The Civil War (also known as the American Civil War) is a large-scale military conflict in American history. The two sides involved in the war are the United States of America (referred to as the Federation) and the United States of America (referred to as the Confederacy). The war broke out because 1 1 states in the south of the United States withdrew from the union on the grounds that abraham lincoln became president in 186 1, set up a government with Jefferson Davis as the "president", expelled the federal troops stationed in the south, and Lincoln ordered to attack the "rebellious" states. This war not only changed the political and economic situation in the United States at that time, but also had a great impact on American civil society in the future.

There has been a constant dispute between American states and the central government, whether it is the power of the central government or the loyalty of citizens. This competition has been uncovered almost from the beginning of the founding of the Republic. For example, Kentucky and Virginia's resolution 1798 openly opposes Hakka law and foreigners and incitement. In addition, in the Hartford Convention, New England expressed its opposition to President Madison's war with 18 12. 1828 and 1832, the congress passed protective tariffs to promote the trade of the northern States. Because this tariff policy will have an economic impact on South Carolina and other southern States that rely heavily on foreign trade, it is ridiculed as "tariff aversion". In response, the South Carolina legislature convened a state congress, and by repealing the laws, it declared that the 1828 and 1832 tariff laws were invalid in the state. The state legislature has also passed relevant laws to implement regulations, including authorizing the organization of troops and the purchase of weapons. In response to the threat from South Carolina, Congress passed the force bill. In June 1 832+065438+1October, President Jackson sent seven small naval vessels and1armed warships to Charleston. In February, 10, 10, Jackson refuted one side of the provisions on the right to annul federal statutes. On the eve of the Civil War, the United States was a country composed of four distinct regions: 1. Northeast China (that is, today's New England)-with the development of industry and commerce, the population density has increased accordingly; 2. Northwest (now the Midwest)-Free farmers have developed rapidly here. Thanks to the Northwest Law, there will never be slavery here; 3. Upper South-farming farms, but some areas are in economic recession; 4. Southwest China-a cotton economic zone that has mushroomed. Based on two fundamentally different labor systems, social economy reflects completely different images in different regions-the free labor system in the north and the slave system in the south, which leads to the different social views between the north and the south from the middle of19th century. Because Lincoln won the presidential election, the slave state lost the balance of power in the Senate and will face continuous weakness after decades of control by the presidential palace and Congress. Renye Fang felt powerless to stop protectionist tariffs similar to Morelle's tariff law. Before Lincoln entered the White House, seven states seceded from the Union. 186 1 On February 9th, they organized and established a new southern government-the United States of America. With a little resistance from Buchanan, they gained control of the federal castles and properties under their jurisdiction. Ironically, after secession, the rebel states weakened their demands on disputed areas, canceled the responsibility of the North to return fugitive slaves, and ensured the smooth passage of bills and amendments they had long opposed. 1860 before Lincoln took office after the presidential election in the United States, a total of seven States quickly left the union. These states are: South Carolina (1860 65438+February 2 1).

Mississippi (186165438+1October 9)

Florida (186165438+1October 10)

Alabama (186 1 11October1)

Georgia (186165438+10/9)

Louisiana (186165438+1October 26th)

Texas (186 1 February 1)

186 1 On February 4th, 2008, these "southern hinterland" states, which were dominated by slavery and cotton plantation agriculture, established the Confederacy of America, with Jefferson Davis as the president and a government established according to the US Constitution. After the Battle of Fort Sumter in South Carolina, Lincoln called on the troops of other states to recover Fort Sumter. As a result, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee seceded from the Union. Border state

Maryland, Delaware, Missouri and Kentucky around Virginia still maintained slavery (so-called "slave States"), but they did not join the Confederacy. These four States and West Virginia (residents of some counties in northwest West Virginia refused to leave the United States federal government, so another group of people from West Virginia joined the union) became the border States of the Civil War. War process

1860 Lincoln's victory in the US presidential election triggered the secession of South Carolina. By February 186 1, six more states will secede. On February 7th, seven states adopted the provisional constitution of the Confederacy and established their capital in Montgomery. The 186 1 peace conference held in Washington in February before the war failed to solve the crisis. The rest of the southern States remained in the Union. The South once sent representatives to Washington, willing to pay the price for federal property and discuss a peace treaty with the United States. Lincoln refused to negotiate with the Confederate representatives on the grounds that the Confederacy was not a legitimate government, and negotiations were equivalent to recognizing the Confederacy as a sovereign government. U.S. commander winfield scott drew up a python plan to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible. His plan was to weaken the confederate economy by federal blockade of major ports; Then take the Mississippi River and cut off the south. 1861may, Lincoln imposed a federal blockade on all southern ports and terminated most of the international shipping of the confederacy. Illegal ships and goods are detained, which is usually not covered by insurance. 186 1 Later, the blockade prevented traffic between most ports. The blockade stopped the cotton trade and hit the southern economy. British investors build small fast smuggling boats to transport weapons and luxury goods from Cuba and Bahamas in exchange for high-priced cotton and tobacco. After being captured, the smuggled ships and goods were sold, and the proceeds went to the federal sailors, while the British crew were released. The blockade caused a shortage of food and other materials, and the expropriation of food by the Southern Alliance led to hyperinflation and food riots in the south. 1862 in March, CSS Virginia launched an attack on the federal navy and opened the blockade; At first, it was unstoppable, but the next day, in Hampton Anchorage, it fought the new federal warship Monet. Whatever the outcome, this battle is a tactical victory to keep the blockade. The Confederacy lost the Virginia when it fled to avoid being captured, so it built a replica of Monet. Lacking the technology to build efficient warships, the Confederacy tried to buy warships from Britain. 1865 1 The victory of the Federation in the second non-Cherbourg campaign blocked the last available port in the south and stopped smuggling. Eastern Battlefield1861–1863

Due to the fierce resistance of a few confederate troops in Manacas, Virginia, 186 1 in July, Major General Irvin McDowell led his troops to March to the Confederacy and fought the first battle of Manacas (the first battle of Niuben River). Later, Joseph? 6? Johnston and Piri Polligard fought back and returned to Washington. Thomas Jackson, a Confederate general, won the title of "Stone Wall" in this campaign because he resisted the Union like a stone wall. Awakened by this failure, in order to prevent more slave-holding states from seceding from the Union, the US Congress passed the Crittenden-Johnson resolution on July 25th of the same year, claiming that the war was to safeguard the Union, not to end slavery. George? 6? Major General McClellan took over the Federal Potomac Army on July 26th (he was the commander of the Federal Army, but was later replaced by Henry Holek), and the war officially began on 1862. 1In the spring of 862, McClellan invaded Virginia from Virginia Peninsula between York River and James River in southeast Richmond. Although McClellan arrived at Richmond Gate in the Battle of Peninsula, Joseph? 6? Johnston stopped him at the Battle of Seven Pines, followed by Robert Lee and his men james longstreet and Joseph? 6? Johnston repelled him in a seven-day battle. The battles in northern Virginia, including the second battle of the Niuben River, ended in victory in the south. McClellan disobeyed Commander Horecker to reinforce John? 6? Pope's orders from the federal army in Virginia made it easier for the federal army in robert lee to defeat twice the enemy. Encouraged by the second battle of Niuben River, the Confederacy invaded the north for the first time. On September 5th, General Lee led 45,000 people from Northern Virginia to cross the Potomac River and enter Maryland. Lincoln then returned Pope's army to McClellan. On September 17, McClellan and Lee fought in the Battle of Antietam near Fort Heaps, Maryland, which was the bloodiest day in American history. Before being annihilated by McClellan, General Lee's army was finally stopped and returned to Virginia. The Battle of Antietam was regarded as a federal victory, because it stopped Lee's northward invasion and gave Lincoln a chance to announce that after the cautious McClellan failed to pursue Antietam in the Emancipation Declaration, he was replaced by Major General Ambrose Bensai. The championship was quickly defeated in the Battle of Fort fredericks on February 13, 2003, and the frontal attack on Mary Heights was futile, with more than 12000 union soldiers killed or injured. After the battle, the event was replaced by Major General joseph hooker. Hook could not defeat General Lee's army. Although compared with the Confederacy, he was outnumbered by 2-to-0/,but he was humiliated in the Battle of Chancellesville in May 1 863. In June, Li's second northward advance was replaced by george meade. Meade defeated General Lee in the bloodiest battle of Gettysburg from July to July 3, 2000, which was regarded as the turning point of the whole civil war. The pickett charge on July 3 was also the final climax of the Confederate army, not only because it represented the end of Lee's plan to put pressure on Washington, but also because Vicksburg, the main stronghold controlling the Mississippi River, fell the next day. About 28,000 people were killed or injured in Li Jun (23,000 in the central region). However, Lincoln was dissatisfied with Meade's failure to stop Lee's retreat. After Meade's decisive autumn offensive, Lincoln decided to turn to the western battlefield for a showdown. Western Battlefield1861–1863

Although the allied forces won numerous victories in the east, they failed in the most crucial west. In the early battle of Pea Ridge, Union troops were driven out of Missouri. In addition, the invasion of Kentucky by the allied general Leonidas Polk angered the people of that state, so Kentucky became the enemy of the allies. Nashville (the capital of Tennessee) also lost to the Union Army at 1862. Since May, 1862, 10 in Mississippi,  Island, New Madrid, Missouri, Memphis, Tennessee, and New Orleans, Louisiana have all been occupied by the Union Army. Since then, the Union Army has been like a "no man's land" in Mississippi. Only Vicksburg (a city in southwest Mississippi) continued to resist the Union across the river. General Braxton Prague of the Union Army was also driven away by General Don Carlos Beale of the Union Army in the bloody battle of the second invasion of Perryville, Kentucky. A few months later, he was defeated by William S. Rosecrans's army at the Battle of Si Tong River in Tennessee. Fortunately, however, the Allies won the Battle of Kamoga in Georgia near the Tennessee border. Because General Breston Briggs was supported by james longstreet Corps in this battle (General Lee's eastern reinforcements). Although the Federal george henry thomas Corps fought bravely there, it could only retreat in the end. The main war strategy of the Union came from ulysses simpson grant in the west, who once controlled enemy strongholds in this civil war, such as Donielson and Henry, and the Cumberland River in Tennessee. It consolidated the federal government's control of Mississippi and began the turning point of the American Civil War. And General Ulysses drove the Allies out of Tennessee and invaded the "heart" of the Allies, that is, Atlanta, Georgia. Pan-Mississippi Battlefield1861–1865

186 1 year, the allied campaigns in Arizona and New Mexico have been smooth. Moreover, the residents in this area quickly adapted to the rules of the Allies, and even asked the Allies to send troops to drive away the local federal troops. Later, the Allies sent General Col. John Baylor to carry out the task, captured a town called Mesilla in New Mexico and captured several federal generals alive. The following year (1862), the allies tried to seize the territory of the Federation, but they were defeated by California reinforcements sent by the Federation and were forced to retreat to Arizona. The Battle of Glorietta Pass was a "small-scale battle" because both sides suffered losses in this struggle (Federation died 140, Federation died 190). But if the allies continue to chase north, it is possible to capture the federal fortress and Denver, Colorado. So, a Texan citizen spoke and said, "If those bastards (federal troops) on Park Peak didn't stop our army, the whole country might belong to us! In April, California organized a federal army to completely drive away the allied troops stationed in Arizona at the Battle of Picacho Pass. As for the eastern United States, the war between the two sides has lasted for nearly three years, and the fighting in the northwest has come to an end. 1862 at the end of the war, the union made several attempts to seize the territory of Texas, Mississippi and Louisiana. So, the three States blocked the river. Especially in Texas, he occupied and blocked almost all the ports in the east. At the same time, in order to give the Allies a "back door" to escape from, Texas and western Louisiana have been constantly providing cotton and other crops to the Mexican autonomous city of matamoros, and even sending people to Europe by boat to exchange materials to buy people's hearts. In order to stop these actions, the federal government decided to invade Texas, but it failed every time. For example, the allies won the battles of Galveston and Sabine Pass in Texas. Both wars completely repelled the union army. In particular, the defeat of the Union Army was the Red River Campaign in western Louisiana and the famous Mansfield Campaign. These victories ended the union army's aggressive plans in these areas until the Allies fell apart. As the allies were trapped in the east, General Lee surrendered, and the civil war would not stop in the next few months. The last battle between the two sides was the battle of Palmi Tuo Ranch in southern Texas. Ironically, this is a "great victory" for the allies. 1On May 26th, 865, the Confederate army completely surrendered and the war ended. Post-war period

Survivors in the south still suffer from post-war poverty. In addition, most political power has been transferred to the north. Due to the federal invasion of the south, many places in the south were devastated. Although the Federation was willing to rebuild the South after the war (1865- 1877), the citizens of Vicksburg refused to commemorate the American Independence Day in 75 years after the war, and the Mississippi legislature did not accept the 13 amendment to the US Constitution until 1995. After the war, the south was under the "semi-military control" of the United States, but the federal government of the United States was very tolerant of slave owners, which led to the remnants of southern slavery in reconstruction and did not get rid of it until a long time later. After the war, some Ku Klux Klan appeared in the south.