Although the pursuit of a high-level life has always existed in history, under the premise of no major changes in production and lifestyle, food, clothing, housing and transportation generally developed slowly on the basis of continuing the previous generation, lasting more than changes, like the Qin and Han Dynasties. The original function of>& gt clothes is to keep out the cold and cover up the shame. With the development of the times, its social value function gradually appears. & gt& gt During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the main clothing materials were silk, flax, kudzu vine and animal fur, among which silk and flax were widely used. Since the Warring States Period, planting Sang Ma and sericulture have been an indispensable part of family sideline. With the maturity of textile and printing and dyeing technology, the variety, quantity, texture and pattern of silk and linen fabrics have made great progress than before. Generally speaking, silk fabrics are valuables, mainly used by nobles, bureaucrats and people with status and wealth; Ordinary people mostly use flax (made from the epidermal fibers of hemp and ramie) as their basic clothing material, and the clothing term "cloth" has become synonymous with the civilian class. Gebu (made of epidermal fibers of perennial herbs) should be more precious than flax as clothing material. During the Andi period, Empress Dowager Deng gave the cloth to those who proofread books, which showed that the cloth was like an unusual fabric. Animal fur and clothing are widely used in border areas or ethnic minority areas, but they are not popular in the mainland, or are regarded as clothes for the poor. In addition, cotton, as a foreign substance, mainly exists in the western regions, and its use is not universal, let alone the central plains. & gt& gt- Life manners and customs in Qin and Han Dynasties The clothes that ordinary people usually wear can be divided into robes and mandarin jackets. Originally, clothes and dresses were different, and they were not connected up and down. During the Warring States period, new clothes were popular, called "deep clothes". All kinds of robes in Qin and Han dynasties followed the basic characteristics of deep clothing and were the most important clothing system at that time. There are clothes, robes, etc. Clothes are robe-style clothes worn in summer. They are unlined and made of light materials. The plain gauze clothes unearthed from Mawangdui No.1 Han Tomb are 128 cm long and 190 cm long, and weigh only 49 grams. Robe is a kind of autumn and winter clothes, ankle-long, with fat sleeves lined with cotton wool, which can be worn by both men and women. There are differences between robes and robes: robes are made of newly produced silk floss, which are mostly used by the upper class or the rich class; Robes are made of silk wool mixed with old and new, and are mainly worn by poor families or hermits. It's almost like a robe. It's all casual clothes, but it's a little wider. It is disrespectful to wear clothes on important occasions such as entering the palace for sacrifice. For example, Wu' an Hou "entered the palace in clothes, disrespectful, and exempted" ("Han Shu's consorts and kindness"); In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Duan was given a crimson collar for destroying Qiang, and now it has been regarded as a precious dress. & gt& gt Short-sleeved clothes are different from jackets. The shirt is sleeveless, close to the body and not thick, so it is a single coat. Also close-fitting, there are two shapes: one is that the trouser legs are not sewn, and only one piece of cloth is wrapped between the waist and thigh; One is the crotch. The coat has a skirt or something. This is a knee-length coat. "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" said: "Yan, short clothes." The short clothes mentioned here are relative to long clothes such as clothes and robes. There are single models and various models: single models are mainly worn in summer, or sweat; There is wadding in the quilt, so you can wear it in cold weather. Both men and women can wear it. The hem of the basket just reaches the knee, so it must be worn underneath. There are also two kinds in the Han Dynasty: one is not suitable for the crotch, only suitable for the legs, or gaskin's clothes, which may not be needed in daily life; One is crotch pants with two crotch sewn, which is the kind that you have to wear under the crotch. Except for short and short, all warriors wear long clothes, and short clothes are matched with long clothes, which is also recorded in literature and archaeological materials. For women, the next dress is a skirt. Wearing skirts is a common dress for women in the Qin and Han Dynasties, just as "Poems of Sang Yuefu in Shang Mo" said, "Qi Qi is the bottom skirt and the top skirt." Because the skirt is covered above the knee, it forms a style of long on the top and short on the bottom, and then there is a new trend of dragging the long skirt up and short. & gt& gt In addition to clothing, we also need to pay attention to the crown system. "Everything in the body is nothing more than a crown" (On Balance Riding the Sun). In some cases, the crown is the dress that can best reflect the rank and etiquette, and its social value far exceeds its practical value. The Book of Rites Guan Yi says, "The crown is the beginning of ceremony." Sima Biao recorded the relationship between the crown system and the wearer's identity and specific occasions in the book "Yu Fu Lu", and established a hierarchical system in cumbersome regulations. Crown is made of tarpaulin, amaranth, paint and other fabrics. During the 400 years of Qin and Han dynasties, there were many kinds of crowns and their shapes changed greatly: in the pre-Qin period, there was no crown; The Western Han Dynasty inherited this system and later crowned it. Ge was originally a headscarf and later evolved into a cap. People with low status can't wear crowns, only scarves. "Interpretation of Famous Ornaments" records that "twenty adults: Guan Shi and Shu Ren towel." Cai Yong also said: "Hey, the ancients were humble and the deacons were not crowned." (Arbitrary) Men in upper class can wear clothes without wearing a crown. In the Han dynasty, most people who wore clothes were men from the lower classes. About the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, the towel was no longer a symbol of the poor or the lowly, but gradually evolved into a symbol of fashion and elegance. & gt& gt Diet is of paramount importance in human life, so there is an old saying that "food is the most important thing for the people". & gt& gt It takes all kinds of food crops as staple food and vegetables, meat and fruits as non-staple food, which is the * * * nature of diet in various regions of mainland China; Meat and dairy products account for a large proportion in the diet of frontier ethnic areas. There are many kinds of food crops in Qin and Han dynasties, such as millet, millet, rice and wheat. Millet, millet, millet and other crops refer to various sticky or non-sticky millet. As a general term for beans, there are soybean seeds and small beans. As an exotic crop, wheat has been widely planted in the lower reaches of the Yellow River since the middle and late Western Han Dynasty. Rice mainly grows in the south of Huaihe River, with many varieties; At present, the three major rice varieties, indica rice, japonica rice and glutinous rice, existed in the Han Dynasty. Based on the development of grain crops, a new staple food structure of residents in Qin and Han dynasties was formed: the importance of traditional crops millet weakened, the status of wheat improved obviously, and a staple food structure dominated by millet, wheat and rice was formed, and glutinous rice gradually changed from staple food to non-staple food. Vegetables are mainly sunflowers (winter sunflower), as well as leeks, onions, garlic, preserved rice and so on. And rape such as cucumber is also found in archaeology. Meat is mainly poultry, aquatic products and wild animals. Pigs and chickens are common among poultry, and it is often recorded in Han bamboo slips that chickens were used to entertain officials and messengers in the past. Aquatic products are mainly fish, and carp seems to be the most common food; Wild animals are mainly small animals, such as geese, pheasants, rabbits, deer and so on. Jujube, chestnut, pear, plum, apricot, persimmon, plum and other varieties found in pre-Qin literature were unearthed in Han Dynasty. Pu Tao (Grape) and Litchi (Litchi) were first recorded in the Qin and Han Dynasties and came from the Western Regions or Lingnan. Most of the meat in the frontier and northwest is sheep. Mutton is a rare meat for mainlanders and is often rewarded by the imperial court. & gt& gt The staple foods are rice, porridge, bait and cakes. Rice is made by shelling millet, wheat or rice and adding water, which is one of the staple food making methods handed down from the pre-Qin period. This method is widely used, embodied in the concept of * * *, and "rice" and "food" are closely linked. "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" says: "Rice is food." Rice can also be made into dry rice, such as baked rice, which is to expose the rice to the sun and remove the water for preservation. This kind of dry rice food is easy to carry and is an indispensable item when traveling. Porridge was also a common staple food at that time, and millet, wheat, rice and beans could all be used as porridge (soup). Wheat, rice and bean porridge are the main foods of the lower classes in the north. "Maifandou soup is the ear of savage farmers" (Urgent Articles). Bait is steamed food made of millet, rice and other rice flour and water, which existed in the pre-Qin period; Cake is a kind of steamed food made by kneading defatted wheat flour with water, which appeared with the expansion of wheat planting area and the development of flour milling technology in the Yellow River basin. The book Ji Jiu Pian, which was written at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, has listed cakes and bait as the first kind of food. Since the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty, cakes have become popular, including Hu cakes and soup cakes. Hu cake may be the current sesame seed cake, and soup cake seems to be today's noodles or noodles. The development of cake food has greatly impacted the old tradition of wheat and rice in Peng Wei: A Miscellaneous Examination of Diet in Han Dynasty, Historical Monthly,No. 1, 2008. It is one of the symbols of the transformation of grain production mode in Qin and Han Dynasties. For all walks of life, sauce or fermented soybean is the main food with table, so the Tang people described sauce as the outstanding food in the Han Dynasty. Sauce is generally bean paste and salt, and black beans are fermented with cooked soybeans. Dishes, especially meat cooking, including roasting, steaming, waxing, etc., frying has not yet appeared. & gt& gt During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the common dietary system was two meals a day, one in the morning and one in the evening, so "if you don't eat for a day, you will be hungry" (Hanshu Shihuozhi) is human nature. According to the "Food Transmission Law" in the Han bamboo slips of Zhangjiashan, the upper class and special people, if the envoys of the prime minister, the imperial adviser (doctor) and the 2000-stone officials are all foreigners, the military attache and the county official have something urgent to report and have the right to receive three meals a day. See the bamboo slips of Zhangjiashan Han Tomb [Tomb No.247], page 164. , not limited by two meals a day. Li, the king of Huainan, was found guilty and moved to Shu, but the court still gave him the preferential treatment of "three meals a day" (The Biography of Huainan King in Hanshu). The so-called three foods refer to breakfast, lunch and dinner. According to etiquette, the diet of the son of heaven is four meals a day. It is not known whether it was so in Qin and Han Dynasties. For ordinary people, it is very rare to work all day and eat two meals a day; In case of famine, war, starvation or even death, it is even more common. For aristocrats, bureaucrats and the rich, eating is not only the need for food, but also the pursuit of eating. Kitchen drawings depicting brick and stone images, descriptions of extravagant feasts in literature, rich artifacts displayed in unearthed cultural relics, and new bamboo slips recording food production, such as "Archaeological Research on Cultural Relics in Hunan Province: Brief Report on Excavation of No.1 Han Tomb in Huxishan, Yuanling", cultural relic number 1, 2003. They all show the dietary characteristics of status, status and rich people. What can reflect the cultural characteristics in the banquet are: first, the quality of the grade. Generally speaking, the class is noble, the class is humble, the East is noble, and the North is humble. Second, the dining system. Restricted by seating and tableware, both the host and the guest sit on the floor and eat separately. Third, men and women feast together. Women can dine with men in public, or even be invited to other people's homes to dine with men. In addition to delicacies, wine, silk and bamboo, singing and dancing, there are also activities such as "for longevity" and entertainment: "for longevity" means toasting and praying, and the younger generation can "for longevity" between elders and guests; Entertainment, in addition to drinking and ordering food, there are also throwing pots and games. The loser must drink. & gt& gt lived in the Qin and Han Dynasties, with the room as the core and the courtyard as the expansion, which was a basic * * *. & gt& gt The usual form of ordinary residence is one hall and two rooms or one room and two rooms. In Qin Bamboo Slips of Sleeping Tiger Land, when referring to the residence of an interrogated person, he said: "One room and two rooms, each with different households, are paved with tiles, big wooden furniture and ten wooden doors in the back." Bamboo slips of the Qin Tomb in Crouching Tiger Land, page 149. This description can quite reflect the living conditions of ordinary people: one hall and two rooms have doors, all the houses are tiled, the wood structure is complete, and there are ten mulberry trees in front of the door. When Emperor Wendi recruited people to move north, Chao Cuo suggested that the court build houses for these people. "You have to build a house first. You have to have one hall and two rooms at home. The door should be closed. How to put things" (Biography of Han Dynasty Measures). Judging from these records, one hall and two rooms seem to be the basic living style of ordinary families in Qin and Han Dynasties. There are ancillary buildings such as toilets and pigsty in the house. Toilets and pigsty are often connected, which has the dual purpose of raising pigs and storing fertilizer. Outside the room is the yard. A simple courtyard is either surrounded by bamboo and wood, and the wall is built with rammed earth or adobe to form a relatively closed space. The living space is actually more than that. There are seven houses in Huainanzi Astronomical Training: room, hall, court, door, lane, art and field, that is, inner room, hall, courtyard, door, lane, street and field. This kind of living space from near to far, from inside to outside, although far beyond the narrow sense of living, can better reflect people's living conditions at that time, which can be clearly confirmed in the first newly discovered settlement site of Han Dynasty in China. & gt& gt Sanyangzhuang Ruins Liu and Zhang: Brief Introduction to the First Discovery of Village Ruins in Han Dynasty in China, Ancient and Modern Agriculture, No.3, 2008. Located in the old course of the Yellow River in the south of Neihuang County, Henan Province, on the occasion of the Han Dynasty. Because of a large-scale flood in the Yellow River, it was completely buried by sediment deposition, the courtyard layout and ridges were well preserved, and the roof and collapsed walls were intact. Judging from the four courtyards that have been excavated, the pattern of the courtyards is basically the same, and they are all closed two-way courtyards facing south. Except for one courtyard, the other three courtyards are all one hall and two rooms, which is consistent with the above-mentioned people's houses. The residents of the courtyards should all be ordinary people. The building materials of the house are the same: brick foundation and tile roof, which belong to the mixed structure of civil engineering. There are toilets and livestock sheds in the hospital; In addition to the unearthed agricultural tools, every household has food processing equipment such as stone mill (for grinding pulp or powder) and stone chips (for shelling), which is conducive to understanding people's diet at that time. Outside the south gate of the courtyard, there is a brick well, and a path is paved to connect the courtyard. There are several rows of trees in the back (north) of the yard. According to preliminary judgment, there are mostly mulberry trees and elms. The yard is surrounded by a large area of cultivated land. The courtyard of each household is not closely connected, separated by dozens of meters of farmland. There are several roads in the site. According to the width, there are main roads (the maximum width is about14m), secondary roads (the width is about 5m) and small roads (the width is about 3m). The small roads are special roads connecting the courtyard with the main roads. The>& gt Grand Courtyard is the residence of nobles, bureaucrats and the rich. This kind of residence covers a larger area and has more complete and complex building facilities. In addition to the main room, bedroom, kitchen and bathroom, there are banquets, garages, stables, warehouses and other places. Judging from the portraits, masonry and pottery house models found in archaeology, large courtyards are mostly built with three or four or more entrances, such as front and rear halls and gates, on the central axis, and there are several courtyards in front of and behind the buildings. The gate can pass the carriage, has a roof, and there is a room next to the door to keep guests, called the gate; There is a courtyard at the entrance, and the main room opposite the door is the front hall, which is the main building of the mansion, how high it is; There is a wall behind the front hall, and the house is divided into two parts, so there is a back hall, a building behind the back hall, and then the back door of the whole house. There are courtyard walls on the left and right sides of the central axis, and cloisters are set in the walls to connect the back hall with the gate, forming a complex of several courtyards. Most of these large courtyards are shared by generations. For the particularly extravagant princes and bureaucrats, the development of residential gardens was outstanding in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Living in the center has a building, a pavilion, a platform, a pavilion, a pool, mountains, flowers and trees, which is quite a garden feeling. For example, Liang Ji's "garden is wide, the mountains are built of earth, and the mountains are ten miles long and nine hectares, which are like two ridges and deep forests. If there is nature, rare birds tame their heads and fly away" ("The Story of Ji Liang"). Literature may be exaggerated, but the luxury of living in Liang Ji can be seen here. & gt& gt Hangzi's original meaning is the road, which is closely related to transportation and can be called the foundation of ancient political, economic and cultural development. & gt& gt In the era of the unified empire of Qin and Han Dynasties, the national transportation was planned in a unified way, and the earliest national transportation network centered on Gyeonggi in history was formed. Jia Shan said that Qin was "living in the world, poor in the east, in the Antarctic, above the rivers and lakes, and the seaside scenery was not finished" (The Biography of Hanshu Jia Shan). At that time, the more important traffic trunk lines were: Sanchuan Donghai Road connecting Guanzhong, Central Plains and East China, Nanyang Nanjun Road connecting Guanzhong and Jianghan Plain, Longxi Northwest Tunnel connecting Guanzhong and Northwest China, straight road connecting Guanzhong and Jiuyuan, and Handan Yangguang Road connecting Hedong and Right Beiping. Judging from the existing Chidao site in Qin and Han Dynasties, the pavement width is more than 50 meters, which will cost a lot and will certainly attract many people. Some important projects, such as Qin Chi Road, Straight Road, Han Ramp and Cao Tong Canal, were started by the emperor. Inscriptions in the Eastern Han Dynasty, such as "Kaixie Road Cliff" and "Hejunge Road Monument", also reflect the difficulty in building local roads and bridges to some extent. Generally speaking, urban roads are better and wider than rural roads; The streets of the capital are wider, such as the streets of Chang 'an City, which are 45 meters wide, and the streets of Luoyang City in the Eastern Han Dynasty are even more than 50 meters wide. The management of roads or checkpoints is stricter. People from all walks of life need to carry "symbols", "transmission" and other passes when entering and leaving the pass; For a long time, no one except the emperor was allowed to cross or walk the equator. & gt& gt The development of transportation in Qin and Han Dynasties was first of all beneficial to political rule. The imperial court relied on transportation, supplemented by a perfect postal system, and implemented government orders by clerical administration, effectively controlling all parts of the country The transmission of daily government orders varies according to its nature and geographical distance, and the speed of information transmission is improved according to the level of emergency political affairs and military affairs, so that it can realize contact and communication quickly. Zhao Chongguo, the general of Pingqiang of the Han army, applied for a written pledge to Jincheng and submitted it to Xuan Di for approval. It only takes seven days to go back and forth, and the transmission speed reaches more than 400 miles per day. Secondly, it is beneficial to social economy. Inherited the social and economic development trend since the Warring States Period, that is, production and consumption broke through the geographical boundaries, and based on the transportation extending in all directions in the Qin and Han Dynasties, "rich businessmen in Dajia are everywhere, and businesses are blocked" (Biography of Historical Records and Huo Zhi), which laid the foundation for the economic prosperity in the early days of the empire. Cities distributed on traffic trunk lines have also developed greatly by virtue of their geographical advantages. "From the capital, east and west, north and south, through mountains and rivers, through counties and countries, all rich cities are nothing more than streets and roads, the efforts of businessmen, and the cultivation of all things" (On Salt and Iron). Third, it is conducive to cultural development. The interaction between culture and customs in the communication between different regions and different strata is of special significance to the development of culture: it culturally ended the split era of the Warring States and opened the birth of Chinese culture with a new unified situation. & gt& gt The main parts of land and water vehicles are cars and boats. Due to different geographical conditions, there are many cars in the north and many ships in the south, and cars are particularly important. There were many kinds of cars in Qin and Han Dynasties, and the most common one was chariot. This is a car that is exposed on all sides. You can use it standing or sitting, and most of them only catch one horse. This kind of car is called "light" because of its small compartment and high speed. The car has a pair of ears more than the car, that is, the fender installed on the car to cover the top of the wheel; The car ears are mostly rectangular with hanging side plates on the outside. The color of the car ear depends on the rank. "The chief has two thousand stone cars and two Zhu, and a thousand stone to six hundred stone Zhu Zuo" ("Emperor Han Jing"). During the Eastern Han Dynasty, different car accessories meant different grades and became one of the symbols of identity. Liu Zenggui: Driving System during the Han and Sui Dynasties, Life and Culture, Volume 10, China Historians Research, Page 178. . Opposite to the open carriage, there is a clothes cart with a closed carriage. The most representative model of a clothing car is a car, often with women. When driving, respect horses and despise cows. Biography of Five Families in Historical Records said that after the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion, "the princes and the poor rode in ox carts", which was obviously a car with lower specifications. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, great changes took place. "In ancient times, expensive people didn't take ox carts ... and then they were a little expensive. Self-spirituality, dedication, and the son of heaven thinks that the scholar is a constant suit "("Yu Jin Fu Zhi "). Cars are mostly used in high society. For the poor, traveling is also walking. Ordinary people or well-off families often use a deer cart (unicycle) with the function of carrying people and goods.