1. The Renaissance was the first bourgeois ideological emancipation movement in history.

2. It has promoted the development of world culture, promoted people's awakening, and made necessary ideological and cultural preparations for the development of capitalism.

I mobilized and prepared for the bourgeois revolution.

Renaissance, a specific historical period in Europe, refers to the period when 13 rose in Italian cities, then spread to western European countries, and prevailed in Europe in 16 century, bringing scientific and artistic revolution and opening the curtain of modern European history, which is considered as the dividing line between the middle ages and the modern. Marxist historians believe that it is the dividing line between feudalism and capitalism. At the end of the Middle Ages, with the continuous invasion of the Eastern Roman Empire by Ottoman, the people of the Eastern Roman fled in succession, bringing a large number of ancient Greek and Roman cultural classics and artistic treasures to the commercially developed cities of Italy. Some advanced intellectuals in the emerging bourgeoisie carry forward the humanistic spirit through studying the art and culture of ancient Greece and Rome and through literary and artistic creation. Renaissance is one of the three major ideological liberation movements in modern western Europe (Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment).

purpose

Renaissance (Italian: Rinascimento, composed of ri- "re "and nascere "birth", French: La Renaissance) was an ideological and cultural movement that took place in Europe from the middle of14th century to the beginning of17th century. It originated in Florence, Milan and Venice in the late Middle Ages, and then spread to European countries. The word "Renaissance" can also roughly refer to this historical period, but because the changes it caused are not completely consistent in all parts of Europe, "Renaissance" is only a general term for this period.

core

Humanistic spirit, humanistic essence

Florence, the Center of the Renaissance

The core of God is to put forward people-centered rather than God-centered, and to affirm human value and dignity. It advocates that the purpose of life is to pursue happiness in real life, advocates the liberation of personality, opposes the theological thought of ignorance and superstition, and thinks that man is the creator and master of real life.

The root cause of production

With the development of productive forces, the emerging bourgeoisie is dissatisfied with the church's control over the spiritual world.

nature

In the name of reviving the classical Greek and Roman culture, the developing bourgeoisie launched a movement to publicize bourgeois ideology and culture.

pioneer

Dante (Italy). Known as the last poet of the old era, he is also the first poet of the new era. His long poem Divine Comedy clearly expressed his dislike of the Catholic Church and took the lead in criticizing it.

Da Vinci (Italy). The Last Supper and Mona Lisa.

Shakespeare (English) Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet.

cause

1. Material basis: In medieval Europe, the trade center was concentrated on the Mediterranean coast, and Italy was the first to sprout capitalism. The bourgeoisie hopes to break through the shackles of church theology.

Second, the cultural foundation: a large number of ancient Greek and Roman cultural classics spread from the Eastern Roman Empire to Italy.

Third, the class foundation: the growth of the emerging bourgeoisie.

Fourth, talent advantage:14-17th century (Renaissance), Italy was full of talents and gathered in one place.

5. Geographical location: Italy is close to the East, and it accepted the oriental culture (papermaking and printing) earlier.

Fuse: The Black Death is popular in Europe.

Seven, the deep reason: the church strictly controls people's thoughts and arouses the dissatisfaction of the bourgeoisie and ordinary people.

Historical influence

The essence of Renaissance: The original meaning of the word "Renaissance" refers to "the regeneration of classical Greek and Roman culture". However, the cultural revolution movement of the emerging bourgeoisie in western European countries at that time included a series of major historical events, including the rise of "humanism", the renewal of artistic style, the emergence of utopian socialism, the beginning of modern natural science development, the application of printing and the dissemination of scientific and cultural knowledge. This series of major events is not so much "the rebirth of classical culture" as "the beginning of modern culture"; It is not so much "revival" as "innovation". The Renaissance marked a great turning point in the history of human civilization. It is a new culture, a reflection of the new political and economic requirements of the society at that time, and an anti-feudal struggle of the emerging bourgeoisie in the ideological and cultural field. Simply put, the essence of the Renaissance is the bourgeois ideological emancipation movement.

The core idea of the Renaissance is humanism. Humanism originated in Italy in the second half of the14th century, and then spread throughout western Europe. Humanists use "humanity" to oppose "divinity" and "human rights" to oppose "theocracy". They put forward the slogan "I am a human being, and I am everywhere in all human characteristics". They are very dissatisfied with the church's control over the spiritual world. They demand that man is the center, not God. They praise human wisdom and strength, praise the perfection and loftiness of human nature, oppose religious autocratic rule and feudal hierarchy, advocate individual liberation, equality and freedom, advocate individual development, demand secular happiness and human joy, and advocate scientific and cultural knowledge. Therefore, the concept of humanism focuses on "human", which is the exertion of "human instinct" and the driving force for "human" to pursue truth, goodness and beauty.

The historical role of the Renaissance: Engels once spoke highly of the progressive role of the Renaissance in history. He wrote: "This is the greatest and most progressive change that mankind has never experienced. It is an era that needs giants and produces giants-giants in terms of thinking ability, enthusiasm and personality, versatility and erudition. " Giants refer to the three giants of the Renaissance: Da Vinci, Shakespeare and Dante.

First of all, it is human discovery. In the Middle Ages, the ideal man should be inferior, passive and inactive, and his significance in the world is not commendable. Renaissance discovered man and his greatness, affirmed his value and creativity, and put forward that man should be liberated and his personality should be free. (1) attaches great importance to people's value, requires giving full play to people's intelligence and creative potential, opposes a passive attitude towards life, and advocates a positive and adventurous spirit. (2) Pay attention to the worldly life and despise the illusory myth about the afterlife or heaven, so as to pursue material happiness and sensory satisfaction and oppose religious asceticism. In literature and art, people's feelings are required to be expressed and hypocrisy is opposed. Such as: Petrarch's Song Collection, Boccaccio's decameron. (3) Attach importance to scientific experiments and oppose apriorism; Emphasize the use of human reason and oppose blind obedience; Require the development of personality and oppose the imprisonment of human nature; In terms of moral concept, it requires indulgence and opposes self-restraint; Advocate "civic morality" and think that success and wealth are moral behaviors. (4) Advocating an optimistic attitude towards life. These irresistible thirst for knowledge, the spirit of getting to the bottom of the matter, and the optimistic enterprising spirit of striving to create secular happiness liberated people from the shackles of Christian theology in the Middle Ages. It was in this spirit that the bourgeoisie created the modern capitalist world.

Secondly, the Renaissance broke the situation that religious mysticism dominated the whole country, effectively promoted and influenced the religious reform movement, and provided an important boost for this movement. Renaissance advocated attaching importance to secular life and opposing authority, which aroused contemporary people's doubts and antipathy to the Catholic Church and theology. Renaissance humanists satirized and exposed the corruption and ugliness of the Catholic church through literature, art and other forms.

Thirdly, the Renaissance broke the unification of scholasticism with theology as the core, cleared the way for ideological liberation and progress in the future, and made various secular philosophies rise. Among them is British empirical materialism (Bacon). It also promoted the development of political theory, Machiavelli laid the foundation for the later Enlightenment, and a large number of thinkers such as Hobbes and Locke developed theories such as "natural rights", "social contract", "people's sovereignty" and "separation of powers".

Fourth, the feudal privilege was denied. In the Middle Ages, feudal privileges were granted and the concept of family status was deeply rooted. Renaissance made these things lose the weight of the measure of people in the past. People's nobility has been given a new connotation. Petrarch said: "True nobility is not innate, but self-made." In the social life of Italy at that time, talent, means and money replaced birth, and everyone from any birth climbed the high-level ladder of society.

Fifth, get rid of superstition and emancipate the mind. The Renaissance restored rationality, dignity and the value of thinking. Although the Renaissance achieved little in philosophy, it destroyed the rigid scholasticism system, advocated scientific methods and experiments, and put forward that "knowledge is power", which created a new atmosphere for exploring people and the real world. People firmly believe in their eyes and brains, and believe that experiments and experience are reliable sources of knowledge. This realistic attitude, way of thinking and scientific method laid a solid foundation for the great development of natural science from 17 to 19 century.

Sixth, during the Renaissance, a large number of charming and exquisite works of art and literary masterpieces were created, which became priceless treasures in the treasure house of human art. The medieval biblical legends flooded the art world, suffocating the life of art. The Renaissance not only turned the Virgin Mary into a human woman (Raphael), but also turned the image into a tribute to the human body, and began a direct description of daily life and real people. Anatomy, perspective and other sciences are also combined with art for the first time. Modern realistic art in western Europe began at that time.

This extensive and lasting ideological and cultural movement broke through the shackles of feudal autocracy and religious theology in the ideological field, liberated people's minds, promoted the prosperity of European cultural and ideological fields, and laid the ideological and cultural foundation for the emergence of European capitalist society.