(1) Western Zhou Dynasty: enfeoffment system and patriarchal clan system. Qin dynasty: authoritarian centralized system. (2 points)

(2) Qin Shihuang; County system. Features: central vertical management of local; County orders are directly appointed and removed by the emperor. (4 points)

(3) Three provinces and six departments. Influence: The relative power was divided, the imperial power was strengthened, and the administrative efficiency of government agencies was improved. (4 points)

(4) the military department. Features: directly obey the emperor, confidential and efficient. (4 points)

(5) Trend: the imperial power is continuously strengthened, while the relative power is continuously weakened; The central government's control over local governments has been continuously strengthened (or authoritarian centralization has been continuously strengthened). (2 points)

Answer analysis: (1) Material 1 shows that the political structure of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Qin Dynasty is very different. Combined with the knowledge learned, we can see that the Western Zhou Dynasty practiced feudal system and patriarchal clan system, while the Qin Dynasty practiced autocratic centralized system. (2) The word "(Pre-Qin)" in the second material, combined with the knowledge learned, shows that this person is Qin Shihuang, who practiced the county system in the local area and was characterized by the vertical management of the central government; County orders are directly appointed and removed by the emperor. (3) The third material shows that the implementation of the system of three provinces and six departments in the Tang Dynasty produced the following effects: dividing relative power, strengthening imperial power and improving the administrative efficiency of government agencies. (4) There is a seal of the Ministry of Military Affairs in Material 4, which shows that this institution is the Ministry of Military Affairs of the Qing Dynasty. It is characterized by its direct obedience to the emperor, secrecy and high efficiency. (5) These four materials reflect centralization from different angles. Combined with what we have learned, we can see that the development trend of centralization in ancient China is that the imperial power is constantly strengthened and the relative power is constantly weakened; The central government's control over local governments has been continuously strengthened.

Examination Center: Development and Evolution of China's Ancient Political System

Comments: The development and evolution of China's ancient political system is the focus and common test point in the college entrance examination, and it is also the difficulty of the material questions. The angle of investigation is ① the political characteristics of each dynasty, ② the evolution trend of political system, ③ the characteristics of China's ancient political system, ④ the comparison between China's ancient political system and western political civilization.