced by the method of progressive serialization of Eight Banners Firearms Camp, and commanders practiced shooting with six bows and fast targets. Although court ministers, generals, magistrates, company commanders, etc. From time to time, I went to various camps for patrol training. Generally speaking, the Qing army in various places "has a clear-cut banner, but all kinds of shotgun riding and shooting skills are common", "fewer people set up camp neatly, and more people are lax". Because the rulers of the Qing Dynasty stubbornly insisted that "riding and shooting and Mandarin are the foundation of Manchuria and the important task of standard bearers", they still paid insufficient attention to firearms equipment and training, which seriously affected the further improvement of the fighting capacity of the Qing army.
Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty, Huang Taiji, once made a comparison between the Eight Banners military system before entering the customs and the Ming army. He said: "Ming people are self-reliant, soldiers are outside, and they have no family business, but they hold officials to give money and food; Our country goes out as a soldier, and goes in for the people. Farming and fighting have not been ignored. The first soldiers to return have all packed their equipment, managed their families, cultivated fields and grazed fat horses. Once the cultivation is completed, the general manager at home will harvest it, and I will go immediately after Iraq and other military equipment are completed. " It can be seen that the characteristics of the Eight Banners' military system, the combination of military and civilian, and the combination of agricultural warfare determine that its logistics supply must be "military equipment and rations." Because Kim Jong-chui was in the transition period from slavery to feudal serfdom, plundering the population and property of the Ming Dynasty was an important purpose of the war. Therefore, the officers and men of the Eight Banners who went to war, "those who have domestic slaves are not limited to how many, and they ride with their own will" and "many children ride together". These slaves and children who followed the levy were both reservists and logistics soldiers. "Iraqi families live in war and they are struggling. The officers and men of the Eight Banners fought only to plunder property, and their main logistics supply problem must be solved by fighting to support the war. Therefore, the Qing soldiers generally only bring food for about a month when they enter the customs for looting. After entering the customs, looting was used to maintain supplies and boost morale.
After the Qing soldiers entered the customs, in order to consolidate the sovereignty over the whole country, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty basically prohibited the open looting of the army, and solved the logistics supply of the army through the division of labor between the inpatient department, the Ministry of War and the Ministry of Industry. As for the life of the officers and men of the Qing army and their families, they mainly depend on salaries and flags. Generally speaking, the treatment of the Eight Banners is much superior to that of green camp. For example, the "Eight Banners' Pay for Soldiers" system: forwards, pro-soldiers, guards, ushers and archers give four taels of silver every month, while Xiao Qi, coppersmith and archers give three taels of silver every month, all of whom are 48 years old; Bujun received a monthly payment of 22 taels of silver, and Bujun 125 taels, with an annual age of 24 taels; The gunner gave Silver two ounces a month and thirty-six ounces of rice a year; The striker, pro-army and defender are supplemented by Jue Luo, and one or two pieces of silver are added every month. Teach soldiers to give money as the number of troops, not rice. In the salary system of green flag soldiers, there are three battalions of the governor of the capital, two taels of silver per month for cavalry soldiers and one tael of rice per month for infantry soldiers; Provinces and towns pay three or two dollars a month for horsemen, one or two or five dollars for infantry and one or two dollars for garrison soldiers, all of which support three buckets of rice every month. "
The military expenditure of the Qing army in peacetime is about 20 million taels per year, accounting for about two-thirds of the annual fiscal expenditure of the Qing government. During the war, there were other wartime military expenditures such as food, equipment, courage, husbands, shopping, pensions and transshipment. , an average of more than 4 million yuan a year. In peacetime and wartime, these two military expenditures consumed more than half of the national treasury's income. Therefore, in the case of financial crisis, the Qing government can only alleviate the crisis by imposing local land tax, relieving local money and grain, encouraging land reclamation, donating money, levying more factions, and trying to solve it on the spot to ensure the supply of war.
In order to ensure the supply of front-line military supplies, the Ministry of Housing has set up reimbursement departments in some front-line provinces to take charge of money and grain. Later, due to the imperfection of the sales system, officials of the reimbursement department used the system of ministerial regulations, warehouse regulations, increased consumption and pocketing their own profits, which doubled the expenses and plunged the people into dire straits. Therefore, in the eleventh year of Shunzhi (1654), the reimbursement department was removed. In the future, the front-line military supplies will be mainly provided by the officials of the inpatient department and the Ministry of War, who will be jointly responsible with the relevant local officials, and use the post stations and military platforms along the way to raise soldiers for transportation. The means of transportation include cars, horses, camels and boats. It is very difficult to transport food, because it is difficult for the enemy to make an expedition to the fortress. "The battle of Kangxi Mobei, West Road, but Cheng Guihua was full of soldiers and was embarrassed halfway. But the soldiers in Ningxia Town were all prepared by the company commander Yin Hua, who asked them to take more and use more, and they were close to the grass, so they sympathized with Ma Li. Therefore, although it is a burning land, the army is full and the surplus grain is distributed to help the soldiers. " "It's inconvenient to carry a camel beyond the Great Wall. One camel carries five buckets of rice and one stone, and there is not much drinking water, so it is not easy to eat grass. " Especially in desert areas, gun trucks and grain trucks are difficult to walk, and it is difficult to transport the generals to the front on time. The ideal way is to "walk by camel".