Luo Guanzhong (about 1330—— about 1400), Han nationality, whose real name is Zhongzi. Taiyuan, Shanxi. A famous novelist and dramatist at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, China was the originator of Zhang Hui's novels. The works in his life are quite Luo Guanzhong-style. The main works are: the script Zhao Taizu's Dragon and Tiger Club, the serial exhortation of loyalty and filial piety, and Zhang Sanping's crying; The novels include The Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties, The Romance of the Five Dynasties, The Legend of Three Demons in Suiping, Fenfang, The Water Margin and The Romance of Three Kingdoms, which are co-authored with Shi Naian. Luo Guanzhong was a native of Qi State in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. In the mid-Yuan Dynasty, with the gradual fading of the trauma of the War to Destroy the Song Dynasty, the economic and cultural focus of society began to shift from the north to the south. Hangzhou, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, not only became a prosperous city with a large population and developed commerce, but also became an important center for the development of drama performance and "speaking" art. Therefore, many northern intellectuals.

Luo Guanzhong was born in the feudal dynasty in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. As a drama critic associated with "advocating Excellence" and "prostitute art", he was regarded as an inferior person in Goulan Washe at that time, and it was impossible for the official history to write classics for him. The only thing I can see is a booklet "Ghost Book Continuation" compiled by an anonymous person in the Ming Dynasty, which reads: "Luo Guanzhong, a native of Taiyuan, is scattered in the lake and sea. Loneliness with others, Yuefu argot, extremely fresh. I forgot to be friends with Yu, and I suffered many losses, and I lived far apart. This is just the beginning of the resumed meeting. I haven't come for more than 60 years, but I don't know where it will end. "

Luo Guanzhong's masterpiece Romance of the Three Kingdoms embodies Luo Guanzhong's profound talent. He is proficient in military science, psychology, resourcefulness, public relations and talents ... Without superhuman wisdom, rich practice and persistent pursuit, how could he become such a generalist? He advocates national unity, loves the Chinese nation, carries forward the traditional virtues of the nation, and hates treachery and evil. In the historical romance of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, we can see Luo Guanzhong's noble sentiments of attachment to his homeland, memory of heroes and concern for his country and people. He wrote emotionally: poplars rise from the west wind on both sides of the strait, and Qinzhou filial piety really hurts the body. Flowers and plants in Jinzhong bury the secluded path, and Tangguoshan River surrounds the sunset. The crow valley destroys its nest, and the dusty road in Bingzhou is always desolate. Poetry has become an endless wound and has been heartbroken. According to his own point of view, he turned history into the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

achievements of art

Romance of the Three Kingdoms is not only an earlier historical novel, but also represents the highest achievement of ancient historical novels. The novel uses simple classical Chinese, which is vivid, fluent, elegant and popular; Brush strokes are full of changes, contrasts, redundancies, twists and turns, and swaying. The structure is magnificent, and the events of about a hundred years and many characters with complicated clues are organized completely and closely, and the narrative is orderly, echoing, interrelated, interlocking and advancing layer by layer.

The artistic achievement of The Romance of Three Kingdoms is more important in the description of war and characterization. Novels are best at describing wars and can write the characteristics of each war. Pay attention to describing the application of different strategies and tactics under specific conditions, and guide the subjective initiative of combat, instead of spending the main pen and ink on the simple strength and martial arts contest. For example, the Battle of Guandu, the Battle of Battle of Red Cliffs and the Battle of Yiling. The writing of each war also changes with the characteristics of the war. While writing about the war, other activities are also written as the prelude, aftermath or auxiliary means of the war, which makes the exciting and thrilling war seem relaxed and slow. Such as the cooperation between Battle of Red Cliffs's former grandson and Liu, the contradiction between Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu, the temptation of Cao Cao, and the in-depth preparation of Sun Liu's allied forces to lure the enemy. In the aspect of characterization, the novel pays special attention to putting the characters in the sharp contradiction of real struggle and expressing their ideological character through their words and deeds or the surrounding environment. Such as Cao Cao's treachery, every move seems to hide intrigue; Zhang Fei has nothing but innocence and recklessness. Zhuge Liang has a well-thought-out plan, and he is always comfortable and leisurely in the face of things. Famous articles such as Guan Yu's "Killing Hua Xiong with Warm Wine", "Killing Six Generals after Passing Five Customs", Zhang Fei's "The Great Bridge in Changban", "Zhao Yun" riding alone to save the young master, and Zhuge Liang's "Seven Capture Meng Huo" are widely circulated.

Although The Romance of the Three Kingdoms takes history as its theme, it is not a history book after all, but a literary work. Because of artistic processing, there are many fictions. The artistic achievements of The Romance of The Three Kingdoms are various. 1. It successfully created many characters. There are more than 400 people in the book, among which the main characters are typical artists with distinctive personalities and vivid images. All kinds of roles have their own * * *; People of the same kind have their own personalities. When describing the characters, the author is good at grasping the basic characteristics, highlighting one aspect, exaggerating, and using the methods of comparison and contrast to make the characters vivid and vivid. This is a basic principle of the author's characterization. The best explanation for applying this principle in novels is what people have always called "three unique skills", that is, Cao Cao's "technique of treacherous men"-treacherous men; Guan Yu's "absolute righteousness"-"righteousness is as heavy as a mountain"; Kong Ming's "unique wisdom"-extraordinary wit. The methods of portraying characters in novels mainly include: putting characters in thrilling military and political struggles and shaping them in sharp and complicated contradictions and conflicts. For the main characters, their complex personalities are often expressed through a series of storylines and characters' language. 2. It is good at describing war. This book * * * has written more than forty wars, showing thrilling war scenes. Among them, the Battle of Guandu, the Battle of Battle of Red Cliffs and the Battle of Yiling are the most prominent. For several key battles that determine the rise and fall of the Three Kingdoms, the author always focuses on describing and writing all aspects of the war, such as the strategies and tactics of both sides, the comparison of forces, and the transformation of status. , colorful, ever-changing, unique, fully embodies the complexity and diversity of war; It not only writes about the fierceness, tension and adventure of the war, but also does not seem miserable. Generally, they are in a high-spirited style, and some of them are calm, quiet and relaxed. Its structure is magnificent and exquisite. The time is as long as a hundred years, with hundreds of characters, complicated events and complicated clues. Description should not only conform to the basic facts, but also pay attention to the coherence of artistic plots. So it is very difficult to arrange the structure. However, the author can write methodically and clearly, and each chapter can be independent, and the book is a complete artistic whole. This is mainly due to the author's grand and rigorous conception. He organized the story of the whole book with Shu Han as the center and the contradiction and struggle of the three countries as the main line, which was both tortuous and coherent. There is a master and a slave, and the master and the slave work closely together. 4. The language is concise and fluent. This language seems to be semi-written today, but it was close to the vernacular at that time; Writing novels in this language is a pioneering work, which is an obvious progress compared with the rough and mixed language of some novels in the past. The biggest shortcoming of Romance of the Three Kingdoms in art is its fixed characters and lack of development and change. This may be influenced by the stereotyped characters in folklore and the limitations of historical materials. Second, imagination and exaggeration are sometimes unreasonable. Mr. Lu Xun said: "I want to show Liu Bei's long and thick, but he looks like a fake. He looks like a demon." This criticism is to the point.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms is the most accomplished and influential work in ancient historical novels. It is widely circulated, with infinite charm, and has immeasurable far-reaching influence in the history of China literature and people's life.

There is also a big gap between the characters in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the real characters in the History of the Three Kingdoms. Here are a few characters to illustrate. Zhuge Liang: Zhuge Liang's ability to govern the country and the army, his character of helping the world and loving the people, and his modesty and prudence set an example for various outstanding historical figures in later generations. The monarch, intellectuals and the people all praised him, praised him and loved him from different angles. It can be said that Zhuge Liang's great influence in history has surpassed his political and military practice in the history of the Three Kingdoms. Although The Romance of the Three Kingdoms highlights the positive aspects of Zhuge Liang's life, such as personality, morality and achievements, it is infinitely exaggerated, describing him as the embodiment of wisdom and the representative of loyalty, and deifying him into a superman image that is half man and half god. Lu Xun commented: "Zhuge Liang's wisdom is close to the devil." Therefore, Zhuge Liang in Romance of the Three Kingdoms is not a real historical figure, but a historical novel figure. Liu Bei: Chen Shou's evaluation of Liu Bei is: "Hongyi is generous, knows people and treats scholars, and is a hero in the style of Gao Zu." And entrusted the whole country to Zhuge Liang, but with the same mind, sincere monarch and minister serve the public and prosper in ancient and modern times. If you have no right to do something, you can't catch Wei Wu. Because the cardinality is too narrow. However, he "persisted, and he would never do it." "In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the author described Liu Bei as a representative of the benevolent, who was the orthodox successor of the imperial power in the Han Dynasty. Therefore, it is extremely exaggerated to describe Liu Bei's kind, generous and kind-hearted personality, but while highlighting his kindness, he fell into an incompetent side, giving people the feeling of incompetence and hypocrisy. Liu Bei in TV plays is often Lacrimosa. Although crying and tears show Liu Bei's benevolence and righteousness, they give people the impression that Liu Bei's world is crying, distorting Liu Bei's true image as a "lean" and "outstanding person". Guan Yu: In history, Guan Yu was the tiger general of "ten thousand enemies". He is proud and has no regrets, and his grievances are clear. He is famous for his loyalty, but he is "righteous and proud" and has more courage and less wisdom. After Ma Chao surrendered to Liu Bei, he was named General of the Day. When Guan Yu was in charge of Jingzhou, he wrote a book with Zhuge Liang, "Ask who can match the super talent. "Zhuge Liang wrote back that Ma Chao is a great man in the world, but not as good as Guan Yu's" peerless ",and Guan Yu" kept books to entertain himself as a guest. "This is a typical foolhardy military commander's character. However, in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, because he is a member of Liu Bei's camp and has the characteristics of loyalty, he is portrayed as the embodiment of benevolence and righteousness. He followed Liu Bei and did not avoid difficulties and obstacles. Xiapi was captured and surrendered to Cao Cao, but he was worried about Liu Bei. Just because Cao Cao was very kind to him, he killed Yan Liang, the general of Yuan Shao, to return Liu to Cao Cao and lift the siege of the white horse. However, it is written in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms that Guan Yu met three times when Pi surrendered, and Cao Cao had a small banquet on the third day and a big banquet on the fifth day, but it was false. In short, in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the author described Guan Yu as a "righteous man", so his image was seriously distorted. Cao Cao: In history, Cao Cao's character is very complicated. Chen Shou thinks that Cao Cao is "the first in the history of the Three Kingdoms." The magic of application and transaction, Han Bai's unique strategy, and the official awarding materials all have their own tools, and they are sentimental and don't forget old evils. "Cao Cao has been running the army for more than 30 years, but he can't let go. He will be rewarded if he climbs high. He is better at poetry, cursive script and Go. Live frugally and don't pay attention to clothes. Discuss with others and talk and laugh. " Honor should be rewarded, generous daughter; Nothing can be done, nothing can be done. "He is a first-rate politician, strategist and writer in the history of China. In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, these good aspects of Cao Cao's character and morality are ignored, while his cruel and treacherous side is exaggerated. Therefore, Luo Guanzhong's Cao Cao is a typical treacherous, cruel, willful and suspicious villain. Zhou Yu: Zhou Yu in history was "generous", modest and obedient, and "open and ambitious". Liu Bei called him "the plan of civil and military affairs, the English of ten thousand people." Sun Quan praised him as "the capital of Wang Zuo". However, in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhou Yu became the bottom figure of Zhuge Liang. Zhou Yu was written to raise Zhuge Liang. Therefore, Zhou Yu in Romance of the Three Kingdoms is narrow-minded and always inferior to Zhuge Liang in wisdom. Unlike Zhou Yu praised by Su Shi, he is a "romantic figure through the ages". Lu Su: If the characters of Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu and others in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms are distorted, but there is still some basis, then in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Lu Su is almost completely fabricated except for his name. Lu Su in history was "in the army, never leaving his book", "far-sighted" and "brilliant". When he first met Sun Quan, he put forward the founding policy: set foot in the east of the Yangtze River, reject Cao Cao in the north, wait for the destruction of Huang Zu, head for Liu Biao, who was accidentally discovered in the Yangtze River, and then build the so-called emperor for the world. This is similar to Zhuge Liang's longzhong pair. When Cao Cao's army marched south to Jingzhou, Sun Quan's men all surrendered, but Lu Su advocated resisting Cao and advised Sun Quan to recall Zhou Yu in order to defend the plan in the commercial war. After Battle of Red Cliffs, he urged-Cao. In the history of Wu Dong, Lu Su was a real Zhuge Liang figure, and Sun Quan also admired him very much. The establishment and development of Wu was basically carried out in accordance with the political strategy and strategic policy put forward by Lu Su. However, in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Lu Su became a victim of the wits and wits of Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu, a typical example of being fooled and bullied.

Shen Congwen is one of the most outstanding writers in this century and a famous expert in material and cultural history. For many people, he is still a mystery: he has a high degree, a career background and a legendary life experience. Time has proved that many of his works still show great vitality today.

Shen Congwen, 1902 ~ 1988, formerly known as Shen Yuehuan. A famous novelist, essayist and cultural relic researcher, he is famous in the literary world and overseas for his works such as Border Town.

Shen Congwen was born in an old officer's family in Fenghuang, Hunan. Later, his family became poor. He just graduated from primary school and was under 15 years old, so he went to the world to "study and survive". In the following years, he fought with the local warlord troops in the border areas of Hunan, Sichuan and Guizhou and the Yuanshui River Basin.

In the early 1930s, Shen Congwen was the editor-in-chief of the literary supplement of Ta Kung Pao, and was regarded as the leader of the younger generation of "Beijing School" writers because of its extensive influence in the literary world. 1949 years later, due to "historical misunderstanding", he turned to study ancient cultural relics, and successively published collections of ancient cultural relics and academic papers such as Jin Ming (Cooperation with People), China Silk Patterns, Bronze Mirrors of Tang and Song Dynasties, and Dragon and Phoenix Art. 1964 was entrusted by Zhou Enlai to compile Research on Ancient Chinese Costume.

Shen Congwen's life is bumpy and dedicated. Mr. Shen Congwen's literary works such as Border Town, Xiangxi and Autobiography of Shen Congwen have great influence at home and abroad. His works have been translated and published by more than 40 countries such as Japan, the United States, Britain and the former Soviet Union, and have been selected into university textbooks by the United States, Japan, South Korea, Britain and other countries or regions 10, and twice nominated as Nobel Prize in Literature candidates.

1988 In May, Shen Congwen died of a heart attack in his apartment in Beijing. The former residence in 199 1 was listed as the key cultural relics protection unit of the provincial people's government and was repaired with funds. The former residence now displays Shen Lao's ink, manuscripts, relics and portraits, which has become one of the most attractive cultural landscapes in Phoenix, with an endless stream of tourists every day.

Border Town has entrusted Shen Congwen's aesthetic ideals of "beauty" and "love", and it is one of his works that can best express the beauty of human nature. By describing the love tragedy of Xiangxi's daughter and lover Nuo, this novel reflects the painful fact that Xiangxi people can't grasp their own destiny in the face of "nature" and "personnel". So is Cui Cui, and so is Cui Cui's mother. They repeated their sad and desolate lives from generation to generation, but they couldn't find a way to get rid of this fate.

Through the love tragedy Border Town, Shen Congwen reveals the mystery of the fate of the characters and praises the innocent hearts of the border people. As for the theme of Border Town, in Shen Congwen's own words, "I want to show a' life form', a' beautiful, healthy and natural' life form that does not contradict human nature". "Border Town" takes the love between the granddaughter of the old man who supports him and Tianbao and Nuo, the two sons of the boatman, as a clue, and expresses the yearning and pursuit of rural life. If this quiet life is compared with the turbulent society at that time, it is simply a "paradise" out of the dust. People living in this paradise are full of primitive, inner and essential "love". It is precisely because of this kind of "love" that "when several fools and ordinary people are implicated in a place by an ordinary person, everyone deserves a piece of sadness and joy, which once properly interpreted the word" love "for mankind".

Border Town expresses the beauty of human nature by describing the pure love between young men and women, the sincere love between grandparents and grandchildren, and the kindness and mutual love between neighbors. The author wants to dilute the darkness and pain of reality and eulogize an ancient human nature and lifestyle symbolizing "love" and "beauty" through the love tragedy of Nuo. He Nuo bid farewell to the young people he deeply loved, neither pledging eternal love, being very much in love, nor doing anything out of line, nor trading power and money covered in copper, only the natural feelings between men and women bred in the primitive countryside, as fresh and healthy as flowers in the sun. The author not only warmly praised the way the two young people treated "love", but also enthusiastically eulogized the nobleness of Xiangxi people's behavior and the beauty of their souls. Border Town is Shen Congwen's masterpiece, which shows readers the harmonious life form of Xiangxi world. Border Town was published in 1934. The novel describes the tortuous love between Tianbao Henuo, two sons of Shancheng Chadong Wharf Group, and Cui Cui, the granddaughter of the ferryman. Green mountains and green waters, the old ferryman by the river, 16-year-old Cui Cui, natural forest protection on the river raft, and vigorous dragon boat. ...

Mr. Shen Congwen has created many novels and essays in his life, but Border Town occupies the most important position among his many works. It is no exaggeration to say that Border Town laid the historical position of Mr. Shen Congwen in the history of literature. 1In June, 1999, Asia Weekly published "Top 100 China Novels in the 20th Century", ranked the novels written in Chinese all over the world in the 20th century, and selected the first 100 works.

All the participants are famous scholars and writers at home and abroad, such as Yu, Wang Meng,. In this ranking, Lu Xun's collection of novels "Scream" ranks first, and Shen Congwen's novel "Border Town" ranks second. But if a single novel counts, Border Town is the first. Border Town has been translated and published in more than 40 countries, such as Japan, the United States, Britain and the former Soviet Union, and has been selected into university textbooks by more than 40 countries or regions, such as the United States, Japan, South Korea and Britain.